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1.
为初步探讨脱氧鬼臼毒素(Deoxypodophyllotoxin,DOP)对鱼类的毒性效应,采用静态鱼类急性毒性试验法测定了DOP对斑马鱼(Daniorerio)代谢酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响;参照DOP的96hLC50值,设定4个浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0mg·L-1)处理斑马鱼,48h后测定斑马鱼肌肉组织腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.结果表明,DOP对斑马鱼96hLC50值为3.49mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.36mg·L-1.DOP在0.5~4.0mg·L-1对斑马鱼肌肉总ATPase、Na+-K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase的作用趋势均表现为:1.0和2.0mg·L-1显著激活(p<0.05,p<0.01);4.0mg·L-1显著抑制(p<0.05),抑制率分别为24.4%、12.3%和33.8%.DOP在0.5~4.0mg·L-1对斑马鱼肌肉抗氧化酶的作用趋势与对ATPase的作用趋势一致,表现为:1.0、2.0mg·L-1DOP对SOD和CAT均表现为显著激活(p<0.05,p<0.01);4.0mg·L-1DOP对SOD和CAT均表现为显著抑制(p<0.05),抑制率分别为34.1%和31.9%.以上结果表明,DOP对斑马鱼为中等毒性;斑马鱼肌肉组织ATPase、CAT和SOD可能是脱氧鬼臼毒素的作用标靶之一.  相似文献   

2.
为评价吡唑醚菌酯对鱼类不同生命阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)为测试生物,测定了其对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼(孵化3 d和孵化12 d)和成鱼的急性毒性及对胚胎和仔鱼(孵化3 d)的发育毒性。结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼(孵化3 d)、仔鱼(孵化12 d)和成鱼的96 h-LC50分别为0.0578(0.0540~0.0631)、0.0299(0.0282~0.0320)、0.0330(0.0310~0.0350)和0.0756(0.0692~0.0862)mg·L-1,其毒性大小依次为仔鱼(孵化3 d)仔鱼(孵化12 d)胚胎成鱼。与对照组相比,吡唑醚菌酯0.101 mg·L-1处理,可对斑马鱼胚胎24 h自主运动产生显著抑制作用;0.0609、0.0777和0.101 mg·L-1处理,可对斑马鱼胚胎48h心跳速率产生显著抑制作用;0.0609和0.0777 mg·L-1处理,可对斑马鱼胚胎96 h孵化仔鱼体长产生显著抑制作用。在供试浓度下吡唑醚菌酯暴露96 h后,均可对斑马鱼仔鱼(孵化3 d)体重和体长产生明显的抑制效应,对斑马鱼仔鱼(孵化3 d)心跳未产生明显影响。在高浓度下,吡唑醚菌酯可诱导斑马鱼胚胎产生畸形,主要包括心包水肿、卵黄囊水肿等;而对仔鱼(孵化3 d)未观察到明显的致畸效应。  相似文献   

3.
三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的急性毒性比较   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为探明三唑酮对鱼类不同生长阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫为测试生物,检测了三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的急性毒性差异。研究发现,三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎为低毒,其96 h-LC50值分别为21.1(14.4~31.0)和14.2(9.65~20.9)mg·L~(-1);高浓度的三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化有明显的抑制作用,染毒96 h后,23.7 mg·L~(-1)三唑酮组斑马鱼胚胎的孵化率为4.17%,22.5 mg·L~(-1)三唑酮组稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率为33.3%。三唑酮对斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼为低毒,其96 h-LC50值分别为24.8、21.3、13.1 mg·L~(-1),三唑酮对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼为中毒,其96 h-LC50值分别为9.96、7.89、6.89 mg·L~(-1)。因此,三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的毒性效应排序一致,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:成鱼幼鱼仔鱼。试验结果表明,相对于斑马鱼,稀有鮈鲫对三唑酮的毒性作用更为敏感,三唑酮对稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的毒性均高于斑马鱼相应生长阶段的毒性。  相似文献   

4.
比较研究了8种商品化氯化石蜡(CPs)急性暴露对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎早期发育的影响.实验结果表明,浓度分别为1、5、10和20 mg.L-1的CPs暴露7 d后均不会造成斑马鱼胚胎死亡,对斑马鱼胚胎的孵化率也无明显影响,但部分商品化CPs暴露对斑马鱼幼鱼鱼鳔发育具有明显的致畸效应,且随着暴露浓度的升高,鱼鳔畸形率显著上升,存在着明显的剂量-效应关系;此外,4种未氯化的短链石蜡烃(C10—C13)暴露对斑马鱼胚胎发育没有明显的毒性.上述研究结果表明,CPs急性暴露可造成斑马鱼幼鱼鱼鳔发育畸形,而这种致畸效应与CPs的含氯量不相关,与CPs中未经氯化的短链石蜡烃也无相关性,CPs对鱼类胚胎早期发育的潜在毒性效应需要进一步关注.  相似文献   

5.
为了评价纳米二氧化硅对鱼类发育的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了不同浓度纳米二氧化硅和常规二氧化硅的水溶悬浮液对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应.结果表明,常规二氧化硅对斑马鱼胚胎发育无明显毒性效应,而纳米二氧化硅对斑马鱼胚胎发育具有明显的抑制作用,且呈一定的剂量依赖性,其对84hpf斑马鱼胚胎的LC50值为240mg·L-1.纳米二氧化硅可导致胚胎孵化率显著下降、死亡率显著上升,且可观察到幼鱼多种畸形现象,此外纳米二氧化硅可使斑马鱼提前孵化,但提前孵化的幼鱼未发育完全.检测108hpf斑马鱼幼鱼体内丙二醛(MDA)含量发现,纳米二氧化硅染毒组MDA含量均显著高于对照组(0mg·L-1)(p<0.05),提示,纳米二氧化硅的发育毒性可能源于其导致的氧化损伤.  相似文献   

6.
为了评价环境中五氯酚(PCP)和八氯代二苯并二嚼英(OCDD)对水环境以及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PCP和OCDD对其胚胎发育的单一及复合毒性效应.结果表明,PCP单独暴露(浓度25μg·L-1~5mg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎发育具有较强的毒性效应,可导致胚胎孵化率显著下降,死亡率、畸形率显著上升,而OCDD单独暴露(200、500μg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎发育没有明显的毒性效应;OCDD与环境浓度的PCP复合暴露(OCDD PCP1:250μg·L-1 25μg·L-1;OCDD PCP2:250μg·L-1 50μg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎的存活与发育等没有显著影响,对斑马鱼胚胎内CYP1A基因表达以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的酶活力也没有显著影响,在实验浓度下二者共存没有明显的复合毒性效应.  相似文献   

7.
为探明氰戊菊酯对鱼类不同生命阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫为测试生物,评价了氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的急性毒性差异。研究发现,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎的96 h-LC50值分别为0.901(0.664~1.22)和0.636(0.233~1.74)mg·L~(-1)。氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化有明显的促进作用,染毒48 h后,0.188和0.375 mg·L~(-1)氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率分别为88.9%和100%。氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.00340、0.0183、0.00487 mg·L~(-1),氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.0520、0.00277、0.00345 mg·L~(-1)。因此,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼不同生命阶段的毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼幼鱼胚胎,氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的毒性为幼鱼成鱼仔鱼胚胎。试验结果表明,斑马鱼仔鱼对氰戊菊酯的敏感性高于稀有鮈鲫相应的生命阶段,相对于斑马鱼,稀有鮈鲫胚胎、幼鱼以及成鱼对氰戊菊酯的毒性作用更为敏感,说明氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应差异较大。  相似文献   

8.
吡虫清等4种新农药的水生态安全性评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以斜生栅列藻 (Scenedesmusobliquus)、大型 (Daphniamagna)和斑马鱼 (Brachydaniorerio)为试验生物 ,在实验室条件下测定了吡虫清、吡嗪酮、恶草酮和精喹禾灵 4种新农药对水生生物的急性毒性IC50值或LC50 值 ,并进行了安全性评价。结果表明 ,杀虫剂吡虫清对水极毒 ,对鱼类高毒 ,对藻类低毒 ;杀虫剂吡嗪酮对水和鱼类低毒 ,对藻类中等毒性 ;除草剂恶草酮对藻类高毒 ,对水和鱼类中等毒性 ;除草剂精喹禾灵对藻类高毒 ,对水中等毒性 ,对鱼类高毒。  相似文献   

9.
为了评价环境中五氯酚(PCP)和八氯代二苯并二噁英(OCDD)对水环境以及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PCP和OCDD对其胚胎发育的单一及复合毒性效应.结果表明,PCP单独暴露(浓度25μg·L-1~5mg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎发育具有较强的毒性效应,可导致胚胎孵化率显著下降,死亡率、畸形率显著上升,而OCDD单独暴露(200、500μg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎发育没有明显的毒性效应;OCDD与环境浓度的PCP复合暴露(OCDD+PCP1:250μg·L-1+25μg·L-1;OCDD+PCP2:250μg·L-1+50μg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎的存活与发育等没有显著影响,对斑马鱼胚胎内CYP1A基因表达以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的酶活力也没有显著影响,在实验浓度下二者共存没有明显的复合毒性效应。  相似文献   

10.
双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)是一种典型的内分泌干扰物,双酚B(bisphenol B,BPA)作为其替代物,使用量逐渐增多.一些研究表明,BPB也具有内分泌干扰效应,但是其对鱼类性别分化的影响尚无报道.本文将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的BPB中至受精后60 d(days post fertilization,dpf),研究BPB对斑马鱼性别分化的影响及可能的分子机制.结果表明,10、100和1000μg·L-1的BPB暴露导致斑马鱼性别比例向雌鱼偏离,雄鱼的精巢中发育出初级卵母细胞,并导致斑马鱼体内17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)水平升高,睾酮(testosterone,T)水平降低,表明BPB对斑马鱼具有雌激素效应.从基因水平探讨这2种物质导致斑马鱼雌性化的原因,发现BPB使卵巢分化相关基因foxl2的表达水平上升,精巢分化相关基因dmrt1、amh和sox9a表达水平降低,并进一步提高了芳香化酶基因cyp19a1a的转录水平,促进E2的合成,导致斑马鱼的性别分化过程发生异常.  相似文献   

11.
采用不同质量浓度的溴氰菊酯(0.0070 mg·L~(-1)、0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1)、0.027 mg·L~(-1))对菲律宾蛤仔进行20 d半静置染毒,测定不同时间淋巴液中乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)和钠离子-钾离子-三磷酸腺苷酶(Na~+-K~+-ATPase)活性、鳃和肝脏中谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性的变化,并观察染毒20 d后鳃丝组织和消化盲囊组织的损伤情况。酶活性分析结果显示,与对照组相比,低浓度组(0.0070 mg·L~(-1))试验期间酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);中浓度组(0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase均呈先激活后抑制的变化规律(P0.05),鳃和肝脏中GST活性均呈上升趋势(P0.05);高浓度组(0.027mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase、肝脏中GST活性在试验期间持续下降(P0.01),而鳃中GST活性呈先抑制后升高的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,低中浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内的酶活性表现为先诱导后抑制,具有明显的时间、剂量效应;高浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活持续抑制,且染毒浓度越高,组织细胞变异越显著,表现为鳃丝上皮细胞纤毛层萎缩、纤毛脱落,消化盲囊上皮细胞膨胀,出现包涵体样结构。  相似文献   

12.
镉和铅对菲律宾蛤仔脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了研究亚致死浓度的重金属对海洋贝类的毒性效应,探讨其可能的作用机理,在实验生态条件下以菲律宾蛤仔(Ru-ditapes philip pinarum)为目标生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0.0948、0.237和0.474mg·L-1)和Pb2+(0.276、0.690和1.380mg·L-1)对菲律宾蛤仔鳃和消化腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果显示:(1)鳃和消化腺中的抗氧化酶及MDA的变化呈现出类似的趋势,在胁迫初期,各浓度处理组菲律宾蛤仔鳃和消化腺组织SOD和CAT与对照组相比活性都显著升高(P<0.01),呈现出明显的诱导效应,而MDA含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);随着胁迫时间的延长,高浓度Cd2+(0.474mg·L-1)和Pb2+(1.380mg·L-1)处理组中SOD、CAT活性快速下降,与对照组相比差异显著;低浓度处理组中的抗氧化活性虽然也较对照组有所下降,但总体下降幅度不如高浓度组明显,并且所历暴露时间较长。各浓度处理组中MDA含量变化一致,均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且含量均高于对照组。(2)通过相关性分析,菲律宾蛤仔消化腺组织中的SOD活性与Cd2+浓度的相关性大于鳃组织,与Pb2+浓度的相关性则小于鳃组织;消化腺组织中的CAT活性与Cd2+、Pb2+浓度呈抛物线型相关,与鳃组织CAT活性相关性不十分显著。这说明消化腺组织中SOD活性对Cd2+的敏感性大于鳃组织,消化腺组织中CAT活性对Cd2+、Pb2+的敏感性大于鳃组织。因此,菲律宾蛤仔消化腺中SOD、CAT对水环境中的重金属反应敏感,且存在一定的剂量-效应关系,消化腺组织中SOD和CAT活性与其他敏感性指标一起可以作为指示早期海洋重金属污染的生物标志物。  相似文献   

13.
Bostrychus sinensis is a facultative air breather that inhabits waters of a wide range of salinities. This study aimed to elucidate whether branchial and intestinal osmoregulatory acclimation occurred in B. sinensis transferred from 5‰ water through a progressive increase in salinities to seawater. Our results indicate that B. sinensis acted as a hyperosmotic regulator in 5‰ water, but exhibited hypoosmotic hypoionic regulation in seawater. During short- (1 day) and medium- (10 days) term acclimation to seawater, there were only minor perturbations in plasma osmolality and [Na+], which returned to control levels after 45 days of exposure to seawater. Branchial Na+/K+-ATPase activity was unaffected by 1, 10 or 45 days of exposure to seawater. However, prolonged (45 days) acclimation to seawater led to a significant increase in Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit protein abundance. Taken together, these results indicate that there could be changes in the expression of Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms and/or post-translational modification of Na+/K+-ATPase in the gills of fish exposed to seawater. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that acclimation to seawater for 10 days only resulted in no change in branchial Na+/K+-ATPase protein expression, but there were increases in protein expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)-like chloride channel and Na+:K+:2Cl cotransporter (NKCC; probably NKCC1). Indeed, NKCC was undetectable in gills of fish kept in 5‰ water by Western blotting, but it became weakly detectable in fish exposed to seawater for 10 days and prominently expressed in fish exposed to seawater for 45 days. Therefore, our results indicate that branchial CFTR-like chloride channel and NKCC1 were the determining factors in the transition between hyperosmotic regulation and hypoosmotic hypoionic regulation in B. sinensis. Furthermore, the intestine of B. sinensis also served as an important osmoregulatory organ, since there were significant increases in both the activity and protein abundance of intestinal Na+/K+-ATPase in fish acclimated to seawater for 45 days. The effectiveness of branchial and intestinal osmoregulatory acclimation in B. sinensis during seawater acclimation led to only a minor increase in plasma osmolality, and thus resulted in relatively unchanged free amino acid contents in muscle and liver.  相似文献   

14.
Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase from gill plasma membranes of the shore crab Carcinus maenas by cadmium was investigated and compared with inhibitory effects by known antagonists (ouabain and Ca2+). For comparative considerations the Cd2+-inhibition of the enzyme from dog kidney was also tested. Na+/K+-ATPase from dog kidney and from crab gill differed greatly in sensitivity against ouabain. The inhibition constant K i of the dog enzyme amounted to 9.1 × 10−7 mol l−1, i.e. more than 300-fold smaller than the K i of 2.9 × 10−4 mol l−1 determined for the crab enzyme. Ca2+ inhibited the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase from crab gill plasma membranes with a K i of 4.3 × 10−4 mol l−1. The Na+/K+-ATPase from crab gill was inhibited by Cd2+ with a K i of 9.1 × 10−5 mol l−1. Cd2+ inhibited the Na+/K+-ATPase from dog kidney with a K i (6.4 × 10−5 mol l−1) comparable to that observed in the crab gill enzyme. Under experimental conditions Cd2+-inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase was irreversible. Repeated washing, centrifugation and homogenization of the plasma membranes (four times) with Cd2+-free buffer did not restore any activity lost in the presence of 1 × 10−3 mol l−1 Cd2+. Since ouabain-insensitive (nonspecific) ATPases in the plasma membrane fraction of crab gills were inhibited by Cd2+ in the same way as Na+/K+-ATPase, the heavy metal is considered as an unspecific ATPase inhibitor. Comparing these results with literature data on Cd2+-binding to electrophoretically separated proteins suggests that Na+/K+-ATPase is a Cd2+-binding enzyme. The results obtained on Na+/K+-ATPase were reflected by Cd2+-inhibition of the branchial ion-transport functions depending on this enzyme. The transepithelial short-circuit current of isolated gill half lamellae, a direct measure of area-specific active ion uptake, and the transepithelial potential difference of isolated, perfused whole gills, also indicative of active ion uptake, were inhibited by the heavy metal in a time- and dose-dependent mode. Remarkably these inhibitions were also irreversible. These findings are ecologically and biomedically significant: even when the actual environmental or tissue concentrations measured are low, biological microstructures such as Na+/K+-ATPase may accumulate the heavy metal by tight binding over prolonged periods until the first inhibitory effects occur. Received: 25 June 1997 / Accepted: 25 August 1997  相似文献   

15.
以受精1 h以内的日本对虾受精卵为实验对象,采用静水试验方法,研究了Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Cr 7种重金属对日本对虾胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,7种重金属中Hg、Cu对日本对虾胚胎发育毒性最大,其次是Zn、As、Cd,Pb和Cr无明显影响。Hg、Cu、Cd、As、Zn对日本对虾胚胎LC50值分别为:0.0177 mg·L-1、0.1070 mg·L-1、1.6057 mg·L-1、3.3682 mg·L-1、8.2644 mg·L-1,致死效应最低可观测效用浓度(LOEC)分别为0.0037 mg·L-1、0.0166 mg·L-1、0.1302 mg·L-1、1.1572 mg·L-1、2.1522 mg·L-1;抑制发育LOEC分别为0.0062 mg·L-1、0.0176 mg·L-1、0.4002 mg·L-1、1.9497 mg·L-1、0.0617 mg·L-1。随着Hg、Cu浓度的升高,胚胎孵化率不断下降,无节幼体死亡率不断上升,在Hg 0.0256 mg·L-1浓度组中,胚胎48 h死亡率达到100%。以上结果说明,Hg、Cu等重金属的存在会延缓日本对虾胚胎的发育速度,随着重金属浓度的增加,滞育现象愈加明显,在Cu 0.32 mg·L-1浓度组中,未见无节幼体孵出。  相似文献   

16.
采用半静态试验方式测试了四氯丙烯对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的急性毒性,试验浓度分别设定为0.25 mg·L~(-1)、0.30mg·L~(-1)、0.36 mg·L~(-1)、0.42 mg·L~(-1)、0.50 mg·L~(-1)和0.60 mg·L~(-1),同时进行空白对照(试验用水)和分散剂对照(体积分数为0.006%的吐温-80水溶液)试验。采用气相色谱法对试验溶液进行浓度分析,实测浓度分别为0.19 mg·L~(-1)、0.25 mg·L~(-1)、0.34 mg·L~(-1)、0.40 mg·L~(-1)、0.51 mg·L~(-1)和0.64 mg·L~(-1),试验结果以实测浓度表示和统计。结果表明:四氯丙烯致稀有鮈鲫无死亡发生(EC0)的最高浓度为0.25 mg·L~(-1),导致稀有鮈鲫100%死亡(EC100)的最低浓度为0.51 mg·L~(-1)。根据实测浓度,用SPSS(17.0)概率单位法求得四氯丙烯对稀有鮈鲫的半数致死浓度96 h-LC50为0.347 mg·L~(-1),95%置信区间为0.328 mg·L~(-1)~0.361 mg·L~(-1)。  相似文献   

17.
Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles has received growing attention in recent years. This study investigated the influence of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) on earthworm Eisenia fetida. The experiment was performed with five test groups: control (without Ag-NP), 10?nm Ag-NP groups (20, 100 or 500?mg?kg?1) and positive control (787?mg?kg?1 AgNO3). After 14-day acute exposure, activities of various enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), acid phosphatase (AP), and Na+, K+-ATPase were determined. Effects of Ag-NP with different sizes (10 and 80?nm) were also tested. Data showed that the activity of GR was significantly lower at 500?mg?kg?1. The activities of AP and Na+, K+-ATPase were inhibited following the increase of Ag-NP concentration. When treated with Ag-NP with different sizes, activities of AP and Na+, K+-ATPase of the 10?nm group were significantly lower than the control group, but those of the 80?nm group were similar to the control group. Data indicate that Ag-NP may be harmful to the earthworm E. fetida at 500?mg?kg?1, and the toxicity of Ag-NP with 10?nm size is greater than 80?nm. In addition, AP and Na+, K+-ATPase are sensitive biomakers to the effects of Ag-NP.  相似文献   

18.
Activities of the primary enzyme responsible for monovalent ion regulation, Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase), were measured in gills of marine teleost fishes with different depths of occurrence (0 to 4800 m), body weights (a range of five orders of magnitude), and locomotory capacities. Specimens were collected off the coasts of California and Oregon in 1983–1989, and at the Galápagos Spreading Center and 13°N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Except for two hydrothermal vent fishes, deep-sea species had much lower Na+-K+-ATPase activities g–1 gill filament than shallow-living species, indicating that osmoregulatory costs, like total metabolic rate, are greatly reduced in most deep-living fishes. Within a species, the total branchial Na+-K+-ATPase activity per individual was dependent on size; the average allometric scaling exponent was 0.83. Using published values for oxygen consumption rates, and the total branchial Na+-K+-ATPase activities as an index of osmoregulatory costs, we estimated the maximal cost (as percent of ATP turnover) for osmoregulation in ten teleosts. Osmoregulatory costs averaged about 10% of total ATP turnover among these species, and maximal costs were no greater than about 20%. The percent costs of osmoregulation did not differ between shallow- and deep-living fishes. The reduced total ATP expenditure for osmoregulation in deep-living fishes is proposed to result from the sluggish locomotory habits of these fishes, not from selection for reduced osmotic coastper se. Thus, the reduced swimming abilities of these fishes lead to lower rates of water flow over the gills and less blood flow through the gills due to reduced demands for oxygen. Consequently, passive flux of water and ions through the gills is much lower than in more active fishes, and osmotic costs are thereby minimized. The relatively high activities of Na+-K+-ATPase in gills of the two hydrothermal vent fishes suggest that these fishes may be more active and have higher metabolic rates than other deep-sea fishes.  相似文献   

19.
We have investigated the regulation of thyroidal status and osmoregulatory capacities in juveniles from the teleost Solea senegalensis acclimated to different ambient temperatures. Juveniles, raised in seawater at 19°C, were acclimated for 3 weeks to temperatures of 12, 19 and 26°C. Since our preliminary observations showed that at 12°C feed intake was suppressed, our experimental design controlled for this factor. The concentration of branchial Na+,K+-ATPase, estimated by measurements of enzyme activity at the optimum temperature of this enzyme (37°C), did not change. In contrast, an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity (measured at 37°C), was observed in the kidney of 12°C-acclimated fish. In fish acclimated to 12°C, the hepatosomatic index had increased, which correlated with increased plasma levels of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids. Plasma cortisol levels did not differ significantly between the experimental groups. In liver and gills, the amount of iodothyronine deiodinases that exhibit thyroid hormone outer ring deiodination was up-regulated only when fish did not feed. When assayed at the acclimation temperature, kidney deiodinase activities were similar, indicating a temperature-compensation strategy. 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) tissue concentrations in gills and kidney did not differ significantly between experimental groups. However, at 12°C, lower T3 tissue levels were measured in plasma and liver. We conclude that S. senegalensis adjusts its osmoregulatory system to compensate for the effects of temperature on electrolyte transport capacity. The organ-specific changes in thyroid hormone metabolism at different temperatures indicate the involvement of thyroid hormones in temperature acclimation.  相似文献   

20.
研究了不同浓度铀(0.1、1.0、10.0和30.0mg·L-1)胁迫对满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollae)和爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonemaj avanicum)生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度铀(0.1和1.0mg·L-1)条件下,两种蓝藻的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量均无明显变化;叶绿素a含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均较对照上升,表明低浓度铀对A.azollae和S.javanicum均未形成明显胁迫,对生长表现为刺激和促进作用。10.0mg·L-1浓度的铀对A. azollae的生长影响不大,对S. javanicum却产生了明显的抑制作用。30.0mg·L-1铀胁迫下,两种蓝藻中的MDA显著增加,抗氧化酶系统受到破坏,生长严重受阻。实验结果显示,A. azollae和S. javanicum的耐铀极限分别在10.0~30.0mg·L-1和1.0~10.0mg·L-1之间,A. azollae的抗铀性比S. javanicum强。  相似文献   

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