土壤铜植物毒害的不同评价终点和室内外测定差别研究

本论文对山东陵县、湖南祁阳和浙江嘉兴3种性质差异较大的土壤上进行的室内外的土壤外源铜(Cu)的植物毒性试验结果进行了比较。结果发现3种室内评价终点(大麦根长、西红柿和小白菜苗期生物量)和田间植物(玉米、小麦、水稻和油菜产量)对土壤中Cu毒性的敏感性存在较大的差异。大麦根伸长和小白菜生物量法高估了土壤中Cu对田间小麦、玉米和水稻产量的毒害,而室内西红柿生物量法则低估了土壤中Cu对田间小麦、玉米和水稻产量的毒害。小白菜和田间油菜的敏感性接近,可以用室内小白菜苗期生物量作为土壤中Cu对田间油菜产量毒性评价的植物。当采用相同植物比较时,陵县小麦、祁阳玉米和嘉兴油菜的室内苗期值可以作为土壤Cu对相同田间植物产量的毒害作用(EC_(10))的评价指标。但是,室内苗期毒害指标会低估Cu对田间祁阳小麦和高估嘉兴水稻的毒害作用,说明土壤Cu植物毒害室内外测定的差别受土壤和植物的影响。     

增强UV-B辐射对植物的影响

综述了大气臭氧层的减少是影响地面UV-B辐射增强的主要因素,并进一步简述了增强UV-B辐射对陆生植物影响的最新研究进展。UV-B辐射一方面在分子水平上直接或间接地损害植物的DNA分子和蛋白质的结构,从而影响植物的各种生理生化过程影响;另一方面对植物的形态学特征(如叶表皮结构和花的形态结构等)产生广泛的影响。过强的UV-B辐射穿过叶表皮后直接对植物的光合系统、膜系统和植物生长调控激素等方面产生影响,从而会在植株个体、种群和生态系统等层次上表现出来。增强UV-B辐射作为全球变化因子,可导致敏感植物种类的死亡或退化,较能忍耐UV-B辐射的耐荫树种比阳生树种的适应性更强,能竞争到更多的利用资源,因此,在全球UV-B辐射增强下阳生树种可能会提早退出植物群落,这对森林群落的演替更新会起着重要的作用。文章还综述了UV-B辐射与其它污染胁迫因子和环境因子的复合作用共同对植物产生的影响,以及植物对UV-B辐射的防御和修复等防护对策,提出了今后要加强对生态系统的大尺度、长时间的宏观研究,以及开展增强UV-B辐射对地下生态学,对DNA的修复与表达机理,对植物信号接收和传导的新途径等方面的研究。     

Cd~(2+)对BY-2细胞的毒性机制及水杨酸的缓解作用

镉对生态环境的危害表现出对植物这种定生生物的毒害性。以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)膜泡标记的烟草BY-2细胞为实验材料,分别在荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下观察了Cd2+对植物细胞的毒害作用和机制,并研究了水杨酸(SA)处理对Cd2+植物细胞毒害的缓解作用。研究发现激光共聚焦显微镜可以观察到Cd2+处理3 h后细胞荧光亮度减弱,6 h时细胞皱缩和液泡缩小,9 h细胞大多死亡。在Cd2+胁迫同时加入SA,可显著提高细胞成活时间,荧光亮度增强、液泡化程度加大,同时能够观察到荧光标记的细胞膜包裹Cd2+的高荧光颗粒。SA处理的细胞还通过高度液泡化来缓解重金属Cd2+的毒性。结果表明具有生物活性的SA诱导细胞的液泡化,并通过膜成分对重金属的包裹和结合进一步降低了重金属对植物细胞的毒害。因此水杨酸缓解重金属对植物细胞的毒性,是通过诱导细胞的液泡化和膜对重金属离子的包裹束缚而实现的。     

两种典型粘土矿物对狐尾藻镉毒害效应的缓解作用

本文以高等水生植物狐尾藻为研究对象,人工模拟条件下,分别比较了膨润土和海泡石对不同浓度Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫下狐尾藻生物量、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白以及丙二醛的影响.研究结果显示,Cd(Ⅱ)对狐尾藻的光合系统、膜系统以及蛋白质等均具有明显的破坏作用;膨润土和海泡石的加入在一定程度上能够通过吸附作用将Cd(Ⅱ)固定,进而有效地降低水环境中Cd(Ⅱ)的浓度,减轻Cd(Ⅱ)对叶绿体结构的破坏,降低植物的膜质过氧化反应.实验表明,Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度在0—30 mg·L~(-1)内,海泡石对狐尾藻镉毒害的缓解作用要强于膨润土.     

热休克蛋白与植物病毒组分的互作机制研究进展

大量研究表明热休克蛋白(Heat shock protein,Hsp)作为分子伴侣蛋白,通过对招募蛋白的折叠、转运、定位、装配或降解等行为参与植物病毒的生命活动;明确病毒与植物寄主互作机制对于培育抗病毒品种和开发新型抗病毒农药具有重要意义.本文概述了Hsp的分类、基因和蛋白结构及生物学意义;系统分析了Hsp70或Hsp90、植物寄主辅助因子、病毒的依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶等组分组装形成植物病毒复制酶复合体的机制,Hsp70、Hsp90和病毒组分互作及其亚细胞定位和调控病毒复制的机制;重点阐述了Hsp70与病毒组分互作及运动机制,以及病毒对植物寄主或病毒自身编码Hsp表达的影响,包括Hsps与病毒组分在胞内移动、胞间移动或长距离运动过程中的发生场所、参与要素、能量供应及物质转换机制,病毒诱导植物寄主Hsps表达的种类特异性、动态表达规律等.目前研究主要集中在Hsps与病毒组分间"两-两"因素,还缺乏超分子复合体中以核酸、蛋白、多糖等为物质基础的多组分间协同机制的研究;建议加强招募蛋白与Hsp间的转位机制、Hsp与超分子蛋白复合体组分间的协作机制、超分子蛋白复合体与植物寄主组织结构间的关系等方面的研究.     

磷灰石等改良剂对土壤-黑麦草系统中铜行为的影响

以黑麦草作为修复植物,开展了石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪等4种改良剂对重金属Cu污染土壤的田间原位修复研究.结果表明,改良剂提高了土壤pH值并促进土壤Cu从可利用态向潜在可利用态和不可利用态转化,以降低对生物和环境的直接毒害作用,促进黑麦草的生长.以黑麦草生物量和Cu富集量作为评价指标,添加改良剂的4种处理修复Cu污染土壤...     

镉和铁及其交互作用对植物生长的影响

镉是植物的非必需元素，而铁是植物生长发育过程中必不可少的元素。虽然这两种元素对植物的作用是截然相反的，但是它们在植物体内存在着交互作用关系，相互影响着对方功能的发挥。供给植物足够的铁可极大地缓解植物的镉污染毒害，利于植物合成更多的叶绿素，促进光合作用进行，降低镉对氨基酸、蛋白质合成以及酶活性的影响。相反，镉污染将诱导植物的铁营养缺乏。渍水植物根表形成的铁氧化物胶膜可促进植物对镉的吸收。     

铝毒与有机酸和磷的关系

总结了铝对植物形态及生理方面的毒害，简要概述了铝对植物毒害的机制、植物的抗铝对策、耐铝植物与铝敏感植物对铝胁迫的不同反应，特别综述了有机酸及磷与植物抗铝毒的关系，以及受铝胁迫的各种土壤改良途径及植物抗铝措施．最后提出了铝胁迫导致植物矮化的问题，建议更多研究者来注意并进一步探索相关问题．表3参65     

植物对干旱胁迫的响应研究进展

植物在经受干旱胁迫时,通过细胞对干旱信号的感知和传导,调节基因表达,产生新蛋白质,从而引起大量形态、生理和生化上的变化.干旱胁迫对植物在细胞、器官、个体、群体等水平上的形态指标有显著影响,也会影响其光合作用、渗透调节、抗氧化系统等生理生化指标.植物对干旱胁迫的分子响应较复杂,包括合成一些新的基因如NCED、dehydrin基因和CBF、DREB等转录因子.另外,干旱胁迫还能造成蛋白质组学的变化.参52     

快速提取用于PCR分析的几种蔬菜DNA的方法

利用两种不同的简便方法提取大白菜、大葱和厚皮酣瓜发芽种子的DNA,均能产生具有重现性的RAPD结果这两种方法提取DNA的PCR扩增结果与多次利用苯酚／氯仿提取DNA的结果一致.RNase处理与否对提取DNA的PCR扩增结果没有影响.方法1不用氯仿,但残留蛋白质等容易造成DNA溶解困难;方法2提取的DNA纯度高对于含蛋白质较少的植物器官或组织,可以选用方法1,而对于含蛋白质较多的植物器官或组织,宜选用方法2.两种方法提取的DNA量与用苯酚／氯仿提取DNA的量相似样品之间提取DNA量的多少主要受研磨破碎程度高低所决定.方法1每人每天提取约120个样品,方法2提取约100个样品,比先前的方法快1倍多.所提取的每个样品DNA约能用于100次PCR反应,两种DNA提取方法简便、迅速,为快速进行大量样品的PCR分析提供了条件.     

植物铜耐性机理的研究进展

主要从植物根细胞壁积累固定、细胞膜对铜的吸收控制、金属配体的螯合作用、铜在系统液泡的分隔机制及胁迫蛋白的合成5个方面,分别阐述植物对铜分子的耐性机制的研究进展,全面了解了铜在植物中的亚细胞分布、铜在植物根系到地上部分运输过程的转运机制以及植物在铜胁迫下的抗性反应等。并在此基础上提出了存在的问题以及今后研究的重点。     

Heavy metals,occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review

Metal contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India and elsewhere, with many documented cases of metal toxicity in mining industries, foundries, smelters, coal-burning power plants and agriculture. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety and marketability, crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of plants and their metabolic activities affects the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil. This article details the range of heavy metals, their occurrence and toxicity for plants. Metal toxicity has high impact and relevance to plants and consequently it affects the ecosystem, where the plants form an integral component. Plants growing in metal-polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, lower biomass production and metal accumulation. Various physiological and biochemical processes in plants are affected by metals. The contemporary investigations into toxicity and tolerance in metal-stressed plants are prompted by the growing metal pollution in the environment. A few metals, including copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and chromium are, however, essential to plant metabolism in trace amounts. It is only when metals are present in bioavailable forms and at excessive levels, they have the potential to become toxic to plants. This review focuses mainly on zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron.     

Mechanism of toxicity of ionic copper and copper complexes to algae

The mechanism of toxicity of ionic copper and copper complexes to growth, photosynthesis, respiration, ATP levels and mitochondrial electron-transport chain-activity in two marine diatoms, Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith (Hasle, 1964) and Asterionella glacialis Castracane, and one freshwater green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick was investigated. Copper ions depressed both cell division and photosynthesis in A. glacialis and C. pyrenoidosa, whereas ionic copper concentrations which were inhibitory to cell division in N. closterium had no effect on photosynthesis, respiration, ATP production, electron transport or membrane ultrastructure. This suggests that in N. closterium, copper does not act on the chloroplast, the mitochondrion, or the cell membrane, since if it did, the above parameters should be affected. Copper-ethylxanthogenate was exceptional amongst the copper complexes in that it stimulated respiration, mitochondrial electrontransport and ATP formation in N. closterium under conditions of strongly inhibited cell division and slightly stimulated photosynthesis. Ionic copper toxicity may result from an intracellular reaction between copper and reduced glutathione (GSH), leading to a lowering of the GSH:GSSG ratio and suppression of mitosis. In addition, copper inhibits the enzyme catalase and reduces cell defence mechanisms against H₂O₂ and oxygen-free radicals. Lipid-soluble copper complexes are more toxic than ionic copper because both the metal and the ligand are introduced into the cell. Toxicity of ionic copper is ameliorated by trivalent metal ions in the growth medium, including those of Mn, Co, Al, Fe and Cr which form a layer of metal (III) hydroxide around the algal cell, adsorb copper and reduce its penetration into the cell. The degree of insolubility of the metal (III) hydroxide is related to its ability to protect against copper toxicity. In addition, manganese and cobalt catalytically scavenge damaging H₂O₂ and superoxide radicals, respectively, produced by the cell.     

Copper distribution in chemical soil fractions and relationships with maize crop yield

Agricultural practices can lead to copper accumulation in soils and at high concentration it can become toxic for plants. One common toxic effect of copper on plants is a decrease of crop yield. Here, we studied 1) the crop yield of maize grown on plots of a soil intentionally enriched with copper sulphate and 2) the possible relationship between the copper concentration in chemical soil fractions and the maize crop yield. Anthropogenic copper is mainly bound to manganese oxides, to iron oxides and to the organic matter. Maize (Zea maize L.) was grown on outdoor experimental plots. The crop yield was evaluated for three development stages: the 6–10 leaf stage, the female flowering stage and the maturity stage, 2, 4 and 6 years after the soil copper enrichment. Strong crop yield reductions, proving a toxic effect of copper on maize growth were noted 2 years after the copper input at the maturity stage and 4 years after the copper input at the 6–10 leaf stage. Variations in maize crop yield are described with linear multiple regression equations including the variable copper content in soil, and other variables when needed such as soil pH, soil organic carbon level and the climatic variables, the precipitation rate and the ambient temperature. The crop yield study at the 6–10 leaf stage and at the female flowering stage does not provide significant regression equations, while the crop yield study at the maturity stage does. Request variables for the models are the total copper content or the copper bound to the organic matter and the meteorological data. Electronic Publication     

Biosynthesis and effects of copper nanoparticles on plants

Copper nanoparticles have improved properties compared to the bulk copper material. Copper nanoparticles indeed find applications in gas sensors, heat transfer fluids, catalysis, solar energy and batteries. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of copper nanoparticles find applications in the agriculture and healthcare sectors. Nonetheless, careless use of copper nanoparticles may cause environmental pollution and health effects. Here we review the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant materials, named phytosynthesis, and micro-organisms. We also discuss the effect of copper nanoparticles on crops and pathogenic micro-organisms. Copper nanoparticles varying in sizes from 5 to 295 nm have been synthesized using leaf extracts and latex from plants, and using bacteria and fungi. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles show good antimicrobial activity inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Copper nanoparticles enhance the germination and growth of some plants at lower concentrations, whereas high concentrations result in retarded growth.     

Mechanisms of copper tolerance by Armeria maritima in Dolfrwyong Bog,north Wales--initial studies

Preliminary field studies were carried out at Dolfrwynog Bog in July 2000. Replicate samples of water, Armeria maritima plants and the soils adhering to its roots were collected and analysed for copper. Concentrations of up to 6486 mg kg^–1 of copper in the soils were recorded. Accumulation of copper by the plant as expressed by concentration factors (CF) show that it is acting mainly as a copper excluder. Of the copper that is taken up, most of it is retained within the roots with very little being transported to the shoots of the plant. Moreover, a further possible mechanism of tolerance is exhibited by the excretion of copper through its decaying leaves. Towards the use of in vitro cultures to study the copper tolerance mechanisms in A. maritima a micropropagation protocol has been developed. The ex vitro plants have been rooted and established in compost.     

铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了铜陵铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响.结果表明,油菜种子能在铜尾矿上萌发,但发芽率和发芽速率均小于正常土壤.尾矿能降低油菜叶绿素含量,而且对叶绿素a/b比值也有影响.在尾矿胁迫下,油菜叶片的细胞膜透性增加,硝酸还原酶活性降低,抗坏血酸含量下降,表明尾矿对油菜具有毒害作用.与对照相比,尾矿处理油菜根系表现为主根变短,侧根数减少,根系体积明显变小.尾矿能明显抑制油菜幼苗的根和茎叶生物量,降低根冠比.随着油菜的生长发育,尾矿的毒害作用更加明显.尾矿对油菜的影响最终反映在油菜的产量上.铜元素的毒害和尾矿的极端贫瘠是影响油菜生长的2个因素.成熟期油菜各器官铜含量大小依次为根＞茎叶＞籽粒,籽粒中铜含量与土壤和尾矿混合物中有效铜含量在α=0.01水平上显著正相关.     

Trace element geochemistry of soils and plants in Kenyan conservation areas and implications for wildlife nutrition

Trace element concentrations in soils, plants and animals in National Parks and Wildlife Reserves in Kenya are assessed using geochemical mapping techniques. Soil trace element concentrations are shown to be related to soil parent material and possibly to pedological and hydrological factors. At Lake Nakuru National Park, plant trace element concentrations vary with plant species and the geochemical conditions that influence uptake are discussed. Impala at Lake Nakuru National Park and black rhino at Solio Wildlife Reserve are shown to have a lower blood copper status than animals from other areas. The trace element status of wildlife is assessed also with respect to critical concentrations used for domestic ruminants. It is suggested that at Lake Nakuru National Park, the low soil copper content and high molybdenum content of some plants contributes to the low copper status of impala and may also influence the nutrition of other species.     

铜暴露下赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）活体基因的损伤研究

通过碱性单细胞凝胶电泳法研究了Cu2+暴露剂量对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)活体基因损伤的动态影响.结果显示:不添加Cu2+的对照组和添加Cu2+的处理组蚯蚓体腔细胞尾部DNA含量和尾长均呈非正态分布(p<0.05);在暴露72h时,125mg·L-1Cu2+处理组尾部DNA含量值最大,为41.44%,100mg·L-1Cu2+处理组尾长值最大,为33.79μm;随着Cu2+暴露剂量的增加,尾部DNA含量和尾长损伤频率增加;对照组和处理组的尾部DNA含量和尾长之间均存在显著性差异(p<0.05),Spearman非参数相关分析表明,尾部DNA百分含量和尾长之间呈显著相关(p<0.01,n=21),Cu2+暴露浓度与尾部DNA百分含量、尾长具有良好的剂量-构效关系(p<0.01).在125mg·L-1Cu2+浓度下暴露72h时蚯蚓的基因损伤程度达到最大,损伤程度为3级.可见,蚯蚓DNA生物标志物是重金属污染基因毒理诊断的重要指标,碱性SCGE试验是检测Cu2+暴露对赤子爱胜蚓活体基因损伤的有效手段.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions in a primary copper smelter in China

Metallurgical production is the largest polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission source in China. However, PCDD/F monitoring and research are rarely conducted on primary metallurgical production. In this study, a demonstration primary copper smelter in China was selected to investigate PCDD/F characteristics and control. Samples were collected from major PCDD/F release points in the smelter process (fly ashes and waste water sludge). Specific analysis of PCDD/F congeners was carried out using a high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The results showed that PCDD/Fs might be unintentionally produced in the primary copper smelter processes, with sample concentrations of 180–6110 pg/g dry wt; highly chlorinated PCDD/F homologues were predominant. The toxicity of all the samples was calculated to be 120 pg WHO TEQ/g, fly ashes from the refining process furnaces air pollution control device and sludge were hazardous waste with higher PCDD/F toxicity. Both precursor formation and de novo synthesis were found to contribute to PCDD/F formation in the smelter process. PCDD/F characteristics and formation were compared with reported secondary copper smelters. Life-cycle control of PCDD/F was proposed for retrofitting of this smelter and for similar plants in China's primary copper production sector, including control at the PCDD/F formation, removal and disposal stages.