建设高等教育的人文性与技术性

本文从传统高等教育理念与模式着手，指出着力建设高等教育的人文性与技术性的重要性，重点阐述在建设高等教育的人文性与技术性的同时，应当注意处理好通识教育与专业教育、人文教育与科技教育之间的关系，高等教育应以促进受教育综合素质的全面提高和科学文化知识发展为根本出发点，通过各学科间广泛、深入的交叉、融合，推动知识快速生长，全面提高人才素质，并在教学、科技机制和管理模式上进行创新，建立开放性、融合式的学术活动机制与模式，在课程设置和结构安排上充分考虑学科知识间的融合，以此培养受教育者基本的人文素养和科学精神．     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

高原深水湖泊程海氮磷形态分布特征及其与叶绿素a的相关性

湖泊水体氮、磷形态分布特征及其与藻类生长的关系是湖泊富营养化研究的重要方面。采用GPS定位,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,研究了氮、磷形态分布特征,并分析了各形态氮磷与叶绿素a的相关性。结果表明：总氮（TN）质量浓度为0.773 mg.L-1,总磷（TP）质量浓度为0.046 mg.L-1,叶绿素a质量浓度为0.024 mg.L-1。氮素的赋存形态特征是以溶解态总氮（DTN）占大部分,DTN中又以溶解态有机氮（DON）占绝大部分;磷素的存在特点是溶解态无机磷（DIP）含量比重较大。各形态氮、磷都有明显的季节性波动但区域性差异不明显,叶绿素a则有明显的季节节律和时空差异。叶绿素a很好地响应了总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、溶解态总氮（DTN）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、颗粒态总氮（PTN）、颗粒态总磷（PTP）的变化。程海富营养化受氮和磷共同限制,控制富营养化必须同时削减氮和磷。     

邻苯二甲酸酯的环境污染和生态行为及毒理效应研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯作为产品改性剂被广泛应用于食品包装、建筑板材、医疗器械等产品中,由于PAEs与塑料分子难以形成强力的共价结合,造成其不断泄露至脂溶性环境中,在基质接触和食物网传递作用下,PAEs被各种生物体蓄积并表现出一定的内分泌干扰效应。文章以PAEs的物化性质及其在大气、水体、土壤中的污染现状为研究基础,介绍了PAEs的生物体蓄积水平与代谢路径,并分别从水解、光解及生物降解3个角度展示了PAEs的环境降解过程与机理;此外,结合实验室报道及社会调查,深入探讨了PAEs的环境激素效应,"致癌、致畸、致突变"效应,酶与激素毒性;最后,基于当前PAEs在毒理分析、降解途径及环境暴露统计研究上的不足,指出需进一步进行复杂食物链毒性积累与放大研究,发展PAEs的生物治理与削减技术以及进行PAEs环境暴露水平调查,确定全面合理的环境标准限值。     

Mainstreaming the social sciences in conservation

Despite broad recognition of the value of social sciences and increasingly vocal calls for better engagement with the human element of conservation, the conservation social sciences remain misunderstood and underutilized in practice. The conservation social sciences can provide unique and important contributions to society's understanding of the relationships between humans and nature and to improving conservation practice and outcomes. There are 4 barriers—ideological, institutional, knowledge, and capacity—to meaningful integration of the social sciences into conservation. We provide practical guidance on overcoming these barriers to mainstream the social sciences in conservation science, practice, and policy. Broadly, we recommend fostering knowledge on the scope and contributions of the social sciences to conservation, including social scientists from the inception of interdisciplinary research projects, incorporating social science research and insights during all stages of conservation planning and implementation, building social science capacity at all scales in conservation organizations and agencies, and promoting engagement with the social sciences in and through global conservation policy‐influencing organizations. Conservation social scientists, too, need to be willing to engage with natural science knowledge and to communicate insights and recommendations clearly. We urge the conservation community to move beyond superficial engagement with the conservation social sciences. A more inclusive and integrative conservation science—one that includes the natural and social sciences—will enable more ecologically effective and socially just conservation. Better collaboration among social scientists, natural scientists, practitioners, and policy makers will facilitate a renewed and more robust conservation. Mainstreaming the conservation social sciences will facilitate the uptake of the full range of insights and contributions from these fields into conservation policy and practice.     

Place‐based and data‐rich citizen science as a precursor for conservation action

Environmental education strategies have customarily placed substantial focus on enhancing ecological knowledge and literacy with the hope that, upon discovering relevant facts and concepts, participants will be better equipped to process and dissect environmental issues and, therefore, make more informed decisions. The assumption is that informed citizens will become active citizens––enthusiastically lobbying for, and participating in, conservation‐oriented action. We surveyed and interviewed and used performance data from 432 participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST), a scientifically rigorous citizen science program, to explore measurable change in and links between understanding and action. We found that participation in rigorous citizen science was associated with significant increases in participant knowledge and skills; a greater connection to place and, secondarily, to community; and an increasing awareness of the relative impact of anthropogenic activities on local ecosystems specifically through increasing scientific understanding of the ecosystem and factors affecting it. Our results suggest that a place‐based, data‐rich experience linked explicitly to local, regional, and global issues can lead to measurable change in individual and collective action, expressed in our case study principally through participation in citizen science and community action and communication of program results to personal acquaintances and elected officials. We propose the following tenets of conservation literacy based on emergent themes and the connections between them explicit in our data: place‐based learning creates personal meaning making; individual experience nested within collective (i.e., program‐wide) experience facilitates an understanding of the ecosystem process and function at local and regional scales; and science‐based meaning making creates informed concern (i.e., the ability to discern both natural and anthropogenic forcing), which allows individuals to develop a personalized prioritization schema and engage in conservation action.     

白榆/刺槐互作条件下土壤与植物养分季节变化

采用盆栽试验对白榆（Ulmus pumila）单作（BB）、刺槐（Robinia pseudocacia）单作（CC）及白榆/刺槐（U.pumila-R.pseudocacia.）互作（BC）（3种互作方式：根系不分隔（N）、根系用尼龙网（L）分隔和根系用塑料膜（P）分隔）及两种施肥方式（施肥处理（F）和不施肥处理（N））下土壤pH值、土壤养分及植株N、P养分吸收总量的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,不同处理土壤pH值从5—9月呈增加趋势,互作中根系不分隔处理和根系用尼龙网分隔处理降低土壤的pH值效果较明显;各处理w（土壤有机质）在7月份较高,其中施肥处理〉不施肥处理,在3种互作方式中,w（土壤有机质）大小顺序为：根系不分隔〉根系用尼龙网分隔〉根系用塑料模分隔;随着季节的变化,不同处理土壤销态氮含量呈降低趋势。在白榆、刺槐整个生长期内,w（NH4＋-N）占绝大部分,w（NO3--N）极少,由此说明在白榆、刺槐整个生长期吸收的氮素形态主要是NH4＋-N。不同处理白榆、刺槐植株的N、P养分吸收总量从5月到9月呈现不断增加趋势,至9月达到最大。互作植物N、P养分吸收总量均高于其相应的单作,但不同互作方式对N、P养分吸收总量的变化不同。在3种互作方式中,改善土壤养分状况及植株N、P养分吸收总量的最优互作方式为根系不分隔施肥处理（BCNF）。     

土壤-植物系统中氮锌交互作用研究进展

对几十年来有关土壤-植物系统氮锌交互作用研究现状及未来趋势进行了综述。论述了氮锌交互作用与植物生长、氮锌及其它元素的吸收、转运、积累的相互关系，以及对微生物生长及豆科作物固氮的影响；讨论了氮锌交互作用的生理生化基础及细胞亚细胞学机理；指出了氮锌交互作用的若干薄弱环节；展望了氮锌交互作用未来的研究方向。     

扁刺栲在两种类型林分中的生长过程分析

通过对扁刺栲—华木荷林区针阔混交林、次生阔叶林的群落调查以及扁刺栲的树干解析．研究结果表明：(1)扁刺栲在针阔混交林与次生阔叶林中,胸径快速生长期分别在a8～12和a10～14之间,生长高峰值分别出现在a10和a12,最大值分别为1．07cm和0．85cm．(2)扁刺栲在针阔混交林与次生阔叶林中,树高快速生长期分别在a6～10和a10～14之间,生长高峰值分别出现在a8和a10,最大值分别为0．55m和0．56m．(3)在针阔混交林中,16a生扁刺栲单株材积达0．0134m^3,而在次生阔叶林中只有0．0103m^3．在分析不同林分中扁刺栲生长差异及其原因的基础上,建议对次生阔叶林经营应采用动态管理．     

基于毒性效应的非目标化学品鉴别技术进展

现代社会大量化学品的生产与广泛使用造成了地表水、地下水、沉积物、土壤等环境受到污染,并对人体健康和生态系统构成威胁。基于毒性效应的关键致毒物质鉴别技术(effect directed analysis,EDA)已经在水体、沉积物的致毒物筛选方面得到了一定的应用。但是由于污染物组成复杂、范围广、基质干扰高、同分异构体广泛存在、人工合成标样缺少等问题,非目标致毒化合物的鉴别成为了EDA的瓶颈技术。逐渐发展的色谱与质谱技术、数据库指标在化合物筛选识别中发挥了重要作用。本文综述了基于高分辨质谱,数据库搜索,色谱保留特征,模型构建来筛选识别化合物的方法,总结了近年来化合物筛选识别方法在环境新型污染物及药物筛选等方面的应用并分析了化合物筛选识别所存在的问题与应用前景。这些方法可以提高非目标化合物筛选的准确性和通量,减少样品复杂性和基质干扰带来的负面影响,从而有利于未知化合物的确定。     

Nanosensors and nanobiosensors in food and agriculture

The food and agriculture sector controls the economic growth of a developing country. The food industries have practices of growing crops, raising livestock and sea foods, food processing and packaging, regulating production and distribution with quality and safety. The process control and monitoring quality are crucial steps. Here we review nanosensors and nanobiosensors as alternative of classical quantification methods. Nanoscale dimensions of metal nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal and carbon quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomposites expand the sensitivity by signal amplification and integrate several novel transduction principles such as enhanced electrochemical, optical, Raman, enhanced catalytic activity, and superparamagnetic properties into the nanosensors. The electrochemical nanosensors, optical nanosensors, electronic nose and electronic tongue, nanobarcode technology, and wireless nanosensors have revolutionized the sensing in food and agriculture sectors with multiplex and real-time sensing capabilities. Despite previous success stories of the remunerative health sector, the approaches are transferred subsequently to food and agriculture sector; with potential application in detection of food contaminants such as preservatives, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, toxins, microbial load, and pathogens along with the rapid monitoring of temperature, traceability, humidity, gas, and aroma of the food stuff.     

A GIS-based coastal monitoring and surveillance observatory on tropical islands exposed to climate change and extreme events: the example of Mayotte Island,Indian Ocean

The global change currently observed is deemed to generate accelerated coastal erosion and an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Populated tropical island coasts are particularly vulnerable. Awareness of this vulnerability has prompted recourse to the construction of operational observatories on the coastal dynamics of several French tropical islands, including Mayotte. The aims of this initiative are to characterise the coastal morphology of tropical islands and to monitor their rhythms and mechanisms of evolution, adaptation and resilience in the face of extreme climate and wave events (cyclones, storms, surges, strong swells…). Based on this, appropriate defence and/or adaptation strategies can be developed and implemented. Mayotte Island is a fine example of the implementation and utility of such an observatory. The island, in the southwest Indian Ocean, is characterised by a highly diversified coral reef-lagoon complex comprising pocket beaches and mangroves subject to increasing pressure from strong island demographic growth. The operational observatory set up on the island incorporates a Geographical Information System (GIS) based on a network sourced by various field measurements and observations conducted on the coastal forms on the basis of a predefined protocol and methodology. Field experiments include hydrodynamic measurements, topographic surveys, and observations, and these are coupled with the analysis of aerial photographs and regional meteorological data in order to gain a better understanding of the coastal morphology and of the evolution of the reef-lagoon complex. The results fed into the observatory and analysed through the GIS provide interactive maps of the coastal landforms and their evolution and dynamics over various timescales. Within a local framework of strong socio-economic and demographic pressures, and a more global context of environmental change, this observatory should lead to a better understanding and prediction of the morphodynamics of the coast of Mayotte, while providing data to the public at large, to researchers, and to stakeholders involved in decision-making in the face of the major and rapid environmental and socio-economic changes liable to affect the fragile reef-mangrove systems and pocket beaches.     

土壤中镉的吸附解吸研究进展

首先概述了国内外关于土壤对镉的吸附解吸的基本研究方法与实验条件。用于吸附解吸实验的土样以通过20目筛为宜，而不同形式的支持电解质及其离子浓度的选择对实验结果有很大影响，应由实验的具体目的和要求确定合适的实验条件。位于土壤颗粒表面的各吸附点位与镉的结合能的能量高低不一，可将土壤对镉的吸附作用区分为专性吸附和非专性吸附。可用传统的或融入新参数的吸附等温线表达土壤对镉的吸附过程，土壤对镉的吸附性能可用综合因子来形容，如吸附势、吸持率、平均分配系数、Langmuir方程的常数k和Freundlich方程的系数k等表达方式，同时寻找这些综合因子与土壤基本理化性质之间的关系。文章最后讨论了影响吸附过程的主要环境因子，并就土壤pH和水分条件的影响机制进行了分析。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤小麦和玉米季CO2、N2O排放特征

基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤旱地小麦-玉米轮作长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地连续施肥16 a后,不同施肥条件下小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2和N2O的排放特征。结果表明,CO2和N2O排放具有明显的季节性,施肥对土壤CO2和N2O排放有明显影响,且有机肥的施用显著促进了土壤CO2和N2O排放。不施肥对照（CK）、氮磷配施（NP）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM）处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2累积排放量分别为5 904、8 062、4 298、9 235、14 098和4 708、7 530、5 435、7 089、15 472 kg.hm-2,土壤N2O累积排放量分别为0.34、0.63、0.44、0.62、1.00和0.25、0.39、0.35、0.52、1.73 kg.hm-2,小麦休闲期土壤CO2和N2 O累积排放量平均占小麦生长季的63.52%和28.43%,玉米休闲季平均占玉米生长季的49.98%和32.72%,说明休闲期土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量不容忽视。除玉米季NP、NK、NPK处理外,其他各处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm深处土壤温度显著相关;而土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度间均未表现出显著相关性;除NPKM处理外,其他各处理土壤CO2或N2O排放通量与土壤水分间相关性均未达显著水平。     

Contributions of paraecologists and parataxonomists to research,conservation, and social development

Citizen science has been gaining momentum in the United States and Europe, where citizens are literate and often interested in science. However, in developing countries, which have a dire need for environmental data, such programs are slow to emerge, despite the large and untapped human resources in close proximity to areas of high biodiversity and poorly known floras and faunas. Thus, we propose that the parataxonomist and paraecologist approach, which originates from citizen‐based science, is well suited to rural areas in developing countries. Being a paraecologist or a parataxonomist is a vocation and entails full‐time employment underpinned by extensive training, whereas citizen science involves the temporary engagement of volunteers. Both approaches have their merits depending on the context and objectives of the research. We examined 4 ongoing paraecologist or parataxonomist programs in Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea, and southern Africa and compared their origins, long‐term objectives, implementation strategies, activities, key challenges, achievements, and implications for resident communities. The programs supported ongoing research on biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and management, and participants engaged in non‐academic capacity development in these fields. The programs in Southern Africa related to specific projects, whereas the programs in Costa Rica, India, and Papua New Guinea were designed for the long term, provided sufficient funding was available. The main focus of the paraecologists’ and parataxonomists’ activities ranged from collection and processing of specimens (Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea) or of socioeconomic and natural science data (India and Southern Africa) to communication between scientists and residents (India and Southern Africa). As members of both the local land user and research communities, paraecologists and parataxonomists can greatly improve the flow of biodiversity information to all users, from local stakeholders to international academia.     

A roadmap for knowledge exchange and mobilization research in conservation and natural resource management

Scholars across all disciplines have long been interested in how knowledge moves within and beyond their community of peers. Rapid environmental changes and calls for sustainable management practices mean the best knowledge possible is needed to inform decisions, policies, and practices to protect biodiversity and sustainably manage vulnerable natural resources. Although the conservation literature on knowledge exchange (KE) and knowledge mobilization (KM) has grown in recent years, much of it is based on context‐specific case studies. This presents a challenge for learning cumulative lessons from KE and KM research and thus effectively using knowledge in conservation and natural resources management. Although continued research on the gap between knowledge and action is valuable, overarching conceptual frameworks are now needed to enable summaries and comparisons across diverse KE‐KM research. We propose a knowledge‐action framework that provides a conceptual roadmap for future research and practice in KE/KM with the aim of synthesizing lessons learned from contextual case studies and guiding the development and testing of hypotheses in this domain. Our knowledge‐action framework has 3 elements that occur at multiple levels and scales: knowledge production (e.g., academia and government), knowledge mediation (e.g., knowledge networks, actors, relational dimension, and contextual dimension), and knowledge‐based action (e.g., instrumental, symbolic, and conceptual). The framework integrates concepts from the sociology of science in particular, and serves as a guide to further comprehensive understanding of knowledge exchange and mobilization in conservation and sustainable natural resource management.     

Conservation value of small reserves

The importance of large reserves has been long maintained in the scientific literature, often leading to dismissal of the conservation potential of small reserves. However, over half the global protected-area inventory is composed of protected areas that are <100 ha, and the median size of added protected area is decreasing. Studies of the conservation value of small reserves and fragments of natural area are relatively uncommon in the literature. We reviewed SCOPUS and WOK for studies on small reserve and fragment contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and fifty-eight taxon-specific studies were included in the review. Small reserves harbored substantial portions (upward of 50%) of regional species diversity for many taxa (birds, plants, amphibians, and small mammals) and even some endemic, specialist bird species. Unfortunately, small reserves and fragments almost always harbored more generalist and exotic species than large reserves. Community composition depended on habitat quality, surrounding land use (agricultural vs. urban), and reserve and fragment size, which presents opportunities for management and improvement. Small reserves also provided ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological pest control, and cultural services, such as recreation and improved human health. Limitations associated with small reserves, such as extinction debt and support of area-sensitive species, necessitate a complement of larger reserves. However, we argue that small reserves can make viable and significant contributions to conservation goals directly as habitat and indirectly by increasing landscape connectivity and quality to the benefit of large reserves. To effectively conserve biodiversity for future generations in landscapes fragmented by human development, small reserves and fragments must be included in conservation planning.     

太湖水-沉积物界面磷、pH及碱性磷酸酶的时空特征及相关性

于2011年3、6和9月通过对太湖不同营养化湖区的5个标准采样位点进行采样分析,探讨了界面沉积物间隙水和上覆水中磷含量、pH及碱性磷酸酶活性的时空分布特征及相关性。结果表明,上覆水及沉积物间隙水中的总磷（TP）、可溶性正磷酸盐（SAP）、pH及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性均表现出明显的空间异质性和季节变化趋势。间隙水总磷（PW-TP）、间隙水可溶性正磷酸盐（PW-SAP）高于上覆水,分别最高高出0．082、0．042mg·L-1;上覆水pH值高于间隙水pH值,最高高出O．35个单位;间隙水中碱性磷酸酶（PW-ALP）活性高于上覆水中碱性磷酸酶（W-ALP）活性,最高高出13．244μg·mL·h-1。TP、SAP、pH及ALP活性在3、6、9月份中均以16#样品最高,其中6月份16#样品PW-TP、PW-SAP、上覆水pH及PW-ALP活性分别O．527、0．132、7．46和61．090μg·mL·h-1。参数相关性分析结果表明,W-TP与W-SAP、W-pH显著相关。W-SAP与PW-TP、PW-SAP、W-ALP、PW-ALP均显著相关。PW-TP与PW-pH显著相关性,与PW-ALP活性存在一定的相关性,但不显著。PW-SAP与PW-ALP显著相关。     

三江平原典型环型湿地生物多样性

以三江平原典型环型湿地为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,结合野外调查,研究环型湿地生境多样性和物种多样性的现状及其形成原因,并探讨2者之间的关系。研究表明,三江平原环型湿地生境较为复杂,生境多样性高,生境多样性主要是由水文和地貌在不同层次的时空尺度上相互作用而形成和维持的;由环型湿地中心向边缘,湿地植物的丰富度指数和多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势,在塔头苔草(Carexcasiocaepa)群落处达到最大值,而漂筏苔草(Carexpseudocuraica)群落和沼柳-越菊柳(Salixbrachypoda Salixmyrtilloides)群落较低。湿地动物物种多样性丰富,大型土壤动物多样性与均匀性以芦苇-苔草群落为最高而其优势度最低,中小型土壤动物的均匀度和多样性以小叶章(Calamagrosticsangustifolia)沼泽化草甸最高而其优势度最低;三江平原环型湿地物种多样性和生境多样性关系密切。