生物法脱氮除磷技术及其研究进展

污水脱氮除磷技术在近些年来一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点，文章对污水生物法脱氮除磷机理做了简要分析，介绍了几种高效、经济、实用的生物脱氮除磷工艺，并评述了近年来脱氮除磷技术的研究进展。     

试论污水生物除磷脱氮技术

本文论述了磷、氮与富营养化的关系并介绍了几种除磷脱氮工艺。各种除磷脱氮工艺的特点各异,适应于不同的条件。对于寒冷地区,进水BOD_5浓度较低条件下进行生物除磷,采用Phostrip工艺是较为适宜的。     

序批式生物膜法同步除磷脱氮特性研究

对淹没序批式生物膜法去除有机物和磷及同步部分脱氮的特性进行了研究。其适合的载体装填密度为30％，水力停留时间为9h，其中厌氧3h，好氧6h，进水COD负荷从0．27kg/(m^3.d)到1．32kg/(m^3.d)均可使除磷率达90％以上，脱氮率达50％－60％。淹没式生物膜法除磷脱氮工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属，其次依顺序为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，微球菌属，硝化矸菌属，生物膜具有生物量大（MLVSS达5531．7mg/L)，脱落污泥含磷量高（达5．67％），沉降性好（SVI为101．7）的特点，污泥产率为0．1996kg干泥／kgCOD。     

SBR法处理城市污水脱氮除磷试验

采用SBR工艺对广州地区城市污水进行了生物脱氮除磷实验研究。结果表明:在碳、氮、磷比例不合理的情况下,达到了既去除有机物又能脱氮除磷的效果。总停留时间控制在4.5～5.5h,污泥负荷为0.14～0.26kg BOD5/(kgMLSS·d)时,出水BOD5浓度在5.12～13.62mg/L,去除率达85%～93%;出水COD浓度在10.7～32.2mg/L,去除率达82%～88%;出水NH4—N浓度在2.83～9.83mg/L,去除率达53%～87%;出水TP浓度在0.1～0.45mg/L,去除率达85%～'99%。     

膜生物反应器脱氮除磷工艺的研究进展

膜生物反应器是近年新发展起来的高效污水处理工艺，文章重点介绍了膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷工艺；单一反应器间歇曝气膜生物反应器工艺和A/O形式的膜生物反应器工艺。总结了国内外研究的工艺特点、技术参数和处理效果。分析了技术参数，运行方式对处理效果的影响，提出了今后研究方向和应用前景。     

纤毛状生物膜脱氮除磷工艺调试研究

纤毛状生物膜脱氮除磷工艺(CNR)是一种高效的生物脱氮除磷工艺.好氧池中纤毛状生物膜填料的添加,固化了大量世代时间长的硝化菌,提高了硝化反应速度,而且成功地解决了好氧段硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾.通过对天津某污水处理厂进行CNR工艺中试,得出结论如下:填料比表面积大,微生物附着量高达1 350～1 500g·m~(-2);填料容易挂膜、脱膜,无堵塞现象,更不需要反冲洗,维护管理简单;填料上形成的生物膜中,微生物体系稳定,种群丰富,微生物相包括钟虫(vorticella)、轮虫(rotaria)、表壳虫(arcella)、吸管虫(tokophrya)等;采用CNR工艺对污水处理,常规项目的去除率均达到80%以上,出水水质除总氮达到一级B标准,其他均达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)的一级A排放标准.     

好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥是微生物通过自凝聚作用形成的一种特殊的生物聚集体,具有结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强、多功能微生物分区定殖等特点,其在废水强化脱氮除磷与难降解有机物去除方面具有明显的技术优势.针对目前工业和养殖废水及城镇生活污水等碳氮比低、处理出水总氮达标压力大等突出问题,综述基于好氧颗粒污泥的全自养、同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化、异养硝化-好氧反硝化等强化脱氮工艺,介绍其脱氮机制及技术优势,阐明不同好氧颗粒污泥脱氮工艺的特点与颗粒污泥特性,同时总结各种工艺的启动条件及富集相应功能菌的好氧颗粒污泥的形成因素,评估不同工艺应用于实际废水生物处理的可行性.在此基础上进一步分析进水基质组成(不同碳氮比)、运行模式(连续曝气和间歇曝气)、运行条件(溶解氧浓度、温度和pH)等对好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮性能与稳定运行的影响.最后提出应进一步优化好氧颗粒污泥强化脱氮工艺的运行参数,解析好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群功能,揭示好氧颗粒污泥形成与结构稳定的微生物学机理.     

城市污水二级硝化出水的离子交换脱氮除磷

以城市污水二级硝化出水为原水,对比研究了3种强碱性阴离子交换树脂(201×4、D296、D301T)动态脱氮除磷情况,并以201×4树脂为模式树脂考察了树脂活化方式(常规酸碱交替活化与NaCl再生液活化)、腐殖酸(HA)浓度(1.1,2.8和9.4 mg·l~(-1))对树脂动态脱氮除磷的影响.结果表明,3种树脂都具有较好的脱氮除磷效果,达到TP穿透点(0.1 mg·l~(-1),去除率92%)时,201×4树脂具有最大的穿透体积(418 BV),但其对NO_3~--N的去除率(69%)明显低于其它树脂(97%-98%);3种树脂对SO_4~(2-)和HA的去除率分别为97%-99%,71%-80%;常规酸碱活化使树脂穿透体积较再生液活化仅提高了12%;超滤膜法和臭氧氧化法预处理对原水HA的去除率分别为27%和68%;原水HA浓度增加使树脂穿透体积从28lBV降至239BV,同时NO_3~-去除率从80%上升至92%.     

三种生物除磷工艺的比较

比较了Ａ／Ｏ法、Ａ＾２／Ｏ法和ＳＢＲ法生物除磷工艺。结果表明，它们的除磷效果好；污染含磷量达６％以上、除磷系数达０．０４左右，是常规好氧生物处理的３倍。在系统除磷系数相同的条件下，Ａ＾２／Ｏ法取好，是常规好氧法的３倍；ＳＢＲ法次之，高速率Ａ／Ｏ法因不能经反硝化作用脱氮，去氮效果与常规好氧法相同。     

铁氨氧化污水脱氮的应用研究进展

铁氨氧化(Feammox)是一种以廉价、易得的铁作为微生物电子供体的新型自养生物脱氮技术，即Fe(Ⅲ)还原与厌氧氨氧化的结合工艺，拥有成本低廉、无需有机碳源、污泥产量小、无温室气体产生等优势，是污水处理的一种潜在脱氮途径.本文对铁氨氧化反应的机理、功能菌种的种类和特性及电子穿梭体对其的影响进行了介绍，总结了铁氨氧化在污水环境中的脱氮效果及其与厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化和生物电化学系统的耦合技术，并指出目前铁氨氧化的应用问题及该技术未来的研究方向和重点可能是菌分离纯化、工艺参数控制.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.