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1.
Martin Kavaliers Melissa A. Fudge Douglas D. Colwell Elena Choleris 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):423-430
The detection and avoidance of parasitized males is a component of female mate choice. Here we show that female mice can distinguish between the odors of individual males infected with an ectoparasite, the murine louse, Polyplax serrata, and uninfected males. Female mice displayed aversive responses to, and avoided the odors of, parasitized males. A 15 min exposure to the urinary odors of infected males induced an endogenous opioid-peptide-mediated reduction in pain sensitivity or analgesia, while a brief 1 min exposure to the odors elicited a non-opioid-mediated analgesic response. These neuromodulatory mechanisms facilitate the expression of a variety of anxiety and stress associated responses of which pain inhibition is one component. Females further distinguished between novel and familiar infected males. Prior exposure to the odors of an infected males reduced the degree of analgesia expressed and the associated levels of anxiety and stress and their concomitant costs. In a Y-maze odor preference test females also displayed a marked overall preference for, and initial choice of, the odors of clean, uninfected males and an active discrimination against, and avoidance of, the odors of both familiar and novel infected males. These findings indicate that female mice can distinguish between males infected with an ectoparasite and clean uninfected males and display aversive and avoidance responses to infected males. They also show that females can discriminate between individual infected males and modulate their aversive responses to the odors of infected males on the basis of prior familiarity. This is likely part of the mechanisms whereby females can both reduce the transmission of ectoparasites, such as lice, to themselves and select for parasite-free males. 相似文献
2.
Coalitionary mate guarding by male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
David P. Watts 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):43-55
Cooperative mate guarding by males is unusual in mammals and birds, largely because fertilizations are non-shareable. Chimpanzees
live in fission-fusion communities that have cores of philopatric males who cooperate in inter-group aggression and in defending
access to the females in their community. Male contest mating competition is restrained within communities, but single high-ranking
males sometimes try to mate guard estrous females. Data from an unusually large chimpanzee commmunity at Ngogo, Kibale National
Park, Uganda, that contains more males than any previously studied community show new variation in chimpanzee mate-guarding
behavior. Contrary to expectation given the large number of males, mate guarding was as common as, or more common than, at
other sites, and males other than the alpha male guarded more often. More strikingly, pairs or trios of top-ranking males
sometimes engaged in cooperative aggression to prevent estrous females from mating with other males, but tolerated each other's
mating activities. Both single males and coalitions mostly guarded periovulatory females. Mate-guarding coalitions were previously
unknown in chimpanzees. Coalitions occurred in large mating parties, seemingly because these often contained too many males
for single males to maintain exclusive access to estrous females. Coalition members gained higher shares of copulations than
they could have expected from solo mate guarding, and suffered lower per capita costs of guarding (as inferred from aggression
rates). Two males who most often participated in coalitions formed two-male coalitions at about the point where the number
of males present made it unlikely that either could get 50% or more of total copulations on his own, and formed trios when
this value dropped below 33%. Kin selection could be a factor in cooperation among male chimpanzees, but coalition members
were not necessarily close relatives and the apparent structure of payoffs fit that of mutualism. Furthermore, reliance of
male chimpanzees on support from allies to maintain high rank could have led to trading of mating exclusivity for support
against mating competitors.
Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 16 May 1998 相似文献
3.
Brood sex ratio is dependent on female mating status in polygynous great reed warblers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Isao Nishiumi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):9-14
Females capable of adjusting the sex ratio of their offspring should be more fit than females lacking such an ability. In
polygynous birds where breeding success in males is more strongly influenced by body size and/or attractiveness than in females,
females might produce more sons when predicting good conditions or when mating with attractive males. Polygynous great reed
warbler, Acrocephalusarundinaceus, males direct most of their feeding effort to the primary (first-hatching) nest and in these nests increase their feeding
effort in relation to the brood sex ratio (proportion of sons). Therefore, with the expectation of well-nourished sons, we
would predict that females which start breeding first within harems might produce more sons than those which start breeding
later, and in anticipation of sons with good genes, that females mated to polygynous males might produce more sons than females
mated to monogamous males. I took blood samples from hatchlings and determined the sex using DNA markers. The sex ratio of
primary (monogamous and polygynous primary) broods is more male-biased (mean 0.58 males, n = 50) than that of secondary (polygynous secondary and tertiary) broods (mean 0.46, n = 25). Moreover, in the secondary broods with the largest clutch (five eggs), in which offspring are most likely to suffer
food shortage, the sex ratio was distinctively female biased (mean 0.33, n = 10). In the primary broods, sex ratio was correlated to harem size. The results suggest that great reed warbler females
modify the brood sex ratio to produce both well-nourished sons and sons with good genes, but the former effect is probably
stronger than the latter factor.
Received: 11 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
4.
Sabra L. Klein H. Ray Gamble Randy J. Nelson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(5):323-329
Females may choose mates based on secondary sex traits that reflect disease resistance. Accordingly, females should be able
to distinguish between unparasitized and parasitized males, and should prefer to mate with unparasitized individuals. Mate
and odor preferences for uninfected males or males infected with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis, were examined among prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus). In a 15-min odor preference test, only female meadow voles distinguished between bedding from parasitized and unparasitized
conspecific males, and preferred to spend time with bedding from unparasitized males. Although T. spiralis infection influenced odor preference in female meadow voles, there was no effect of infection status on mate preference among
either species. Testosterone and corticosterone concentrations were not different between parasitized and unparasitized males.
However, among prairie voles, males that spent an increased amount of time with females during the mate preference test had
elevated testosterone concentrations. Taken together, these data suggest that (1) female meadow voles can discriminate between
unparasitized and parasitized males, (2) the effects of infection on steroid hormone concentrations may be masked by the effects
of social interactions, and (3) parasites may represent a selective constraint on partner preference in voles; however, the
life cycle of parasites may influence female preference and should be considered in studies of female preference.
Received: 23 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 25 October 1998 相似文献
5.
Social monogamy and extra-pair fertilization in an Australian lizard, Tiliqua rugosa 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
C. Michael Bull Steven J. B. Cooper Ben C. Baghurst 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):63-72
This study investigates social monogamy in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. At a 70-ha site near Mount Mary, South Australia, we radio tracked 55 adult female and 39 adult male lizards during their
spring activity periods. Each lizard was observed in 1–5 years. Females were observed with a single male partner on an average
of 10.8 days per year, although in 17.3% of cases, females were observed on 2 or fewer days with a male. The most intense
pairing period each year was 15 September–15 November when females were with male partners on an average of 36% of observation
days. Partnerships lasted an average of 43.3 days each year. After mating in early November, the pairs separated. Observations
of females pairing with other males were rare. Most males (82%) were also consistently monogamous, although 7 were observed
pairing with 2 females within one season. To investigate paternity, we allowed 21 gravid females to give birth to 42 offspring
in the laboratory. We determined genotypes at five polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci for the females, their male partners
and their offspring. Four litters (19%) and 6 of the offspring from those litters (14.3%) showed evidence of extra-pair fertilization
(EPF). Although the sample sizes are small, females of polygynous males were more likely to experience EPF.
Received: 22 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
6.
Jill M. Goldstein Glen E. Woolfenden Jack P. Hailman 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):15-22
Prebreeders of the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) are less likely to be found on their natal territories with a same-sex stepparent than with parents or an opposite-sex stepparent.
We tested two models that had been proposed to account for this sexual asymmetry. The dominance hypothesis states that stepparents
perceive same-sex prebreeders as competitors, primarily for a mate, so behave aggressively toward them. The pair-formation
hypothesis states that prebreeders remain home to pair eventually with the opposite-sex stepparent. Predictions from these
two models were tested by analyses from a quarter-century of records on a study population at Archbold Biological Station
and by new behavioral field observations at the Station. Results clearly rejected the latter and strongly supported the former
hypothesis. No prediction from the pair-formation hypothesis was confirmed: no pairing by a prebreeder of either sex has ever
occurred with a stepparent; remaining home was equally frequent in age-one males with stepmothers and genetic mothers, and
in females with stepfathers and genetic fathers; and the same results were found in age-two prebreeders. By contrast, the
data strongly supported the dominance hypothesis. Field data showed higher aggression rates by stepfathers to male prebreeders
and stepmothers to female prebreeders than by parents to their same-sex genetic offspring. Fewer age-one males remained home
with a stepfather than with the genetic father, and the same was found for age-one females with a stepmother and genetic mother;
at age two, the effect occurred only in female prebreeders. The two hypotheses make different predictions about prebreeders
with two stepparents versus with both parents, thus providing a critical test. The dominance hypothesis correctly predicted
decreased duration at home by age-one males and females; data for age-two females were in the direction of predicted difference
but not significant; and, as in other tests, no effect was found for age-two males. We propose that age-two male prebreeders
remain home despite elevated aggression from stepfathers because these prebreeders retain the possibility of budding from
or inheriting the natal territory.
Received: 16 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 26 June 1998 相似文献
7.
Changes in male guppy courting distance in response to a fluctuating light environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), effective courting by a male requires visual contact with the female. Therefore, environmental light intensity may affect
male display behavior, particularly initial courtship distance. We found that male guppies courted at exact and predictable
distances from the female given a particular light level, both in field and laboratory studies. In lower light levels (<0.1 μmol m−2 s−1), for example at dawn, dusk, or under heavy canopy, males court females at closer and less variable distances (<3 cm). At
higher light levels, which occur during most of the day and with less canopy cover, males often court from twice or three
times further out. Light levels over guppy streams change over relatively short time periods and ranges, correlating with
variation in courtship distances. Laboratory manipulations of irradiance confirmed that courtship distance depends on illumination.
Hence, courtship distances may be set by the effect of lighting on signal efficiency, minimization of energy or time expenditures,
or predation risk.
Received: 16 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 8 August 1998 相似文献
8.
Scott Nunes Peter A. Zugger Anne L. Engh Kurt O. Reinhart Kay E. Holekamp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(3):199-207
We examined the effects of food provisioning on the natal dispersal behavior of Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). We provided extra food to adult and yearling females in their maternal territories during pregnancy and lactation, and
to offspring of these females in their natal areas for 6 weeks after weaning. We used unprovisioned young of unprovisioned
mothers as controls. Provisioning influenced the probability of dispersal from the natal area by female but not male S. beldingi. All surviving male S.␣beldingi dispersed by 55 weeks of age, regardless of whether they and their mothers received extra food. By contrast, we observed
a significant trend, beginning 3 weeks after weaning and continuing through the yearling year, for a greater proportion of
provisioned than control female S. beldingi to emigrate from the natal area. Competition for food did not appear to influence natal dispersal of females. However, overall
population density, density of females weaning litters, and rates of aggression and vigilance among these females, were higher
in provisioned than control areas, suggesting that competition for non-food resources was unusually intense in provisioned
areas. We propose that juvenile female, but not juvenile male, S. beldingi may emigrate from the natal site to increase access to areas with low densities of conspecifics. Together with findings of
earlier workers, our results suggest that spatial and temporal distributions of environmental resources are important influences
on the dispersal behavior of female ground squirrels.
Received: 28 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 16 October 1996 相似文献
9.
A. D. Tucker H. I. McCallum C. J. Limpus K. R. McDonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(2):85-90
We compared natal dispersals of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) against the prediction of male dispersal bias for a polygynous mating system. The crocodiles inhabited a linear series of
pools and we calculated the net distances from natal pools to recapture locations some 12–18 years later, at maturity. Philopatry
was assessed in terms of adult social distances. A female social distance was 0.46 pools and a male social distance was 1.0
pool. By these criteria, both sexes showed low levels of philopatry (7–12%). However, individuals of both sexes dispersed
from the natal site long before they were sexually mature. Divergence in dispersal patterns by sex occurred after the maturity
threshold, as males dispersed two to three times farther than females. Intrasexual competition by males is resolved by a size-based
hierarchy. The displacement of small males from local mating access is a probable cause of the longer dispersals undertaken
by males. Competition, rather than inbreeding avoidance, is driving dispersal in this population of freshwater crocodiles.
Received: 8 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 26 June 1998 相似文献
10.
Allison J. Abell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(4):217-226
The association between spatial proximity and paternity was studied in a population of the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. The relationship between estimated mating success and male phenotypic traits was examined for a sample of 55 males. DNA
samples were obtained from 13 female-offspring families. The males with the closest spatial proximity to each female were
tested as possible sires within each family. Fingerprinting with two multilocus hypervariable minisatellite probes revealed
a strong correspondence between male-female spatial proximity and actual paternity. Paternity could be assigned for 72 of
the 100 hatchlings. Most hatchlings with identifiable sires were attributed to a male with the highest category of spatial
proximity to the mother. However, there was a low to moderate level of multiple paternity within clutches, and for some clutches
probable sires could not be identified even though the most likely behavioural candidates were tested. Thus, nonterritorial
males or other males lacking strong social and spatial relationships with females may achieve some degree of reproductive
success. Analysis of mating success revealed that male success increased with body size, up to a point beyond which larger
size conferred no advantage.
Received: 7 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 16 June 1997 相似文献
11.
Ellen J. Censky 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(4):221-225
Mate choice by females has been documented in a variety of taxa. Female mate choice in species lacking male resource control
or paternal care might occur if preferred males provide protection from harassment. Female mate choice was investigated in
a natural population of the non-territorial lizard Ameiva plei (Teiidae). Consort pairs were allowed to form naturally. Consort males were significantly larger than non-consort males.
After removal of consort males, the “abandoned” female's reaction to the first male who approached her was recorded. Females
rejected all small males. Female preference for large males was significantly higher than preference for small males. Large
males may be better equipped to guard the females from harassment and behavior of large males is less harassing than behavior
of small males, thereby affording the female increased foraging time.
Received: 21 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 28 December 1996 相似文献
12.
Corey R. Freeman-Gallant 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(6):395-400
Empirical relationships between parentage and male parental care are commonly interpreted in the context of life-history
models that consider increased offspring survivorship as the only benefit of paternal effort. However, indirect benefits associated
with male care can also influence a male's response to cuckoldry: if females allocate paternity according to their prior experience
with male parental care, it may pay for males to provision extra-pair young in early broods. Here, I assess the relationship
between first-brood parentage and paternal care in a population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculussandwichensis) where a male's fertilization success in the second brood appears to be influenced by his prior parental performance. Based
on the multi-locus DNA fingerprinting of 17 first broods, male feeding effort was influenced by parentage (percent of brood
resulting from within-pair fertilizations) but not by brood size, male mating status (monogamous versus polygynous), timing
of breeding (hatching date), structural size (wing length) or condition (mass). Males provided more care to broods that contained
few within-pair young. This result supports the idea that males provision young to increase their future mating success, but
alternative hypotheses involving male quality and timing of breeding cannot be excluded.
Received: 13 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 22 February 1997 相似文献
13.
Past reproductive success affects future habitat selection 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Paul V. Switzer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(5):307-312
Correlational studies have shown that an individual's past reproductive success often increases its breeding site fidelity
(i.e., the tendency to return to a previously occupied location), suggesting that individuals use their reproductive experience
to assess habitat quality. However, the causality of the relationship between reproductive success and site fidelity is still
uncertain. In a field experiment, the effect of mating success on site fidelity was isolated from potential confounding variables
in a territorial dragonfly, the eastern amberwing (Perithemis tenera). The experiment controlled for site quality, intrinsic characteristics of males, previous territorial experience at the
site, arrival order, and territorial evictions. Males that were prevented from mating were much more likely to change sites
the following day than control males that were allowed to mate. This result was not affected by age, the amount of time a
male spent on the site, or mortality. These results imply that individuals use their own reproductive success to assess the
quality of the habitat. The benefit to an individual of using its reproductive success to determine habitat quality is discussed
relative to other sources of information.
Received: 31 May 1996 / Accepted: 31 January 1997 相似文献
14.
Jay D. Evans 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):35-42
Most social groups have the potential for reproductive conflict among group members. Within insect societies, reproduction
can be divided among multiple fertile individuals, leading to potential conflicts between these individuals over the parentage
of sexual offspring. Colonies of the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmicatahoensis contain from one to several mated queens. In this species, female sexuals were produced almost exclusively by one queen.
The parentage of male sexuals was more complex. In accordance with predictions based on worker sex-allocation preferences,
male-producing colonies tended to have low levels of genetic relatedness (i.e., high queen numbers). Correspondingly, males
were often reared from the eggs of two or more queens in the nest. Further, over half of the males produced appeared to be
the progeny of fertile workers, not of queens. Overall investment ratios were substantially more male biased than those predicted
by genetic relatedness, suggesting hidden costs associated with the production of female sexuals. These costs are likely to
include local resource competition among females, most notably when these individuals are adopted by their maternal nest.
Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 20 June 1998 相似文献
15.
Javier delBarco-Trillo M. E. McPhee Robert E. Johnston 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1247-1253
When females mate with a heterospecific male, they do not usually produce viable offspring. Thus, there is a selective pressure
for females to avoid interspecific mating. In many species, females innately avoid heterospecific males; females can also
imprint on their parents to avoid later sexual interactions with heterospecific males. However, it was previously unknown
whether adult females can learn to discriminate against heterospecific males. We tested the hypothesis that adult females
previously unable to avoid interspecific mating learn to avoid such mating after being exposed to heterospecific males. Syrian
hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) females not previously exposed to Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) males can discriminate between odors of conspecific and heterospecific males, but they mate with either type of male. However,
when we exposed adult females to both a conspecific male and a heterospecific male through wire-mesh barriers for 8 days,
and then paired them sequentially with the two males, females were more receptive to conspecific males and more aggressive
to heterospecific males. When females were paired with the heterospecific male first and the conspecific male second, no female
was receptive and all were aggressive to heterospecific males. When females were paired with the conspecific male first, only
43% of females were then aggressive toward the heterospecific male. That is, interactions with conspecific males may decrease
a female’s ability to properly avoid heterospecific males. Our study clearly shows for the first time that females can learn
during adulthood to avoid interspecific mating just by being exposed to stimuli from heterospecific males. 相似文献
16.
Patrick J. Weatherhead 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(3):151-158
Using data from a 6-year paternity study of red-winged blackbirds, I tested the hypotheses that increased nesting synchrony
should either promote extra-pair mating by increasing the advantage of extra-pair mating to females, or decrease extra-pair
mating by constraining males from seeking extra-pair copulations. Contrary to these hypotheses, the occurrence of extra-pair
paternity did not vary with nesting synchrony over the breeding season, or vary with the number of synchronous nests within
territories or within marshes, or with nesting order on territories. However, for nearly all nests with extra-pair young,
there were fewer females synchronous with that nest on the cuckolder's territory than on the territory of the cuckolded male.
This “advantage” of a synchrony difference was less pronounced for older males that cuckolded younger males, particularly
when the two males were not neighbors. Collectively, these results suggest that breeding synchrony affects extra-pair mating
by affecting mate guarding, but that breeding synchrony alone can not be used to predict which females are more likely to
engage in extra-pair mating, nor with which extra-pair males they will mate. Understanding why extra-pair mating by older
males is less affected by breeding synchrony may explain much about both the proximate and ultimate causes of extra-pair mating
in red-winged blackbirds.
Received: 7 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 25 November 1996 相似文献
17.
Queen control of egg fertilization in the honey bee 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The study investigated the precision with which honey bee queens can control the fertilization of the eggs they lay. Because
males and workers are reared in different-sized cells, the honey bee is one of the few Hymenoptera in which it is possible
for the experimenter to know which type of egg a queen “intends” to lay. Eggs were collected from both worker and drone (male)
cells from four honey bee colonies. Ploidy of the embryo was determined using polymorphic DNA microsatellites. All 169 eggs
taken from worker cells were heterozygous at at least one microsatellite locus showing that the egg was fertilized. All 129
eggs taken from drone cells gave a single band at the B124 locus, strongly suggesting haploidy. These data show that honey
bee queens have great, and quite possibly complete, ability to control the fertilization of the eggs they lay. Data from the
literature suggest that in two species of parasitoid Hymenoptera (Copidosoma floridanum, Colpoclypeus florus) females have great, but not complete, ability to control fertilization.
Received: 23 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 17 May 1998 相似文献
18.
Food access, brood size and filial cannibalism in the fantail darter, Etheostoma flabellare 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We compared the occurrence of filial cannibalism in fed and starved male fantail darters (Etheostoma flabellare). All males in the experiment consumed eggs, and 56% ate all of their eggs. A male's initial body condition did not explain
the number of eggs that he ate. Neither did non-fed males eat more eggs than fed males. Fed males were able to maintain better
body condition during the experiment, but the change in body condition also depended on the number of eggs eaten. Thus, males
who ate more eggs were able to maintain better body condition.The most important determinant of whether or not a male ate
all of his eggs was his initial egg number. Males with small egg masses ate all of their eggs whereas males with large egg
masses were only partial cannibals. There was, however, no difference in the total number of eggs eaten by total and partial
cannibals. We conclude that eggs are only partially eaten for energetic reasons. We also suggest that small egg masses are
completely consumed because the costs of caring for a small egg mass may exceed the expected reproductive benefits of a small
egg mass.
Received: 26 January 1996 / Accepted after revision: 2 November 1996 相似文献
19.
Fleur E. Champion de Crespigny Nina Wedell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1229-1235
The maternally inherited bacterium Wolbachia pipientis generates strong reproductive incompatibilities between uninfected females and infected males (cytoplasmic incompatibility),
significantly reducing both female and male reproductive success. Such fitness costs are thought to place selective pressure
on hosts to evolve pre-copulatory preferences for mating with compatible mates, thereby enabling them to avoid the reproductive
incompatibilities associated with Wolbachia. Therefore, uninfected females are predicted to prefer mating with uninfected males, whereas infected males are predicted
to prefer mating with infected females. Despite these predictions, previous investigations of pre-copulatory mate preferences
in Wolbachia-manipulated Drosophila have not found evidence of female preference for uninfected or compatible males. However, none of these studies utilised
a design where focal individuals are provided with a simple choice in a relatively non-competitive situation. We examined
both female and male pre-copulatory mate preference based on mate infection status in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster using simple choice assays involving between 30–50 replicates per treatment. Although we found no evidence of female pre-copulatory
mate preferences in either species, male D. simulans exhibited some preference for mating with females of the same infection status. However, this preference was not evident
when we repeated the experiment to confirm this finding. Consequently, we conclude that neither male nor female D. melanogaster and D. simulans exhibit significant Wolbachia-associated pre-copulatory mate preferences. 相似文献
20.
Correlates of extra-pair fertilization success in hooded warblers 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Bridget J. M. Stutchbury W. H. Piper D. L. Neudorf S. A. Tarof Judith M. Rhymer G. Fuller R. C. Fleischer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(2):119-126
We examined correlates of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) success in the hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), a species where females pursue extra-pair matings. The good genes hypothesis predicts that females choose extra-pair mates
with morphological or behavioral traits that reflect differences in male genetic quality. EPFs were common, as 35.3% (42/119)
of broods contained extra-pair young (EPY) and 26.7% (95/356) of nestlings were the result of EPFs. There was a strong skew
in male EPF success which increased the variance in annual male mating success 2–3 fold. However, male morphology did not
predict EPF success, as extra-pair males were not older or larger than the males they cuckolded. Likewise, there were no significant
correlations between the proportion of extra-pair young in a brood and male size or age. The good genes hypothesis predicts
that high-quality males will be consistently preferred as genetic mates, but the number of young sired by a male with his
social mate was not consistent from one year to the next. There was a significant negative correlation between female age
and proportion of EPY produced, which could result if older females obtain higher-quality social mates. We found no strong
evidence that females choose extra-pair mates for good genes, but females may use behavioral rather than morphological cues
to assess relative male quality.
Received: 31 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 17 October 1996 相似文献