噻吩磺隆在棕壤中的降解特性

采用实验室模拟试验研究了微生物及不同环境条件对土壤中噻吩磺隆降解的影响。结果表明,噻吩磺隆降解速率与土壤温度、湿度呈正相关,与农药初始用量呈负相关,噻吩磺隆在土壤中的降解以微生物降解为主。当温度从5上升到35℃时,噻吩磺隆的降解速率增加了2.9倍;当土壤湿度从饱和含水量的25%提高到75%时,噻吩磺隆的降解半衰期由7.6缩短至2.6d;当土壤中噻吩磺隆初始用量从2.5增加到10.0mg.kg-1时,其降解半衰期由3.1延长至7.6d;未灭菌土壤中噻吩磺隆降解迅速,半衰期为3.9d,而灭菌土壤中噻吩磺隆降解半衰期延长至14.7d。     

绿磺隆在太湖水稻水中降解速率的研究

在实验室内,采用改进的玉米根长生物测定方法研究了土壤微生物,土壤温度和土壤含水量对绿磺隆在太湖水稻中降解速率的影响。结果表明：（１）在不同处理下,绿磺隆的降解均符合一级动力学反应;（２）绿磺隆在未灭菌土壤中的降解明显快于灭菌土壤;（３）在试验范围内,绿碘隆降解随土壤温度的升高和土壤含水量的增大加快,其半衰期在０．７￣５．８周之间变化。     

甲磺隆污染土壤的生物修复

在室内条件下,研究高效降解菌MD对甲磺隆污染环境的修复作用.结果表明,在土壤中,甲磺隆的降解顺序是:加菌鲜土>加菌灭菌土>鲜土>灭菌土,在添加MD时,1.0mg*l-1甲磺隆的降解速率明显高于10.0mg*l-1;在加菌土壤中,甲磺隆的降解遵循一级动力学方程;在土壤培养实验中,用菌处理10d的培养土壤中的生长量和不加药对照基本无差别.     

除草剂对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及呼吸的影响

通过室内培养试验,分别在不同时间取样分析,采用熏蒸-提取法测定土壤微生物生物量碳,提取液中的有机碳采用总有机碳分析仪测定,提取液中的氮采用凯氏消煮法测定;采用直接吸收法滴定测定土壤呼吸作用.研究了阿特拉津、甲磺隆、丁草胺3种除草剂对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及呼吸强度的影响,揭示了3种除草剂污染的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮的消长过程及土壤呼吸的动态变化.研究结果显示在较高使用浓度胁迫条件下,培养前20 d 3种除草剂都明显减少土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及抑制土壤呼吸.但这种抑制效应是随着时间而变化的,20 d以后,它们对这些能表征土壤环境生态效应的生物学指标的影响随之降低.甲磺隆对微生物生物量碳、氮及呼吸作用等生物学指标的影响大于阿特拉津和丁草胺也可能与它们在土壤中的降解速率有关.     

微生物降解除草剂氯磺隆,甲磺隆和丁草胺的毒性效应（Ames试验）

为了解氯磺隆、甲磺隆和丁草胺经微生物降解后,对环境有无潜在危害,我们采土样接种于以上述除草剂(初始浓度分别为125,200,400ppm)为唯一碳源、能源和氮源的培养基中,振荡培养。以灭菌土样作对照。定时取样,经微孔滤膜抽滤后,以Ames试验平板掺入法检测其致突变性。结果表明,氯磺隆和甲磺隆经微生物降解后,与降解前一样,无致突变作用;微生物降解丁草胺的过程中可生成诱变剂,而这类代谢产物可继续被微生物降解,其致突变性随之消失。     

绿磺隆在土壤中的残留及其对后茬作物的安全性

研究了绿磺隆在江苏省吴县及河北省石家庄市麦田土壤中的降解规律，以及水稻对绿磺隆的敏感性。结果表明，绿磺隆在土壤中残留期较长，在江苏省吴县及河北省石家庄市麦田土壤中的降解半衰期分别为22．82和32．98d；水稻对绿磺隆及敏感，它对水稻根系生长的抑制浓度仅为0．1μg/kg，麦收后土壤中残留的绿磺隆极易对后茬水稻产生危害。     

甲磺隆结合残留对土壤酶活性的影响

为了研究甲磺隆结合残留对土壤酶活性的影响,将黄粉土(水稻土)经甲磺隆结合残留处理98天,检测土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性.结果表明,甲磺隆结合残留对土壤酶活性的影响不仅与甲磺隆结合残留处理浓度和培养时间有关,同时还与土壤酶种类有关.培养前期(第14天前),甲磺隆结合残留对土壤酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶具有抑制作用,而对土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶的影响则表现为低浓度时激活,高浓度时抑制;培养后期(第14天后),甲磺隆结合残留对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶具有激活作用,在一定浓度范围内(0.050~0.281mg·kg-1)对土壤蔗糖酶也具有一定激活作用;就土壤酶而言,在污染早期,土壤过氧化氢酶对甲磺隆结合残留较敏感,可以作为表征甲磺隆结合残留土壤污染的生物活性指标.     

绿磺隆在土壤中的残留与危害

江苏省苏南地区，冬季麦田每公顷施用１５ｇ绿磺隆（以有效成份计，下同），翌年水稻栽秧时土壤中绿磺隆的残留量为０．２２μｇ／ｋｇ，种麦期间绿磺隆在土壤中的降解量约占施用量的９６．８％，绿磺隆在土壤中的降解半衰期平均为３８．６ｄ。水稻对绿磺隆也有高度的敏感性，由于绿磺隆在渍水土壤中容易降解，所以它在稻麦轮作地区对后茬水稻的实际危害较轻。改善土壤肥力状况，在一定程度上可减缓绿磺隆对作物的危害。     

绿磺隆在土壤中的残留与危害

江苏省苏南地区，冬季麦田每公顷施用１５ｇ绿磺隆（以有效成份计，下同），翌年水稻栽秧时土壤中绿磺隆的残留量为０．２２μｇ／ｋｇ，种麦期间绿磺隆在土壤中的降解量约占施用量的９６．８％，绿磺隆在土壤中的降解半衰期平均为３８．６ｄ。水稻对绿磺隆也有高度的敏感性，由于绿磺隆在渍水土镶中容易降解，所以它在稻麦轮作地区对后茬水稻的实际危害较轻。改善土壤肥力状况，在一定程度上可减缓绿磺隆对作物的危害。     

绿磺隆在土壤中的残留及其对后茬作物的安全性

研究了绿磺隆在江苏省吴县及河北省石家庄市麦田土壤中的降解规律 ,以及水稻对绿磺隆的敏感性。结果表明 ,绿磺隆在土壤中残留期较长 ,在江苏省吴县及河北省石家庄市麦田土壤中的降解半衰期分别为 2 2 82和 3 2 98d ;水稻对绿磺隆极为敏感 ,它对水稻根系生长的抑制浓度仅为 0 1 μg/kg,麦收后土壤中残留的绿磺隆极易对后茬水稻产生危害。     

Persistence of the sulfonylurea herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl in the soil of winter wheat crops

On four winter wheat fields grown on soils of different textures in Belgium, 10?g a.i.?ha^?1 of the sulfonylurea herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium was applied post-emergence in the spring. A procedure was developed for the analysis in field soils of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 and of its metabolites iodosulfonamide 2 and iodosaccharin 3 with a sensitivity limit of 0.3?µg of equivalents of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 kg^?1 dry soil. GC and GC-MS was used after purification of the soil extracts by repeated TLC, and methylation. The results of the chemical analyses were confirmed by means of bioassays using sugar beet as test plants. On a winter wheat crop grown on sandy loam soil of pH 6.2 at Melle, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 1 was applied at the beginning of April. The iodosulfuron-methyl 1 soil half-life in the 0–10?cm surface soil layer was 60 days. At the end of June, the sum of the concentrations of the metabolites 2 and 3 in the 0–10?cm surface soil layer attained a maximum corresponding to 27% of the applied dose. Green manures were sown after the harvest of the wheat at the end of August. No phytotoxicity at all was observed during the growth of the green manures, in spite of the very low residues of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 remaining in soil in September and October. At the mid of November, iodosulfuron-methyl 1 and its metabolites 2 and 3 were no more detected in soil. On three other winter wheat crops grown on clay soils of pH of about 8 at Leke, Gistel and Zevekote, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 1 was applied at the beginning of May. The soil half-life of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 in the 0–10?cm surface soil layer was between 30 and 44 days. Since the application and until the mid of November, in all the trials made on sandy loam or clay soils, iodosulfuron-methyl 1 (and its metabolites 2 and 3 in the trial made on sandy loam soil) were never detected in the 10–15 and 15–20?cm surface soil layers, indicating their low mobilities in the field soils.     

云南地区种子植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的空间分布格局

植物区系地理分布格局的研究有助于更好地理解植物区系的起源、迁移和分化。研究利用覆盖云南地区全境的植物区系分布信息,探讨了云南地区植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的地理分布格局。结果表明,所有热带区系属的多度均随着纬度升高呈递减趋势;大多数温带区系属的多度随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势。中亚分布(T13)属的多度的高值主要出现在滇西北地区,尤其是在金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游地区,但在其它地区十分少见。地中海、西亚至中亚分布(T12)属的多度的高值也出现在滇西北地区,但在其它地区无明显空间分布规律;中国特有分布(T15)属在滇西北地区最为丰富,其次是滇东南地区,大致以"田中线"为界,界线以西地区的中国植物特有属的多度明显低于界线以东地区。从南到北,植物区系过渡性基本上呈单调递增格局,这一格局的形成可能与区系成分的迁移和地形格局有关。大理州以南的低海拔地区,热带区系成分占据主导地位,并占据了云南大部分的土地面积,这在一定程度上证实了云南地区总体上是一个"热带山原"的假说。本研究与其它研究的不同可能源于与源数据和取样尺度的差异。     

Optimal Marking of Threatened Species to Balance Benefits of Information with Impacts of Marking

Abstract: Marking animals so that they are uniquely identifiable provides information that may assist conservation efforts. Nevertheless, some methods used to mark animals can be harmful. We used mathematical methods to assess the trade‐off between the impact of marking threatened species and the value of the information gained. We considered the case where 2 management strategies, each aiming to improve a species' survival rate, are implemented in an experimental phase. The results of the experiment were applied in a postexperimental management phase. We expressed the expected number of survivors in both phases mathematically, accounting for any mortality caused by the experiment, and determined the proportion of animals to mark to maximize this number. The optimal number of animals to mark increased with the number of individuals available for the experiment and with the number of individuals to be managed in the future. The optimal solution was to mark only 25% of the animals when there were 1000 individuals available for the experiment, the results were used to manage 2000 individuals, and marking caused mortality of 1%. Fewer animals were marked when there were fewer animals in either phase or when marking caused higher mortality. In the case of the Helmeted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix), the optimal proportion to mark was <1 if the mortality rate was >0.15%–1%, with the threshold depending on the number of animals in the experimental and postexperimental phases. The trade‐off between gaining more information about a species and possibly harming individuals of that species by marking them is difficult to assess subjectively. We show how to determine objectively the optimal proportion of animals to mark to enhance the management of threatened species.     

水稻对UV-B辐射响应的敏感性差异

综述了UV-B辐射对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的影响和水稻对UV-B辐射的抗性机制。UV-B辐射对水稻生长、叶片形态、生物量、产量、光合系统、病害等产生一定的影响。水稻对UV-B辐射的敏感性因子主要有CPD光解酶、UV-B吸收物质、抗氧化酶等。UV-B辐射使水稻叶片中产生了ROS,导致Rubisco酶降解,光合色素含量变化,抑制了光合作用,最终影响水稻籽粒形成和产量。水稻对UV-B辐射响应存在着品种差异,CPD光解酶编码基因的自然突变会引起水稻UV-B敏感性的差异,CPD光解酶活性是水稻对UV-B敏感性的关键因素。通过建立响应指数公式,对水稻UV-B响应敏感性的品种差异进行评估,存在品种差异的原因主要是基因、生长、生理、生育期和环境背景的差异。最后对UV-B辐射对水稻的影响、水稻对UV-B响应的差异及机理有待深入研究的方向进行了展望。     

Contribution of black carbon to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption of acetochlor on sediment

In order to investigate the contribution of various black carbon (BC) contents to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption isotherms for acetochlor on sediment, equilibrium sorption and desorption isotherms were determined to measure sorption and desorption of acetochlor in sediment amended with various amounts of BC. In this paper, two types of BC referred to as BC400 and BC500 were prepared at 400°C and 500°C, respectively. Higher preparation temperature facilitated the formation of micropores on BC to enhance its sorption capacity. Increase of the BC content obviously increased the sorption amount and reduced the desorption amount for acetochlor. When the BC500 contents in total organic carbon (TOC) increased from 0 to 60%, Freundlich sorption coefficient (K _f) increased from 4.07 to 35.74, and desorption hysteresis became gradually obvious.When the content of BC in TOC was lower than 23%, the sorption isotherm had a significant linear correlation (p = 50.05). In case of desorption, a significant nonlinear change could be observed when the content of BC was up to 13%. Increase of BC content in the sediment would result in shifting the sorption-desorption isotherms from linearity to nonlinearity, which indicated that contribution of BC to nonlinear adsorption fraction became gradually remarkable.     

地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化硝基苯的影响

实验主要研究了地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化去除硝基苯的影响。采用天然细砂模拟地下含水层介质,利用砂样中的原位铁做催化剂进行类Fenton氧化硝基苯实验。通过不同硝基苯和过氧化氢摩尔比的类Fenton实验,确定两者的最优物质的量比。然后模拟配制Na-SO4、Na-Cl、Ca-HCO3和Ca-SO4型4种水化学成分不同的地下水,在硝基苯和过氧化氢最优物质的量比情况下,研究了地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化去除地下水中硝基苯的影响。反应在棕色瓶中进行,并用20℃恒温培养振荡器,以120 r.min-1的频率对其振荡。分别在10、30、60、90和120 min时取样,用气相色谱法检测硝基苯的质量浓度。结果表明：硝基苯和过氧化氢的最佳物质的量比为1∶200;地下水的水化学成分对类Fenton反应有重要影响,Na-SO4、Na-Cl、Ca-HCO3和Ca-SO4型地下水中硝基苯的最终去除率分别约为91%、92%、75%、82%,反应所需的时间大约为90、30、120和30 min。因此,类Fenton法对硝基苯污染地下水的原位化学修复具有较好效果,研究结果可为硝基苯污染地下水的原位化学修复提供一定的理论依据。     

How the diversity of human concepts of nature affects conservation of biodiversity

Protecting nature has become a global concern. However, the very idea of nature is problematic. We examined the etymological and semantic diversity of the word used to translate nature in a conservation context in 76 of the primary languages of the world to identify the different relationships between humankind and nature. Surprisingly, the number of morphemes (distinct etymological roots) used by 7 billion people was low. Different linguistic superfamilies shared the same etymon across large cultural areas that correlate with the distribution of major religions. However, we found large differences in etymological meanings among these words, echoing the semantic differences and historical ambiguity of the contemporary European concept of nature. The principal current Western meaning of nature in environmental public policy, conservation science, and environmental ethics–that which is not a human artifact–appears to be relatively rare and recent and to contradict the vision of nature in most other cultures, including those of pre-Christian Europe. To avoid implicit cultural bias and hegemony–and thus to be globally intelligible and effective–it behooves nature conservationists to take into account this semantic diversity when proposing conservation policies and implementing conservation practices.     

Evolutionary cause of the vulnerability of insular communities

Communities on oceanic islands are considered to be vulnerable to biological invasion. However, because the detailed structures of such communities have not yet been revealed, the relationship between their vulnerability and structure is not clear. Because such communities evolved without biological invasion, they are expected to have structures different from those of mainland communities, and this difference is expected to affect their vulnerability to invasion. I conducted computer simulations based on a food web model and investigated the difference in structure between mainland and insular model communities, the former of which evolved with frequent invasion and the latter without invasion. In addition, by conducting computer simulations of invasion of these model communities, I investigated the relationship between community structure and vulnerability to biological invasion. The insular model community evolved to have an unstable structure, in that a small number of plant species supported a large number of animal species, and each species in the community had a small biomass. When a plant species invaded and disturbed the base of the insular model community, many animal species relying on the plants easily became extinct. In addition, when a carnivorous species invaded, animal species with small biomass tended to become extinct. Community collapses caused by biological invasion occurred more frequently in the insular model community than in the mainland model community. These results indicated that those communities that evolved without invasion were vulnerable to invasion. The available data on real insular communities suggest that some have reached the endangered state predicted by this model.     

赤红壤贮水量变化过程的聚类分析研究

根据长期定位观测资料．用多元数据分析的有序样本分类中的最优分割法对南亚热带地带性土壤──赤红壤的土壤水分贮水量的变化过程进行聚类分析并进行土壤水分的季节划分，结果表明．赤红壤贮水量最高贮量出现在3～7月，最低出现在1～2月和10～12月，而8～9月为干湿交替变化的过渡阶段．     

Quality standard codes of reference of Jordanian coastal waters of the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea

Back in 1992, the Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan (GAEAP), a collaboration between the Aqaba Region Authority (ARA), Jordan and the World Bank, gave considerable emphasis to the environmental protection of the Gulf of Aqaba [The World Bank. Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan. Report No. 12244JO (1993).]. The document recommended the establishment of a marine reserve and the long term monitoring of the coastal habitats’ environmental quality. The combination of a dedicated follow up, the collaborative efforts of ARA and the Marine Science Station (MSS), and the founding of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) have turned the recommendations into reality. A comprehensive monitoring program of the Jordanian coastal habitats commenced in 1999. The first three years of the program were financed by a donation from The Global Environmental Facility (GEF). In return, Jordan has committed itself to the maintenance of the monitoring program as an ongoing tool for sustainable coastal management. The monitoring program includes observations on benthic habitat, fish communities, bottom sediments and seawater quality. This paper focuses on the results of seawater-quality monitoring in the first three years. Records of weather conditions, coastal currents, seawater temperature, transparency, salinity, density, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, particulate matter, chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass, total coliform, fecal coliform, hydrocarbons and sedimentation rate have been generated monthly since January 1999 at six coastal stations, and one offshore reference station, in the Jordanian waters of the Gulf of Aqaba. The coastal stations are located at sites with different benthic habitats and are occupied by different human activities. Offshore records of density (thermohaline structure), nutrients and chlorophyll a depicted two well-defined seasons; a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-rich, mixed water winter from December to April and a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-poor, stratified water summer from June to October. Short transition seasons appeared in May and November. The mixing and stratification seasons were also clearly depicted in the coastal waters. Statistical analysis of the three-year data collected at the offshore station revealed no significant inter-annual differences in the upper 125 m of the water column with respect to any of the measured parameters. At coastal stations, the water quality at the two northernmost stations was significantly different in comparison to the upper 125 m at the offshore station and to the other coastal stations, with respect to the two key indicator parameters: inorganic nitrogen and chlorophyll a. The three-year findings of the monitoring program are employed to suggest standard codes of reference for the coastal water quality.