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1.
(R)-3,5-双三氟甲基-1-苯乙醇是合成神经激肽1受体拮抗剂阿瑞匹坦的关键手性醇中间体.通过筛选得到一株氧化微杆菌C3(Microbacterium oxydans C3),其能不对称还原底物3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙酮为(R)-3,5-双三氟甲基-1-苯乙醇.在底物浓度为5 g/L时,生物转化反应40 h,能达到>99%的ee值和95%的底物转化率.底物浓度提高到50 g/L时,生物转化的ee值依然保持99%,并能达到56%的底物转化率.利用该氧化微杆菌C3对其他含氟苯乙酮衍生物进行生物转化反应,同样得到了较高的立体选择性和底物转化率.  相似文献   

2.
微生物对生物柴油副产物甘油的利用研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
许多微生物都可以利用甘油生产有价值的产品,因此微生物转化生物柴油废料中的粗甘油是解决副产物污染及提高经济效益的途径之一.本文综述了微生物转化甘油为1,3-丙二醇、丙酸、二羟基丙酮、丁醇等产品的研究,主要从微生物种类、产品的产量和转化率以及产品提取工艺等方面进行介绍和总结,并对今后如何利用生物柴油废液中的粗甘油为原料进行微生物发酵生产有价值的产品提出了设想.  相似文献   

3.
赤霉素生物合成途径及其相关研究进展   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
赤霉素是一种高效能的广谱植物生长调节剂,能够促进植物的生长发育,具有重要的生物学功能.利用突变体研究赤霉素生物合成途径和信号转导是目前的研究热点.本文对赤霉素的研究历史、合成途径、关键酶基因、作用机理以及最新的研究进展等作一综述.  相似文献   

4.
3-羟基丙酸(3-HP)是一种新兴的高附加值平台化合物,醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter sp.)可高效催化1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PDO)合成3-HP,但其膜上脱氢酶亦可将葡萄糖氧化使培养液酸化,菌体生长受限导致生物量较低.利用同源重组技术对葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)基因gdh进行敲除,并考察该基因缺失对细胞生长、碳源代谢及3-HP合成的影响. gdh基因敲除后混合(葡萄糖、甘油)碳源培养条件下菌体量较野生菌提高了1.72倍;碳流分析显示葡萄糖在膜上被GDH氧化生成葡萄糖酸,大部分葡萄糖酸最终被氧化为2-酮基葡萄糖酸,少量经戊糖磷酸途径(PPP)途径被分解,而甘油经磷酸化后进入中心代谢途径或糖异生途径.本研究表明gdh基因敲除后混合碳源培养可大幅度提高菌体量且可以保证较高的催化合成3-HP性能,可为改善醋酸菌碳源利用及催化性能提供理论基础.  相似文献   

5.
产1,3-丙二醇新型基因工程菌的构建   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以甘油为底物转化生产1,3-丙二醇的生物合成途径中,往往由于还原力NADH的不足,限制了1,3-丙二醇的合成,引起中间代谢产物3-羟基丙醛累积,进而抑制甘油脱水酶的活性,阻碍菌体的生长,严重影响1,3-丙二醇的合成途径.为了解决合成途径中还原力不足这一主要矛盾,本文以大肠杆菌和克雷伯氏菌染色体DNA为模板克隆得到yqhD和dhaB、dhaT基因,构建双启动子表达载体pEtac-dhaB-tac-yqhD及表达载体pUC-tac-dhaT,成功共转入E.coli JM109,得到可利用两种辅酶(NADH、NADPH)将片油转化为1,3-丙二醇且传代稳定的重组大肠杆菌双质粒系统,发酵结果表明,1,3-丙二醇产量提高了28.6%.图6表1参17  相似文献   

6.
琥珀酸是一种重要的化工产品,微生物发酵法生产琥珀酸具有广阔的应用前景.野生大肠杆菌厌氧发酵产物中琥珀酸含量低,且有大量副产物.为构建高产琥珀酸的重组大肠杆菌,阻断代谢旁路,利用Xer/dif重组酶系统对Escherichia coli CICIM B0013进行代谢途径的调控研究.结果显示,敲除了包括乙酸激酶和磷酸乙酰转移酶基因(ackA-pta)、乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldhA)、丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶基因(pflB)、乙醇脱氢酶基因(adhE)等琥珀酸合成竞争途径中关键酶基因的重组大肠杆菌菌株E.coli CICIM B0013-1040,其发酵液中琥珀酸成为主要产物得到积累;进一步对其PTS系统进行修饰并适当增强PEP羧化酶基因(ppc)表达剂量,成功获得一株具备较强琥珀酸生产能力的菌株E.coli CICIM B0013-1050(pTH-ppc),该菌株厌氧转化葡萄糖36 h,琥珀酸产量达到36.2 g/L,生产强度为1.01 g L-1 h-1,葡萄糖-琥珀酸转化率为64.3%,发酵液经高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测,无乳酸、乙酸、甲酸、乙醇生成.  相似文献   

7.
在高等植物中醛糖酸内酯酶(Alase)催化L-半乳糖酸(L-Gal A)形成抗坏血酸(Ascorbic acid,As A)的前体物质L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯(L-Ga IL),是As A合成分支途径D-半乳糖醛酸途径中的关键步骤.基于最新的猕猴桃基因组数据库,分离并克隆到3个Alase家族基因,分别命名为Alase1、Alase2、Alase3,并从基因信息、蛋白质理化性质、二级结构及序列特征方面对其进行预测及分析.结果表明,Alase为亲水性蛋白,二级结构主要以α-螺旋和不规则卷曲为主,3个Alase基因具有高度的相似性.定量RT-PCR分析表明3个Alase家族基因在不同组织中均有表达,且在成熟的叶片中表达量最高.同时在猕猴桃果实发育及成熟过程中,Alase家族基因在幼果中的表达水平较低,而在果实发育后期及果实成熟过程中表达量不断升高.本研究可为Alase家族基因后续功能研究及猕猴桃中As A生物合成和积累分子机制解析奠定基础.  相似文献   

8.
产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)能够利用甘油大量生长菌体而无有机酸、醇等代谢物积累,是潜在的优良宿主细胞.为了解C.glycerinogenes甘油分解代谢途径,成功克隆得到二羟基丙酮(DHA)途径的编码基因Cg GCY1、Cg GCY2和Cg DAK.利用"Ura-Blaster"敲除盒分别构建的缺失突变菌Cggcy1?/gcy2?和Cgdak?均不能在甘油培养基中生长.q RT-PCR及酶活测定结果显示,与葡萄糖培养相比,甘油培养下细胞通过强化糖异生、HMP途径积累生物量,下调EMP途径和副产物合成关键酶表达以弱化有机酸、醇的合成,同时上调TCA循环以补偿EMP途径下调带来的能量和还原力不足,使得生物量提高24.5%而不积累有机酸、醇等代谢物.以甘油为共底物进行木糖发酵,木糖醇产量和转化率达到39.4 g/L和89%,与葡萄糖为共底物相比分别提高了79%和32.8%.本研究表明C.glycerinogenes甘油分解代谢仅依赖于DHA途径,以甘油为共底物更有利于木糖醇的合成和转化;结果可为代谢改造C.glycerinogenes以甘油为共底物合成高附加值化合物打下基础.  相似文献   

9.
rol基因的表达能诱导被感染植物产生发根,再培养后所形成的植株具有一系列的如矮化,生根力强等表现型,国内外学者对rol基因这一特性作了深入的研究.对rol基因产生的矮化性状及表达进行了综述,并探讨了rol基因矮化性状研究面临的问题和可能的解决途径.  相似文献   

10.
芳香烃受体(AhR)是一种配体依赖型转录因子,在生物体内发挥着重要的生理功能,并能够介导某些外源物质的毒性作用.已有研究表明AhR通路在调控雌性生物体生殖方面发挥着重要作用,无论AhR缺失还是AhR被过度激活均会损害雌性个体的生殖健康.近期有报道表明当AhR通路被激活后,会通过多种途径干扰生物体内源雌激素受体(ER)通路,这提示了一种外源物质发挥抗雌激素效应的新模式.本文通过归纳整理国内外相关研究,首先从AhR信号通路被激活后将会抑制雌激素(E2)合成和促进E2代谢两方面阐述了AhR激动剂降低雌性个体内源E2水平的作用途径,接着又从活化的AhR通路直接抑制雌激素效应基因的转录、与ER通路竞争共调控因子和促进ER降解3个角度总结了AhR激动剂拮抗ER功能的分子机制,以期为相关物质的抗雌激素机制研究提供借鉴与参考.  相似文献   

11.
Scents form the basis for the fragrance industry and various research activities have been developed in different scientific disciplines all being linked by a common interest in odors and odor perception. In this paper, four different topics have been selected for a short discussion. Following a short overview on the history of perfumery, the first topic (Natural scents) is providing some insight into the investigation of natural scents and how this work has strongly stimulated fragrance creation as well as the quest to find new odoriferous substances for the perfumer’s palette. The second subject (Fragrance chemistry) gives a historical overview over the chemistry of fragrances and briefly describes the rational behind the synthesis and composition of new scents. Body odors and their biochemical formation concern the third topic (Body odor biochemistry) which describes our current understanding of this scientifically interesting field and how knowledge may find use to improve future deodorant products. The fourth subject (Olfactory mechanisms) deals with the biochemistry in the human nose when odorants are activating olfactory receptors and enzymes appear to rapidly metabolize the inhaled odorous stimuli. This review does not attempt to be comprehensive, but it describes selected successes in the fragrance industry and the motivation behind conducting various types of research. Ultimately, the activities are aiming to bring new ingredients onto the market and improve the quality of scented products but also to advance our understanding of the power of communication through fragrance.  相似文献   

12.
Cement-based materials, such as concrete and mortars, are used in extremely large amounts. For instance, in 2009 concrete production was superior to 10 billion tons. Cement plays an important role in terms of economic and social relevance since it is fundamental to build and improve infrastructure. On the other hand, this industry is also a heavy polluter. Cement production releases 5–6% of all carbon dioxide generated by human activities, accounting for about 4% of global warming. It can release huge amounts of persistent organic pollutants, such as dioxins and heavy metals and particles. Energy consumption is also considerable. Cement production use approximately 0.6% of all energy produced in the United States. On the other hand, the chemistry underlying cement production and its applications can be very helpful to overcome these environmental issues. In terms of manufacture, there are many alternative materials that can be used to minimize carbon dioxide production and reduce energy consumption, such as calcium sulfoaluminates and β-Ca2SiO4—rich cements. Using residues from other industrial sectors can also improve the sustainability of cement industry. Under adequate conditions, waste materials such as tyres, oils, municipal solid waste and solvents can be used as supplementary fuel in cement plants. Concrete can be used for encapsulation of waste materials such as tyres, plastics and glasses. In this review, we discuss some aspects of the cement industry associated with environmental science. Other issues such as economic aspects, the chemistry of cement manufacture and its properties are also presented. Special attention is given to the role that cement chemistry can play in terms of sustainability. The most relevant aspects are outlined, such as the use of alternative materials, new possibilities and also the recycling of materials. It is also argued that an important aspect is the role of research and development necessary to improve cement sustainability.  相似文献   

13.
Pemberton RW  Wheeler GS 《Ecology》2006,87(8):1995-2001
Almost 200 species of orchid bees are the exclusive pollinators of nearly 700 specialized orchids in the neotropics. This well-known mutualism involves orchids, called perfume orchids, which produce species-specific blends of floral fragrances, and male orchid bees, which collect and use these fragrance compounds during their courtship. We report here the naturalization of an orchid bee, Euglossa viridissima, in southern Florida, USA, where perfume orchids are absent. Chemical analysis of the contents of the fragrance storage organs in the hind tibias of 59 male bees collected in Florida identified 55 fragrance compounds, including 27 known from the perfumes of nine species of E. viridissima's orchid mutualists in Mesoamerica. Aromatic leaves, such as basil, were found to be important surrogate sources of needed fragrance compounds in Florida. The bee's ability to live and become abundant in the absence of its orchid mutualists suggests that the orchid bee-perfume orchid mutualism may be facultative for the bees, even though it is obligatory for the orchids. This invasive bee visits and potentially pollinates the flowers of many plants in Florida, behavior that could promote the abundance of selected exotic and native species.  相似文献   

14.
Male neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) collect volatile chemicals from orchid flowers and other sources and store them in hind leg cavities. The accumulated fragrance bouquets are later emitted at mating sites. Although most other insects synthesize pheromone blends de novo, specific euglossine perfumes are derived from active choices in a changing fragrance market. Male bees of three species of Euglossa possessed distinctive fragrance phenotypes showing little variation by locality and habitat in mainland Central America. In cage experiments, fragrance choice by male Euglossa imperialis was influenced markedly by a bee's collection history. Collection of a given chemical strongly reduced its attractiveness on subsequent occasions, an effect that was retained over days. Experimentally adding the chemicals directly to bee hind legs produced no effect. We conclude that bees learn and remember chemicals they collect. Innate odor preferences, memory and the avoidance of overcollecting by negative feedback may be the primary mechanisms that ensure unique blends of pheromone analogs in these tropical forest bees.Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

The leather-processing industry (LPI) is constantly polluting the environment in Bangladesh. As a result, stakeholders are continuously pressurizing managers working in LPI to embrace green leather-processing activities. Thus, the green concept is attracting significant attention from managers in the Bangladeshi LPI. However, the industry is struggling with many barriers to implementing green supply chain management (GSCM). There are many studies regarding barriers to GSCM. However, those studies failed to show the possible pathways to implement GSCM. This study addresses the gap by evaluating barriers to GSCM considering effective pathways to GSCM. In this study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is integrated with Elimination Et Choix Traduisant La Realite (ELECTRE-I) method to identify and prioritize the barriers and to rank the possible pathways to implementing GSCM in the leather industry. To accredit the proposed framework, it is implemented on a leather-processing factory in Bangladesh. A sensitivity analysis is performed to inspect the strength of the outcome of this method. The outcome of this study indicates that the high cost of advanced technology is the most important barrier to implement GSCM while green technology and techniques are the most effective pathways to GSCM. The findings of this research will support researchers and practitioners by giving insights on barriers and possible pathways to implementing GSCM.  相似文献   

16.
Ecobalance represents the basic principle for an environmental analysis and the starting point for the possibility of achieving improvements. Using the criteria related to both technology and ecology, this method has been expanded upon by IKP/PE and, over the course of many years, has proven to be a satisfactory method for those fields associated with industry and research. Data banks and software systems have been designed and are today applied in industry. An expansion of the holistic balancing to include the ‘social’ dimension is currently being developed by the IKP. Today, ecological decisions in technically and economically-associated areas are continuously being developed which place more emphasis on the preliminary developments than on a purely retrospective analysis. Aside from the continuous, further developments of these types of analysis with regard to never technical questions as well as the integration of newer aspects of optimization based on life cycle information (e.g. production balancing), the goal of further work includes the preparation of process-chain information in the respective in preliminary developments related to the design. The automobile industry consequently plays a significant role here, as was also the case in the initial transformation of methodology which was carried out in the 1990s. Finally, these developments are additionally motivated through the new ordinances presented to be employed throughout the entire EU. The responsibility attributed to a product over the course of its entire lifetime therefore plays a more prominent role. This is also reflected in ordinances like those related to the redemption of old automobiles or in the WEEE of the electronics industry (Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment).  相似文献   

17.
兽用抗生素在提高畜禽生产性能、防治疾病方面发挥着重要作用,目前全球超过一半以上抗生素用于畜禽养殖,畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌、抗性基因及其传播风险愈益得到人们的重视。我国是畜禽养殖和抗生素使用大国,但兽用抗生素使用、病原菌耐药水平及其抗性基因类型等数据却较为缺乏,不利于今后畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌及其传播风险的控制。因此,本文通过文献调研,对我国和主要发达国家的兽用抗生素使用情况、畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌及其携带的抗性基因、基因移动元件以及向环境传播的途径进行分析、总结,以期为规范合理用药、降低耐药病原菌及其抗性基因传播风险,建立从畜禽养殖场至公共环境全过程的抗性污染控制链条提供借鉴。  相似文献   

18.
沈济  Shen ji 《环境化学》2001,20(2):112-118
从遥远海洋到重污染地区,在很宽的大气条件下,用灵敏度分析法研究了光化学典型产物O3的形成机理及其化学耦合作用,指出了影响形成O3的重要反应,在一些条件下,O3浓度对一些重要化学反应的速率常数的归一化灵敏度系数异号,由于碳、氮化合物的化学耦合作用的非性现象使O3生成增加。大气中一些重要的光化学产物如O3,HNO3,HCHO,H2O2等形成中,DMS的化学耦合是弱耦合。  相似文献   

19.
Diphenylamine (DPA), the simplest secondary aromatic amine, is a compound from the third European Union (EU) list of priority pollutants. It was assigned to Germany to assess and control its environmental risks. DPA is most commonly used as a stabilizer agent in nitrocellulose-containing explosives and propellants, in the perfumery, and as an antioxidant in the rubber and elastomer industry. DPA is also widely used to prevent the post-harvest deterioration of apple and pear crops. It is a parent compound of many derivatives which are used for the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, photography chemicals and further small-scale applications. At the beginning of the eighties, the estimated world production of DPA was ?40,000 tons per year (in Germany ?4,000 tons per year). The compound is still produced world-wide by the chemical industries. Recently published reports showed that DPA was found in soil and groundwater (within the ppb to ppm range). Some ecotoxicological reports demonstrated the potential hazard of various diphenylamines to the aquatic environment and to bacteria and animals as well. Studies on the biodegradability of DPA and its derivatives are very sparse. Therefore, further investigations are required to determine the complete dimensions of the potential environmental hazard and to introduce possible (bio)remediation techniques for sites that are contaminated with this compound or its derivatives. This review summarizes the environmental relevance of DPA as has been published in the literature thus far. It may possibly support the German authorities in their assessment of the risks of this priority pollutant.  相似文献   

20.
Antennal response to fragrance compounds in male orchid bees   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Summary. Male orchid bees (Euglossini) are attracted to floral and non-floral odours, which they collect and accumulate in hind tibial cavities for subsequent exposure during courtship. Fragrance preferences are species-specific, leading to relatively specialised pollination of euglossophilous plants. We tested the hypothesis that preferences for attractive compounds have led to species-specific sensory adaptations that are measurable by electroantennography (EAG). All of 16 synthetic fragrance compounds elicited significant responses on male bee antennae, with some difference of response spectra between individuals of Euglossa spp. and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) controls, but no difference between three different species of Euglossa. There was no correspondence between a compounds’ attractiveness in baiting assays and the size of its electrophysiological response. Our results strengthen the view that fragrance preferences are largely mediated by processes in higher nervous centres. Peripheral sensory tuning to single attractive odorants may be constrained by the need to detect and discriminate between many fragrances, including many that have repellent effects on male bees.  相似文献   

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