崇明岛公路两侧蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了研究崇明岛公路两侧土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况,采集陈海、北沿公路两侧蔬菜地土壤、蔬菜和路面灰尘样品,测定重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量.结果表明,以上海市土壤环境背景值上限值为评价标准,所有土壤样品Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的超标率分别为10.1%、25.4%、6.5%和8.7%;以HJ 332-2006 食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准中蔬菜地土壤环境质量评价指标限值(pH值6.5～7.5)为标准,Cd超标率在21.0%,仅有不到3%样品Pb含量超标,而没有样品Cu、Zn含量超标.以国家食品卫生标准中规定的重金属限量为标准,路侧蔬菜样品Pb含量超标率为43.2%,Cd为18.6%,Zn和Cu则小于5%.由此可见,崇明岛主要公路两侧土壤污染以Cd为主,而蔬菜污染则以Pb为主.在长期运营的前提下,低交通量公路两侧50 m范围内耕作层土壤和两侧作物会发生一定程度的重金属污染,路面灰尘是路侧土壤和蔬菜的潜在污染源.     

深圳市农林土壤重金属累积现状及风险评价研究（Heavy Metal Accumulation Characters and Risk Assessment in the Soil of Agriculture and Forest of Shenzhen Area）

为探讨深圳市农林土壤重金属的污染现状,系统采集了深圳市菜地、果园、林地和荒地4种土地利用的52个土壤样品,测定了Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Ni6种重金属的全量,对深圳市农林土壤重金属20余年来的累积状况进行了分析并进行了初步的风险评价.结果发现,深圳农林土壤均存在不同程度的重金属累积,总体而言,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Ni的累积较轻,Zn的最大含量尚未超过其80年代末背景值的最大值;Cd的累积最为严重,其最大含量已为背景最大值的16倍.以GB15618-1995为标准,对深圳农林土壤的重金属风险进行评价后发现,Cu的污染最轻,仅20%的菜地土壤超过国家一级标准,Pb50%超过国家一级标准,但尚未超过二级标准;Zn、Cr和Ni均有一定比例的样点超过二级标准,最少4%,最高50%,但未有超过三级标准的样点;Cd的风险最大,不仅有大量超过一、二级标准的样点,而且超过三级标准的样点也占有一定的比例(菜地、果园、林地和荒地土壤中Cd含量超过三级标准的比例分别为10%、23%、29%和50%).深圳农林土壤中的Cd污染应该引起相关部门的重视.     

TCLP法评价酸性矿山废水污染稻田土壤重金属的生态风险

采用美国最新的法定重金属污染评价方法TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure,TCLP)法对粤北大宝山矿山下游受酸性矿山废水长期污染的稻田土壤的重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu)污染状况进行评价,以国际规定的TCLP法标准评价重金属生态环境风险.结果表明,TCLP试剂提取的土壤重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量分别在0.02～0.58、1.42～38.07、0.16-31.01和1.84～75.29 mg·kg-1之间.酸性矿山废水污染稻田土壤不同程度地受到Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的污染,其中以Pb、Zn污染最为严重,其次为Cu污染,Cd污染程度最轻.     

不同利用方式农用地土壤重金属污染状况及其动态变化特征——以广东省徐闻县为例

通过分析广东省徐闻县不同季节香蕉地、菜地、桉树林地和甘蔗地等4种不同利用方式农用地土壤As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd重金属含量,应用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价,并得出其动态变化特征。结果表明,（1）根据重金属单项污染指数可知,所研究的5种重金属中,Cu污染最为严重,4种农用地土壤Cu污染程度大小顺序为菜地〉桉树地〉香蕉地〉甘蔗地;其次是Cd污染,污染程度依次为菜地〉香蕉地〉甘蔗地〉桉树地;菜地受到轻度Zn污染;其他元素含量均未超过国家标准。从重金属综合污染指数来看,菜地受到重金属中度污染,香蕉地、桉树地和甘蔗地均为轻度污染。（2）在不同季节,土壤重金属污染状况差异较大。Cu在4种农用地土壤中的污染指数年内呈递减规律;Cd在菜地和香蕉地中夏季污染指数最低而冬季最高。（3）土壤重金属相关性分析结果表明,Cu与Pb在4种土壤中的相关系数都较高,说明土壤中Cu与Pb同源,主要来自成土母质。菜地中,Zn与碱解N,Cd与有机质在0．05水平上存在显著负相关性,这说明土壤Zn和Cd污染不是来自有机肥,可能主要来自化肥和农药。     

兰州市主城区土壤重金属空间分布特征及污染评价

为查明兰州市4个主要城区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb的空间分布特征和环境质量状况,应用Kriging最优内插法和地累积指数法进行研究,结果表明：Cu、Zn、Pb在研究区土壤中有一定程度的累积;3种重金属含量的空间变异较大,最高值均出现在西固区;大部分区域土壤Cu含量低于背景值,大部分区域土壤Zn、Pb均大于背景值,其中Pb在城关区土壤含量普遍较高。根据地累积指数法,Cu、Pb的大部分及Zn的全部样点都在轻污染-中污染及以下水平;土壤Cu的0级样点占50%以上,但在西固区有1个强污染样点;Zn和Pb样点主要在1级水平,Zn在七里河区污染程度相对严重;城关区土壤均受到不同程度的Pb污染;安宁区土壤环境质量相对较好。     

长期污灌条件下农田土壤重金属污染环境风险评价

为探讨长期污灌条件下农田土壤重金属积累状况及环境风险,选取典型污灌河流汪洋沟沿岸农田作为研究对象,对污灌区土壤和小麦植株中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量进行分析,并对重金属污染现状、潜在生态风险和潜在健康风险进行评价.结果表明,污灌土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、和Zn含量虽未超过国家标准限值,但均高于清灌土壤和上壤背景值,已表现出积累现象.污灌小麦部分样本Pb和Zn含量超标,超标率分别为23.1％和15.4％.Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn 4种重金属污染等级均为安全,说明重金属含量尚未达到警戒水平.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,Cd的生态危害系数最高,表现出中等生态危害程度;Pb、Cu和Zn表现为轻微潜在生态危害.健康风险评价显示,4种重金属的单一健康风险系数均未达到显著水平,但其综合污染风险指数大于1,说明该地区存在一定的潜在健康风险,且重金属对儿童的健康风险大于成人,应引起足够重视.     

江西钨矿周边土壤重金属生态风险评价:不同评价方法的比较

对江西省大余县某钨矿区周边的农田土壤进行调查分析,并采用不同的方法对土壤进行评价,结果表明,土壤As、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni的含量范围分别为15.33—154.65 mg·kg-1、156.29—346.98 mg·kg-1、47.73—277.72 mg·kg-1、19.06—210.24 mg·kg-1和12.00—35.11 mg·kg-1,一些土壤样点的As、Pb、Zn和Cu含量已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准.利用地累积指数法对土壤进行评价,结果表明土壤均受到As、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni不同程度的污染;根据CPI(综合污染指数)评价标准,65.7%的土壤处于污染状态;利用TCLP法对土壤生态风险进行评价,结果显示所有土壤并未受到重金属的污染,以内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤进行综合评价,结果表明该农田土壤重金属生态风险处于安全范围;以潜在生态危害指数法评价,发现Pb、As和Cu达到或超过中等生态风险的样点分别占37.14%、25.72%和2.86%,其他重金属污染风险均属轻微以下.不同评价方法得出的评价结果有差异,人们在评价重金属污染土壤时要根据评价的目的慎重选择合适的评价方法.     

南昌市不同功能区绿化带土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

城市绿化带土壤是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,对污染物的吸纳、环境的净化起重要作用,更是市民接触重金属的主要风险源。深入分析城市重金属污染的空间分布特征、污染来源及其生态风险,对于改善城市土壤环境质量和人居环境有重要作用。以南昌市居民区、科教区、商业区、工业区、城市公园和郊区这6个功能区的绿化带土壤为研究对象,共采集了231个样品。分析不同功能区绿化带土壤重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染的程度,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤重金属的潜在生态风险。结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd这4种重金属元素平均值均未超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中的二级标准,但4种元素的平均值分别是江西省土壤背景值的2.58、2.57、2.08、1.13倍。以江西省土壤背景值作为评价标准,单因子污染指数大小为ZnCdPbCu,除城郊的各项单因子指数较小外,其他各功能区的单因子指数基本大于1;工业区、商业区和城市公园的综合污染指数在2-3之间,属于中污染。南昌市绿化带土壤重金属中Cu、Zn、Pb这3种重金属的生态风险指数均值分别为6.61、2.191、9.49,Zn、Cu全部处于低生态风险水平;少量地区Pb处于中等生态风险水平;Cd的潜在生态危害指数为60.88,有29.87%处于低生态风险程度,39.39%处于中等生态风险水平,30.30%处于较重生态风险水平,0.43%处于重生态风险水平。由生态危险指数RI可知,工业区、商业区和城市公园属于中等生态危害,居民区、科教区和郊区则是轻度生态危害。以《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中的二级标准作为评价标准,仅0.43%的样点处于严重生态风险水平,但仍有22.08%的样点重金属综合污染指数达到重度污染水平。     

内蒙古土壤重金属的空间异质性及污染特征

内蒙古矿产资源丰富,随着工业化程度的提高,内蒙古地区重金属污染问题日益严重。为全面了解内蒙古地区土壤重金属的空间特性以及不同条件下的响应,并为土壤治理维护提供理论依据,利用内蒙古16个样点的土壤剖面样品,通过微波消解的前处理方法,采用电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪以及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定所有土壤样品中的Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Pb重金属的浓度。在此基础之上分析7种重金属含量的变异性特征、水平和垂直分布格局、各重金属元素以及自然条件之间的相关性,并以内蒙古土壤环境背景值为参照标准,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对内蒙古土壤中重金属污染特征进行评价。结果表明,土壤样品中Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Pb重金属的平均含量水平分别为31.52、188.76、35.62、27.72、33.65、45.35、35.62 mg·kg-1;所有重金属类型变异性均较高,意味着影响土壤重金属含量的自然和人为因素的区域分异极为强烈;西部地区Ni、Mn、Cr、Zn含量较高,而东部地区Cu、Pb较高;不同重金属类型的剖面分布大体表现为两种不同格局,显示出明显的纵向迁移能力差异;各样点土壤中Ni和Cr、Ni和Zn、Mn和Cu、Cr和Zn、Cu和Pb具有显著的共生特征,Zn、As、Pb对自然条件变化表现出明显的反应;表层土壤7种重金属污染依次为:AsPbCuNiCrZnMn;3种草原类型的综合污染指数均属于严重污染,荒漠草原Ni、Cr、Zn污染较高,草甸草原对Cu、Pb有富集作用,典型草原As较高。     

徐州市城区公园绿地土壤重金属污染及其评价

通过对徐州市泉山、云龙、鼓楼、九里4个城区的公园绿地土壤进行系统采样测定,对其土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,该城区表层土壤中5种重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)含量均高于中国土壤元素背景值,其中Cd单因子富集指数为30.00,污染指数为14.56,富集程度较高,污染较严重;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr单因子富集指数和污染指数均接近1,富集程度较低,无污染或轻度污染。     

Risk assessment for safety of soils and vegetables around a lead/zinc mine

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were determined in soils and vegetables (chrysanthemum, spinach and four cultivars of Chinese cabbage from the area adjacent to a Pb/Zn mine in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China, and compared with the Chinese National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality. The accumulation of heavy metals in cabbage cv. Siyuegreen was investigated at different distances from the center of the mine. The vegetable plantation soils were polluted with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, especially by Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd were 20 and 30 times higher than the permitted standards, indicating that this Pb/Zn mining area is unsuitable for agricultural use. Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum and spinach had different enrichment coefficients. The enrichment coefficient of Cd from soil to roots of chrysanthemum was >80% and from roots to leaves of cabbage cv. Shanghaigreen was >120%. These vegetables were polluted by heavy metals and could not be regarded as safe for human consumption. Environmental accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetable plantation soils was proportional to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and both were inversely proportional to the distance from the lead/zinc mine.     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.     

合肥市城市土壤重金属元素含量及空间分布特征

研究了合肥市城市土壤中重金属的含量、空间分布特征及来源。结果表明,合肥市城市土壤中,Ni和As2种元素污染不明显,但受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Cd、Hg6种元素不同程度的污染,其中Hg污染最严重。Ni和As2种元素的分布主要受自然因素影响,Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Cd、Hg6种元素主要来源于人为输入。Zn,Cd,Pb3种元素的空间分布规律比较相似,表现为在东部工业区和老城区内明显出现富集。Cu和Hg2种元素在合肥市城市土壤中含量的分布规律比较相似,峰值出现在东部工业区、老城区、北部和南部交通干线交汇区。Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg5种元素可能主要来源于工业活动和交通污染。Sr元素峰值出现在老城区和工业区中间,主要交通干线沿线和交汇地区含量也较高,Sr元素可能主要来源于交通污染。     

Assessment of toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soils by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soils near a lead–zinc mine located in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, China, were determined and their toxicity was assessed using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The TCLP method is a currently recognized international method for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in soils. The available levels of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 8.2–36, 23–143, 6.4–1367 and 0.41–2.2 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, while the international standards were 15, 25, 5 and 0.5 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Soils around the mine were more polluted with Zn and Pb, followed by Cd and Cu. Moreover, the levels of heavy metals in the soils extracted by TCLP indicated that extraction fluid 2 was more effective than extraction fluid 1 in extracting the heavy metals from the polluted soils and there was a positive correlation between fluids 1 and 2. Available heavy metal contents determined by TCLP were correlated with soil total heavy metal contents.     

我国典型土壤上重金属污染对番茄根伸长的抑制毒性效应

采用盆栽试验观测了我国3种典型土壤——黄泥土、褐土、红壤上不同重金属(铜、锌、铅)作用下敏感植物番茄的根伸长,其中黄泥土和褐土上重金属添加量范围为Cu(0～2000mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～4000mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～5000mg·kg-1),红壤上为Cu(0～400mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～750mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～2000mg·kg-1).对不同土壤上Cu、Zn、Pb对番茄的根伸长抑制率进行了比较,以阐明不同土壤上重金属种类及用量对蔬菜根生长的抑制及毒性效应.结果表明,相同Cu、Zn、Pb污染水平(添加量)下,土壤中重金属对番茄的根伸长抑制率大小顺序基本表现为:红壤>黄泥土>褐土.番茄对红壤中的重金属最敏感,其次是黄泥土,再次是褐土.番茄对不同重金属的毒性响应不同,对Cu最敏感,Zn和Pb次之.土壤中有效态重金属含量与番茄根伸长呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)负相关,表明有效态重金属含量是影响蔬菜根伸长的重要因素.     

Distribution and mobility of metals in agricultural soils near a copper smelter in South China

The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the paddy soils surrounding a copper smelting plant in south China was investigated. We assessed the degree of metal contamination using an index of geoaccumulation. The metals were divided into two groups: (1) Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, whose concentrations were heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs, and (2) Ni, Co and Cr, which were mainly of geochemical origin. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the polluted soils were higher than the Chinese soil quality criteria. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb, Zn and Cu indicated that Pb was largely associated with the residual and NH₂OH HCl extractable fractions. In contrast, Cd was predominantly associated with the MgCl₂ extractable fraction. A large proportion of Cu was bound to the acidic H₂O₂ extractable fractions, while Zn was predominantly found in the residual phase. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful to the environment, was found to be elevated compared to unpolluted soils in which heavy metals are more strongly bound to the matrix. The mobility of the metals was studied by water extraction using a modification of Tessier’s procedure, and the order of mobility was Zn > Cd > Cu  > Pb.     

Contamination indices and heavy metal concentrations in urban soil of Ibadan metropolis, southwestern Nigeria

An assessment was conducted on soils of Ibadan metropolis using geochemical approach in order to establish the concentration of heavy metals and develop geoaccumulation index maps. Petrographic studies and X-ray diffractograms showed that soils of Ibadan were derived from the weathering of the bedrocks. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn were found to be greater in soils more than the background. Positive correlation occurred between Cu, Pb, and Zn indicated a common anthropogenic source in the soil while Mn, Cr, and Ni were found to be naturally enriched. The geoaccumulation index maps revealed significant enrichment factor (Ef > 20) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) beyond class four (heavily contaminated) for Cu, Pb, and Zn in densely populated and industrial areas, whereas Cd is enriched in sparsely populated areas, agricultural areas and a few spots in densely populated areas.     

4种草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤重金属的抗性与吸收特性

盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊毛、早熟禾、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿在纯尾矿污染土壤或经处理的尾矿污染土壤上都能生长,但在处理的土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草坪草更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物。单位面积上 4 种植物体内重金属质量分数高低均为 w(Zn)>w(Pb)>w(Cu)>w(Cd),但每种植物对 Cd、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的吸收质量分数和分布均不相同,一般为根系质量分数大于茎叶。加入改良剂(CaCO3)和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的 4 种草坪草生物量显著增加,植物体中的 Cd、Pb、Zn 质量分数下降,但 Cu 质量分数反而上升,结果单位面积上草坪草吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草坪草相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性。     

典型野生食用菌重金属含量及其人体健康风险评价

土壤重金属污染是影响生态环境、食品安全和人体健康的重要因素.云南省土壤重金属背景值较高,且矿产资源丰富、采矿活动频繁,导致土壤重金属含量较高.野生食用菌是高效重金属储积器,云南是中国野生食用菌最大产区.因此,本文以云南省8种典型野生食用菌为研究对象,探究其重金属含量(汞、镉、铅、锌、铜、砷)与分配特征,采用单因子污染指数对其进行重金属污染评价,利用概率方法(THQ指数)评估其对不同年龄人群(成人、儿童)的人体健康风险.研究结果表明,不同种类野生食用菌重金属含量存在显著差异(P<0.05).Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu浓度范围分别为0.5—7.2、0.3—15、0—26.8、47.7—214、56.7—428 mg·kg^-1 dw;As未检出.此外,Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu均主要分布于菌盖.除虫草花、白森、干巴菌中Hg未检出,其余重金属污染评价中单因子污染指数均>1,且同一元素在同种野生食用菌不同部位污染程度不同,其中,老人头菌盖受Cd污染最为严重.基于国家食品安全标准,本研究中98%野生食用菌Hg、Cd、Pb含量超标.然而,THQ指数表明,部分野生食用菌中Zn无风险(THQ<1),老人头菌盖、鸡枞菌盖中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu具有人体健康风险(THQ>1),且风险值儿童>成人.     

Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city,using a GIS-based approach

Heavy metal pollution caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to urban environmental quality and human health. In this paper, soils of Kerman urban and suburban areas were collected to assess the potential effects of traffic and other vehicle-related pollution by heavy metal accumulation in soils. Eighty-six samples were collected along streets and from residential and rural sectors, as well as vehicle-related workshops from depth of 0–5 and 15–20 cm and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn), as well as major elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mn). Several hot-spot areas were identified in the composite geochemical maps produced based on Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. The majority of the hot-spot areas were identified to be vehicle-related workshops, fuel stations and road junctions. The most polluted hot-spot in the study area was located in soils close to a car battery processing workshop in the southwestern part of Kerman city, with concentrations of Cd (0.32 mg/kg), Cr (169 mg/kg), Cu (250 mg/kg), Pb (5,780 mg/kg), Sn (27.2 mg/kg) and Zn (178 mg/kg) of 1, 8.5, 8.3, 230, 13.5 and 3 times more than the relevant mean concentrations in natural soils, respectively. Traffic pollution has resulted in significant accumulation of heavy metals in soils and sediments, and that level of accumulation varied remarkably among elements. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, most parts of soils and sediments of the Kerman basement consist of calcite and clay minerals. Abundance of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman.