巢湖湖滨带沉积物间隙水溶解性有机质的光谱特征与时空差异

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)研究巢湖湖滨带沉积物间隙水中溶解性有机质(DOM)含量组成、剖面分布特征及主要来源。结果表明,间隙水中DOM含有3种荧光组分,包括类腐殖质组分C1(275 nm, 365 nm/467 nm)、类腐殖质组分C2(330 nm/407 nm)和类酪氨酸组分C3(275 nm/319 nm)。在空间分布上,远岸带DOM总荧光强度均值为(0.432±0.306) RU,低于近岸带DOM总荧光强度均值[(0.583±0.478) RU],同时近岸带荧光强度均值大于湖心点,各点位垂直剖面上荧光强度随沉积物深度呈现下降趋势;在时间分布上,沉积物间隙水夏季DOM总荧光强度均值为(0.390±0.301) RU,小于冬季[(0.584±0.453) RU];此外,近岸带DOC浓度高于远岸带,远岸带DOC浓度高于湖心点,冬季各断面DOC浓度高于夏季;随着沉积物深度的增加,DOC浓度首先呈现升高趋势后迅速随深度增加而降低,在底泥界面10 cm以下保持稳定状态;冬季腐殖化指数(HIX)高于夏季,荧光指数(FI)和生物源指数(BIX)表明沉积物间隙水DOM受到内源中生物源与外源污染中陆源的共同影响,受到内源中生物源影响更大。该研究可为巢湖湖滨带水环境管理与面源污染控制提供一定参考。     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

平衡渗析-多种光谱法研究太湖不同分子量溶解性有机质及其与铜的相互作用

采用平衡渗析技术将太湖沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)按分子量分成不同的组分.利用光谱技术和离子选择电极(ISE)分析了不同分子量溶解性有机质的光谱特征及对Cu的结合,进一步探讨分子量对DOM特性和对金属结合能力的影响.结果表明,南太湖DOM分子量以高于10000 Da为主,然而北太湖分子量以低于3500 Da为主.三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)表明太湖沉积物DOM呈现出4种特征荧光峰.类富里酸荧光峰的荧光强度随着DOM分子量的增加而增强,然而类蛋白质荧光峰的荧光强度随着DOM分子量的增加而降低.南太湖DOM碳氮比(C/N)(20.30)显著高于北太湖(7.58),表明了DOM不同的来源.对于南北湖区,DOM-Cu浓度最大值都是在DOM分子量低于1000 Da组分,大约50%的DOM-Cu在分子量低于3500 Da的组分中.结合容量表明南太湖DOM分子量低于3500 Da的组分和北太湖分子量在1000—3500 Da的组分对于Cu结合起主要的作用,表明低分子量DOM对于结合重金属的重要性.     

浮水植物处理对猪场污水中可溶性有机物组成的影响

采集江西省余江县规模化猪场污水,选取青萍(Lemna minor)、紫背浮萍(Spriodela polyrrhiza)和大薸(Pistia stratiotes)等3种浮水植物分别进行处理.通过布置4个半月的温室试验,研究浮水植物处理对污水中可溶性有机物(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)组成及其荧光特性的影响.在试验过程中,定期采样监测污水中可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(Total phosphorus,TP)去除效率的变化.试验结束后,收获浮水植物并测定其生物量、TN和TP浓度,以及叶绿素含量.同时,基于三维同步荧光和平行因子分析方法,对污水中DOM组分进行识别和分析.结果表明,浮萍科植物的生物量倍增时间更短,而大薸生物量和养分日累积量更大.随着培养天数的增加,浮水植物处理污水中DOC、TN和TP去除率分别达到75%、90%和80%以上,且明显高于对照处理.在猪场污水中,DOM组分主要包括一个类蛋白质组分和两个类腐殖质组分;培养初期,猪场污水以类蛋白质组分为主.随着试验天数的增加,类蛋白质组分比例呈显著降低的趋势,而类腐殖质组分逐渐增加.与对照相比,种植浮水植物显著降低污水中类蛋白质组分比例,而提高类腐殖质组分比例.此外,浮水植物处理显著降低污水DOM的新鲜度指数,而增加微生物性来源类腐殖质组分的比例.综上,浮水植物在改善猪场污水中有机养分去除效率的同时,提高了DOM组分的腐殖化程度.     

湖泊沉积物孔隙水溶解性有机质组成与光谱特性

应用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱分析乌梁素海沉积物孔隙水中溶解性有机质(DOM)的组成和来源信息,揭示不同来源污染物对孔隙水DOM结构及地球化学行为的影响.研究结果表明,类蛋白物质含量相对较高的区域,其污染相对较重;沉积物孔隙水DOM的生物指数BIX值都大于0.6,预示沉积物孔隙水中DOM微生物来源贡献较大;在类蛋白荧光物质较高的区域,DOM的腐殖化程度相对较低,其结构相对简单,稳定性较弱;腐殖化指数HIX254分析结果也表明,受污程度较高的区域,DOM的腐殖化程度较低;紫外吸收光谱的斜率能够反映沉积物孔隙水中类腐殖酸的变化,而光谱斜率S350—400比S275—295更能够反应沉积物孔隙水中类腐殖酸的变化,随着S350—400升高,DOM中类蛋白物质的含量呈下降趋势,类腐殖酸含量逐渐增加.     

哈尔滨市降雪中溶解性有机物光谱特性分析

研究雨雪中的溶解性有机物(DOM)将有利于把握其理化性质及其在生态系统中的行为和功能.本研究运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)、紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对哈尔滨市2018年3月1日降雪样品中DOM的光谱特性及来源进行解析.结果表明,降雪样品中DOM的相对分子质量较大,芳香构造程度较高,C=C不饱和双键结构较多,腐殖化程度更高,结构更复杂,芳环上含氧官能团含量较少,有机质疏水性较强;EEMs结合PRAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类腐殖质类物质(C₁和C₂)和类色氨酸(C₃),荧光特征参数(荧光指数FI、自生源指数BIX、腐殖化系数HIX_b和新鲜指数β∶α)表明,降雪样品中DOM受陆源和生物源同时作用,腐殖化程度较高且受到陆源影响严重,自生源组分较少,新生成的DOM比例较低.     

太湖水体有机质荧光特征及其来源解析

水体颗粒态(POM)和溶解态有机物(DOM)的形成、转化、归宿及其相伴随的营养盐再生过程在湖泊蓝藻水华暴发过程中扮演着非常重要的营养盐供给者的角色。为了检验POM和DOM荧光特征及其来源的差异性,分别于2014年8月和2015年2月在太湖采集了68(34×2)个样品,利用POM-DOM PARAFAC三维荧光模型及地统计学法对夏、冬季节POM和DOM的荧光特征及其来源进行解析,以期为湖泊富营养化的治理和蓝藻水华的控制提供基础资料。结果表明,夏、冬季节DOM均发现了4类荧光峰(T、D、A和C峰),而夏、冬季节POM荧光峰类型存在明显季节差异,夏季POM出现6类荧光峰(B、D、M、C、A和未知荧光峰U峰),冬季POM出现5类荧光峰(T、D、M、C和A峰);夏季POM类酪氨酸荧光峰D峰激发波长为300 nm,出现明显的"蓝移"现象,说明夏季POM类酪氨酸荧光物质的分子量、缩聚度和芳香度小于其他季节有机质。POM(C1p~C5p)和DOM(C1d~C5d)均存在5种荧光组分,分别是类色氨酸(C1和C2)、类腐殖质(C3和C4)及类酪氨酸(C5)。POM和DOM荧光组分特征存在明显的时空差异;夏季POM以组分C5为主,各荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域;冬季POM以组分C3为主,各荧光组分高值区均集中在湖心区;而夏、冬季节DOM均以类蛋白组分C2、C1和C5为主(相对含量C2dC1dC5d),各荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域;夏、冬季节太湖藻型湖区POM类色氨酸组分(C1和C2)较草型湖区多(t=2.003,P=0.040;t=3.465,P=0.002),而DOM类色氨酸组分在不同类型湖区所占比重并无显著差异(P0.05)。综合POM和DOM的块金系数和荧光指数可知,冬季DOM整体表现出较强的自生源特征,夏季DOM、冬季POM、夏季POM均同时受内源和外源的双重影响,其中夏季POM受外源影响相对强烈。     

东平湖可溶性有机物的荧光特征及环境意义

东平湖作为南水北调东线工程最后一级调水湖泊以及山东省西水东送的水源地,其水质状况对受水区的用水安全起决定性作用。基于2013年8月的东平湖采样,对各水质参数分析发现,东平湖目前仍处于中富—富营养化水平,水质总体接近GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》IV类水质标准,仍不能满足调水要求,各水质参数表现出强烈的外源性。利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)解析东平湖有色可溶性有机物的荧光特征,并探讨了荧光组分对东平湖环境污染指示意义的可行性。利用平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)共识别出2类4个荧光组分,分别是类腐殖质荧光组分C1(225/305,386 nm)、C3(260,432 nm)和类蛋白荧光组分C2(240,360 nm)、C4(225/275,304 nm)。相关性分析发现,陆源类腐殖质荧光组分C1与间接反映有机污染程度的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和化学耗氧量(COD)具有显著相关性,类蛋白荧光组分C2与总氮具有显著正相关性,可以对东平湖富营养变化情况进行快速、长期的监测。     

荧光光谱结合多元统计分析太子河本溪段水体DOM组成及其与水质相关性

激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱法结合多元统计研究溶解性有机物(DOM)在太子河本溪城市段的组分和结构,并揭示其与水质的相关性.沿太子河本溪城市段共设置7个采样点.结果表明,太子河本溪城市段的水质已深受人类活动的影响;基于DOM荧光光谱性质,DOM的组分为类酪氨酸、类色氨酸,类溶解性微生物副产品、类黄腐酸和类腐殖酸物质,其中类蛋白物质在DOM中占主导地位;在工业废水集中排放区域,Fe3+、Mn2+等重金属对类腐殖质荧光产生了猝灭作用,并且该区域的DOM腐殖化程度高于其他区域;太子河本溪城市段水体中DOM组成与结构呈现城市河段及工业废水排放分布特征,DOM主要来源于城市段处理和未处理的工业废水.     

沙颍河流域水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱解析

应用三维荧光光谱技术(EEMS),研究了沙颍河流域水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特征,并探讨了沿岸生态系统对水体中DOM的性质及来源的影响.结果表明,沙颍河流域水体DOM均存在类色氨酸、类酪氨酸、可见光区和紫外光区类腐殖质4种荧光峰,其中贾鲁河水样中类蛋白与类腐殖质含量均最高.相关性分析显示,沙颍河流域干流和各支流的A、C峰代表的类腐殖质组分均存在共源性.荧光参数分析显示,沿岸土地利用类型以林业为主的澧河水体的DOM陆源性更强,腐殖化程度相对较高;其余各支流受两岸农田及人为排放的影响,水体具有明显的自生源特征,且新生DOM含量较高.贾鲁河荧光特征显示了其水体受人为干扰比较大.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characterization of soil dissolved organic matters in the fluctuating water-level zone of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the fluorescent properties of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Most of the soil DOM analyzed in this study was found to contain four fluorescence peaks. Peaks A and C represent humic-like fluorescence, whereas peaks B and D represent tryptophan-like fluorescence. Peaks E and F, which represent tyrosine-like fluorescence, only appeared in certain soils. Soil humus was the main source of DOM in soil, and higher concentration of soil DOM was found in the exposed soil than submerged soil. Compared to the peaks A and B, the fluorescence intensities of peaks C and D were strongly influenced by the fluctuating water level. Analysis of fluorescence intensities of different peaks in soil DOM showed that WLFZ soil was not contaminated significantly. Soil DOM contained at least two types of humic-like fluorescence groups and two types of protein-like fluorescence groups. The proportion of the content of peak A in soil organic matter was quite stable. The soil DOM in exposed soil had relatively high humification and aromaticity, and periodic submerging and exposure of soil had an impact on the humification of soil DOM.     

渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价

由于重金属的毒理性及其对水生生态系统的重要影响,水生环境的重金属污染已成为全世界关注的问题.渭河是黄河的第一大支流,近年来随着沿岸社会经济的发展,渭河的水质受到严重的威胁,但是对渭河流域地表水重金属的污染状况缺乏全面评估.以渭河流域关中段为研究区域,采集了该流域35个地表水样品,检测了12种重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Fe...     

Identification of sources,characteristics and photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter with EEM-PARAFAC in the Wei River of China

• The source of DOM in surface water and sediment is inconsistent. • The DOC content changes differently in surface water and sediment. • The content of DOC in the surface water is lower than that in the sediment. • The DOM in the surface water had higher photodegradation potentials than sediment. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in rivers is a critical regulator of the cycling and toxicity of pollutants and the behavior of DOM is a key indicator for the health of the environment. We investigated the sources and characteristics of DOM in surface water and sediment samples of the Wei River, China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) increased in the surface water and were decreased in the sediment downstream, indicating that the source of DOM in the water differed from the sediment. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of the excitation-emission matrices (EEM) revealed the presence of terrestrial humus-like, microbial humus-like and tryptophan-like proteins in the surface water, whereas the sediment contained UVA humic-like, UVC humic-like and fulvic-like in the sediment. The DOM in the surface water and sediment were mainly derived from microbial metabolic activity and the surrounding soil. Surface water DOM displayed greater photodegradation potential than sediment DOM. PARAFAC analysis indicated that the terrestrial humic-like substance in the water and the fulvic-like component in the sediment decomposed more rapidly. These data describe the characteristics of DOM in the Wei River and are crucial to understanding the fluctuations in environmental patterns.     

Quantitative characterization of Cu binding potential of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment from Taihu Lake using multiple techniques

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in heavy metal speciation and distribution in the aquatic environment especially for eutrophic lakes which have higher DOM concentration. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater and a high eutrophic lake in the downstream of the Yangtze River, China. In the lake, frequent breakout of algae blooms greatly increased the concentration of different organic matters in the lake sediment. In this study, sediment samples were collected from various part of Taihu Lake to explore the spatial difference in the binding potential of DOM with Cu. The titration experiment was adopted to quantitatively characterize the interaction between Cu（II） and DOM extracted from Taihu Lake sediments using ion selective electrode （ISE） and fluorescence quenching technology. The ISE results showed that the exogenous DOM had higher binding ability than endogenous DOM, and DOM derived from aquatic macrophytes had a higher binding ability than that derived from algae. The fluorescence quenching results indicated that humic substances played a key role in the complexation between DOM and Cu（II） in the lake. However, because of the frequent breakout of algae blooms, protein-like matters are also main component like hnmic matters in Taihu Lake. Therefore, the metals bound by protein-like substances should be caused concern as protein-like substances in DOM were unstable and they will release bound metal when decomposed.     

Spatio-temporal variations of fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter along the River Têt (Pyrénées-Orientales,France)

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices showed the spectral signature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) downstream in the River Têt at all seasons corresponding to humic substances with maximum fluorescence emission λem=420–460 nm for excitations of λex=340–360 nm and the occasional presence of tryptophan, tracer of anthropogenic pressure, spectroscopically identified by λex/λem=310/350 nm. A factorial discriminant analysis, performed using the parameters selected (λex/λem pairs of wavelength), succeeded in a better discrimination of seasons than stations, and clearly showed the presence of two fluorophores. Fluorophore 1, with two absorption bands: λex=260–320 nm and 330–390 nm for λem=440–500 nm, and Fluorophore 2, with one absorption band: λex=300–360 nm for λem=410 nm, which are attributed to humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), respectively. Variations of DOM relative contents downstream in the River Têt, according to seasons and stations, showed high amounts of DOM (pedogenic character) along the river in the humid period, with the highest value obtained in the mountain section. In contrast, in summer, the DOM contents were low (aquagenic character). Moreover, DOM presents a relatively constant composition with a percentage of FA ranging from 40% at the mountain station to 48% at the mouth river, whatever the season.     

Effects of oxidizing environment on digestate humification and identification of substances governing the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation process

• Liquid digestate humification was investigated under different oxidizing environment. • Tryptophan-like substances dominated the transformation of the liquid digestate DOM. • The humification sequence of the liquid digestate DOM was identified. • UV₃₂₅ was first identified as a pre-humus intermediate during humification reaction. The formation of humic-like acids (HLAs) is an essential process for converting liquid digestate into organic soil amendments to enhance agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oxygen and/or MnO₂ on the production of HLAs. Herein, abiotic humification performance of the digestate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is investigated with fluxes of air and N₂ in the absence and presence of MnO₂. Our results demonstrated that the fate of digestate DOM greatly depends on the oxidizing environment, the MnO₂ enhanced nitrogen involved in the formation of HLAs. The synergistic effects of MnO₂ and oxygen effectively improved the production of HLAs, and the corresponding component evolution was analyzed using spectroscopic evidence. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reaction sequence of digestate DOM followed the order of protein-like substances, substances with an absorbance at 325 nm, substances with UV absorbance at 254 nm and HLAs. Additionally, excitation emission matrix fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that tryptophan-like C3 was more prone to transformation than tyrosine-like C2 and was responsible for the humification process. The substance with an absorbance at 325 nm was a reaction intermediate in the transformation process of protein-like substances to HLAs. The above findings can be used to promote the production of liquid fertilizer associated with carbon sequestration as well as the sustainable development of biogas production.     

Investigation into the content and formation of trihalomethanes and molecular change of dissolved organic matter from a typical water plant in south China

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a class of disinfection by-products that were proved to have adverse effects to human health. Investigation into its content change and molecular composition variation of its main precursor, which is believed to be dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water purification process, can help understand the formation mechanism of THMs and optimize the processes in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). This is of great significance to ensure the safety of urban water supply. In this study, detailed changes of THMs’ content and formation potential were determined during the water purification process in summer and winter at a typical DWTP in south China. Specific molecular composition changes of DOM were also characterized by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, to comprehensively study its correlation with the formation of THMs in different water processing units and seasons. The result showed that chlorination will cause drastic changes of water quality and a sharp increase in the concentration of THMs (18.7 times in summer and 13.9 times in winter). Molecular-level characterization of DOM indicates that a range of lignin-like substance with lower O/C (<?0.5) and H/C (<?1.25) vanished and considerable amount of protein-like and tannins-like substance with higher H/C (>?1.25) and O/C (>?0.5) was formed after chlorination. Analysis of Cl-containing products demonstrated that a bulk of CHOCl₁ and CHOCl₂ compounds with moderate molecular weights were formed in both winter and summer. However, the newly formed CHOCl₁ molecules showed a relatively higher mass weight in summer (>?500 Da) compared to winter (300–500 Da). Seasonal differences also emerged in the result of correlation between the trihalomethanes formation potential and total organic carbon. The correlation coefficient in summer (0.500) was lower than that in winter (0.843). The results suggested that the exhaustive reaction and contribution of DOM to THMs may vary in different seasons.

     

Characterization and variation of dissolved organic matter in composting: a critical review

● Effect of composting approaches on dissolved organic matter (DOM). ● Effect of composting conditions on the properties of DOM. ● Character indexes of DOM varied in composting. ● The size, hydrophobicity, humification, and electron transfer capacity increased. ● The hydrophilicity, protein-like materials, and aliphatic components reduced. As the most motive organic fraction in composting, dissolved organic matter (DOM) can contribute to the transfer and dispersal of pollutants and facilitate the global carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems. However, it is still unclear how composting approaches and conditions influence the properties of compost-derived DOM. Further details on the shift of DOM character indexes are required. In this study, the change in properties of compost-derived DOM at different composting approaches and the effect of composting conditions on the DOM characteristics are summarized. Thereafter, the change in DOM character indexes’ in composting was comprehensively reviewed. Along with composting, the elements and spectral properties (chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and fluorescent DOM (FDOM)) were altered, size and hydrophobicity increased, and aromatic-C and electron transfer capacity were promoted. Finally, some prospects to improve this study were put forward. This paper should facilitate the people who have an interest in tracing the fate of DOM in composting.