硫丹的环境行为及水生态毒理效应研究进展

有机氯农药硫丹作为一种典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs)曾广泛应用于农业生产,我国曾大量使用。硫丹作为一种重要的污染物通过地表径流、淋、溶、干/湿沉降等方式进入水体,在直接影响大型水生植物和浮游藻类的同时,给鱼类等水生动物也带来了一定的毒性效应。由于其半衰期较长、迁移能力强、富集性高,在水体环境中已普遍检测出硫丹的存在,因此,对硫丹的水生生态安全性评价显得十分重要。硫丹对水生生物具有高毒性,它可影响生物正常受体配体作用、损伤生物膜、影响活性氧代谢并具有潜在的内分泌干扰作用。本文介绍了硫丹的环境行为效应,并综述了硫丹对水生生物的毒性及几种致毒机制,展望了该领域今后的研究重点和方向。     

大气细颗粒物生殖毒性研究进展

大气污染已经成为中国最主要的污染问题.大气细颗粒物作为大气污染的主要成分,具有生殖毒性.本文总结了大气细颗粒物生殖毒性的流行病调查及其动物实验结果,并主要从氧化应激、DNA损伤、炎症反应和血睾屏障的完整性破坏等方面,归纳了近年来大气细颗粒物生殖毒性作用机制的研究成果,对现有研究中存在的问题进行了探讨,这有助于深入推进大气细颗粒物的生殖毒性研究.     

硝基甲苯对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用

为提供硝基甲苯的环境遗传毒理学依据和建立鱼类生殖细胞的培养方法,采用昆明小鼠睾丸支持细胞/生殖细胞共培养法以及彗星实验,研究了2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)、2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)、对硝基甲苯(4-NT)对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用.结果表明,3种受试硝基甲苯化合物均能够诱导小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA单链断裂,而且其受损率与剂量对数具有明显的剂量-效应关系.2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT以及4-NT的各个剂量浓度引起细胞DNA损伤的程度,与对照组相比,均具有显着性差异(p<0.01,p<0.05).受试化合物的毒性顺序为2,6-DNT>2,4-DNT>4-NT,DNA的损伤作用二硝基甲苯大于单硝基甲苯.提示在体外条件下,2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT和4-NT具有生殖毒性,可以引起小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA损伤.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的体外细胞毒性评价

邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate esters, PAEs)是环境介质中的一类典型的有机污染物。已有研究表明,PAEs具有明显的内分泌干扰毒性,并会对动物和人体的生殖发育与神经系统造成损伤。体外细胞评价模型因具有高通量、测试周期短、成本低和毒性效应易于探明等技术优点,被广泛应用到PAEs毒理学效应的研究中。本文从内分泌干扰毒性、胚胎发育毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、遗传毒性以及致癌作用等方面,对PAEs的一些体外细胞毒性评价模型进行了分类和总结,并对其相应的研究进展进行了综述。本文旨在为体外细胞毒性评价模型的有效利用提供借鉴,并对PAEs毒性作用机制的深入研究提供思路和依据。     

类二噁英多氯联苯生殖毒性的研究进展

类二噁英多氯联苯(DlPCBs)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,会干扰接触个体或其后代的内分泌功能,破坏机体的神经系统、免疫系统,尤其对生殖系统的影响最为明显,比如对生殖器官的形态与功能、生殖内分泌、原始生殖细胞及其受精和早期胚胎发育等产生严重影响,最终导致各种生殖系统疾病的发生。DlPCBs的蓄积性及半挥发性使其在环境中分布广泛,半衰期长的特点使其将对动物及人类的生存和健康造成难以想象的影响。本文综述了DlPCBs的分类与构成、一般性质、生殖毒性以及其可能的致病机理,并对DlPCBs生殖毒性机理研究的重点方向进行了展望。     

纳米材料对鼠科动物的生殖毒性及致毒机理

纳米材料是近几年应用越来越多的一种新型材料,因此国内外科研单位对其毒性的研究也逐年增加。但是目前对鼠科动物生殖毒性及其机理的了解还相对较少,亟需大量研究填补此领域的空白。本文主要从亲代和子代2个方面阐述了纳米材料对鼠科动物的生殖毒性,从不同生物水平等方面概述了纳米材料对亲子两代鼠科动物的损伤效应及可能的机制。最后,试探性地提出了今后在纳米材料领域对鼠科动物生殖毒性的研究重点。     

福美双对斑马鱼早期胚胎原始生殖细胞和形态发育的影响

福美双是一种二硫代甲氨基甲酸盐类农药,在我国有非常广泛的应用,但其高残留性受到广泛的重视。试验使用斑马鱼胚胎作为动物模型,探讨了福美双对生殖的毒性作用。结果表明福美双虽然没有引起原始生殖细胞表达量的变化,但造成原始生殖细胞移动分布的延迟,以及诱导细胞凋亡。试验表明福美双对胚胎发育以及生殖有显著的影响,进一步说明斑马鱼胚胎可作为农药毒性评价的模型。     

DINP的健康效应及机理研究进展

增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(di-isononyl phthalate,DINP)广泛应用于聚氯乙烯塑料消费品和工业产品中,因其对人体多个系统均有毒性作用,DINP的健康效应成为研究热点.笔者对近年来国内外的相关研究进行综述,对DINP的内分泌毒性、生殖发育毒性、心血管毒性、免疫毒性及神经毒性等多种毒作用及机理进行了系统阐述,并针对存在的问题进行了总结和展望,有望为环境DINP相关的人体健康效应及防治提供参考.     

粮食真菌毒素的生殖、发育与遗传毒性:现状与展望

粮食及其制品会受到多种真菌毒素的污染。粮食真菌毒素现已被证实具有多种毒性作用,如细胞毒性、发育毒性、生殖毒性、免疫毒性和遗传毒性等,严重危害人和动物健康,甚至还会对间接或未接触毒素的子代产生不良影响,但目前有关继代毒理学数据极为缺乏。本文主要阐述了粮食中常见真菌毒素对亲本世代及其子代生殖系统/能力和生长发育的影响,简述了不同毒素诱导生殖发育毒性的作用机理并提出展望,旨在全面了解粮食真菌毒素的生殖发育及遗传毒性作用,为进一步开展粮食真菌毒素的健康风险评估,合理制定相关限量标准与法规,指导公共卫生健康并开展主动防治与干预提供重要理论依据。     

基于模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫的环境污染物生殖毒性研究进展

由于人类社会的发展,环境污染也越来越严重,研究环境污染物对生态及人类健康的影响极为重要。生殖系统是人和动物繁衍后代的重要系统,常见环境污染物对生殖系统的影响正引起研究人员的广泛关注。秀丽隐杆线虫具有身体透明、品系丰富和遗传背景清楚等优点,为生殖毒理学研究提供了一个便利的平台。以秀丽隐杆线虫为模型已对多种环境污染物的生殖毒性进行了评价。本文重点叙述了重金属、纳米材料、有机物等化学污染,辐射、磁场等物理污染,以及病毒等生物污染对秀丽线虫生殖系统的影响,并归纳讨论了环境污染物造成生殖功能障碍的几种主要机制,如氧化应激、DNA损伤、内质网应激以及神经损伤等,但不同类型污染物的毒性效应与其自身的物化性质紧密相关。环境污染物诱导的生殖毒性中不同响应机制之间的关联性、不同发育阶段的敏感性差异、污染物的传代效应以及有效的缓解方式的筛选等都有待进一步的开展。     

Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environmental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 19000 pg·g^?1 dry weight (dw), with geometric mean of 120 pg·g^?1dw. The results indicated that endosulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by ??- and ??-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0?C340 pg·m^?3 for ??-endosulfan and 0?C121 pg·m^?3 for ??-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model (SGPERM), an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of ??- and ??-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.     

硫丹对罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的急性毒性研究

为控制虫害农业上大量使用硫丹,因此硫丹可通过多种途径进入水环境中.养殖环境和水产品中已发现硫丹残留,这给养殖环境和食品安全造成潜在威胁.通过半静态试验方法测定了罗非鱼和草鱼的半致死浓度,并估算了其在水环境中的安全浓度.结果表明,罗非鱼和草鱼的半致死浓度分别为1.97(1.26 -2.87) μg·L-1和2.33(1....     

Effect of increasing salinity on the acute toxicity of a commercial endosulfan formulation to the bdelloid rotifer Philodina acuticornis odiosa

Pesticides, such as endosulfan, can enter surface waters such as lakes and rivers, potentially posing an ecological risk. Rotifers are a dominant zooplankton species in many inland freshwater lakes in Australia; such lakes can also experience increased salinities. Acute toxicity tests (24?h) were conducted to determine the toxicity of a commercial formaulation of endosulfan to the freshwater rotifer Philodina sp. and to investigate the influence of increasing salinity on endosulfan toxicity. Rotifers were found to be relatively tolerant to endosulfan with an EC50 of 1.75?mg?L^?1 (a.i.), with results also suggesting that there are no interactive effects of salinity on endosulfan toxicity.     

Toxicity of endosulfan on growth,photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity in two species of Nostoc (Nostoc muscorum and Nostoc calcicola)

Treatments of the cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum and Nostoc calcicola with the insecticide endosulfan (5, 10, and 20?µg?mL^?1) inhibited growth, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic, and nitrogenase activities. The sensitivity of N. muscorum to endosulfan was higher than that of N. calcicola. The toxic effect of endosulfan was more pronounced on phycocyanin; however, a considerable reduction in chlorophyll a and carotenoids was also noticed. ¹⁴C-fixation appeared to be more sensitive to the insecticide than photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Endosulfan caused strong inhibition of photosystem (PS) II activity whereas PS I was least affected. The inhibition of PS II activity was partially restored by electron donors (DPC, NH₂OH, and MnCl₂) at low dose of endosulfan. Nitrogenase activity was significantly suppressed in both species by the endosulfan at high dose (20?µg?mL^?1). On the basis of our comparative analysis, N. calcicola was found to be endosulfan resistant and can be used in paddy fields for better productivity under pesticide stress.     

Toxic response of endosulfan to breeding and non-breeding female mosquitofish

To investigate if toxic effects by endosulfan, a commonly used insecticide, are dependent on the breeding condition of an organism, both breeding and non-breeding female western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 1 ppb of endosulfan. After a 5-week exposure period, we examined physical factors such as ovary weight and anal fin length in fish of both reproductive conditions and the size of thyroid follicles in non-breeders. Breeding female fish exposed to endosulfan did not show any significant changes in physical factors, but non-breeding females exposed to endosulfan had a significantly greater ratio of anal fin/ body length and larger thyroid follicles than did control females. These results demonstrate that the response to exposure to environmental contaminants may be dependent upon seasonal reproductive condition.     

Impact of endosulfan on the profiles of phospholipids at sublethal concentration in the male Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Male Heteropneustes fossilis were exposed for 30 days at sublethal concentration (0.002 ppm) during different phases of its annual reproductive cycle. Its impact on total phospholipids (TP), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatdylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were measured in liver, plasma and testes. During preparatory phase, in general, the levels for TP, PC, PS, PI and PE decreased after endosulfan exposure in the above tissues. During prespawning and spawning phases, the phospholipids also showed decreasing trend. The postspawning phase, exhibited decline in hepatic levels of PS and PI only and remained unaffected in the other two tissues. During the resting phase too, the hepatic levels of TP, PS and PI declined and remained unaltered in others. The present results indicate that endosulfan have very selective effects on phospholipids classes during different phases of the annual reproductive cycle interfering with the production of lipid deprived energy i.e. vitellogenin. In general, endosulfan has inhibitory role during reproductive growth affecting phospholipid biosynthesis via hepatic enzyme systems as well as by hormonal imbalance.     

气态甲醛致雌性小鼠生殖细胞DNA-蛋白质交联的研究

为了研究气态甲醛对雌性小鼠生殖细胞的影响,以昆明雌性小鼠卵巢为实验材料,采取动态吸入式染毒方式,应用KCl-SDS沉淀法检测了气态甲醛染毒后所引起的小鼠卵巢生殖细胞DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)效应.结果表明,较低浓度的甲醛(0.5mg·m-3),即可导致明显的DPC效应(与对照相比,p<0.05),并且随着染毒浓度的升高(0.5、1.0、3.0mg·m-3),DPC系数也逐渐升高.上述结果表明在实验所设浓度范围内,甲醛对小鼠卵巢生殖细胞的DNA损伤可以引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,并且DPC系数随着染毒浓度的增大而增大.DNA-蛋白质交联是DNA分子的一种严重损伤,气态甲醛对雌性小鼠生殖细胞具有一定的影响.     

环境中丙烯酰胺检测方法和健康危害的研究进展

丙烯酰胺广泛应用于工业生产,是一种潜在的环境污染物。本文从丙烯酰胺的检测方法和健康危害2个方面总结了目前的研究进展。检测方法上,以高效液相色谱-质谱串联法(HPLC-MS/MS)最为常用,一些新技术也逐渐应用到分析中。健康危害方面,丙烯酰胺可引起实验生物的神经、生殖、遗传和发育等毒性和潜在致癌性。其毒性机理为:直接损坏神经元;使活性氧(ROS)积累导致氧化损伤;诱发基因位点突变,或与DNA形成加合物而致其损伤等。鉴于目前研究存在的问题,对以后的工作进行了展望:加强监管与治理工作,保护生态环境和人类健康;深入开展丙烯酰胺对生物体的毒性效应研究;加强我国环境中丙烯酰胺的跟踪监测工作;建立一种快捷的生物测试系统来评估水体(尤其是海洋环境)中丙烯酰胺的毒性风险。