洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响

讨论了洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响，认为湖体演变带来了诸如湖泊效应降低、洪涝灾害频繁、土壤潜育化严重、血吸虫病流行以及水产资源破坏等一系列生态环境问题，并提出了保护和改善湖区农业生态环境的对策与措施。     

沿庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响

讨论了洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响，认为湖体演变带来了诸如湖泊效应降低、洪涝灾害频繁、土壤潜育化严重、血吸虫病流行以及水产资源破坏等一系列生态环境问题，并提出了保护和改善湖区农业生态环境的对策与措施。     

农业生产活动对鄱阳湖区生态环境影响

鄱阳湖区是江西省重要商品粮基地，但其生态环境也有较为脆弱的一面。某些违反生态规律的农业生产活动导致该区生态环境的恶化。本文从围湖造田、湖区传统耕作制度、乡镇企业发展及农民环境意识淡薄等方面分析了它们对湖区生态环境的影响，并提出几点治理意见。     

湖南省农业生态环境建设的问题与对策

湖南作为长江流域重要的农业大省，在主要农产品产量大幅度增长的同时，农业生态环境中存在的问题仍然严重，生态环境整体上尚未根本好转。湖南生态环境中存在的问题主要有；灾害频率和强度提高；不适当的丘岗山地与坡耕地开发造成了严重的水土流失；环境污染日趋严重。文章结合已有研究工作，提出了湖南农业生态建设主攻方向和措施。作者认为，(1)加强水土流失治理，是减少水旱灾害的根本措施。水土流失治理的重点是综合开发潜力大、人类垦殖活动频繁、环境相对脆弱的丘陵地区。(2)要构建人地协调的高效农业生态系统。在丘岗山区，依据不同自然条件，构建高效农业生态系统。达到提高生产率并保护生态环境的目的；在平原湖区调整农业布局，实行避灾减灾种植制度。(3)要依靠科技进步，促进农业生态建设。     

山东省南四湖生态工程设计

以南水北调东线工程重点污染源控制点南四湖为例调查了湖区生态系统的现状，结果表明湖区污染状况较为严重，对南水北调水质安全造成威胁。为了保证调水工程顺利实施，设计切实可行的湖区生态系统恢复工程具有重要意义。依据现状调查结果，按照生态学和生态经济学的基本原理，以保证湿地生态系统结构与功能的完整性为主要目标，在对湖区进行重点规划的基础上，提出了重点地段生态工程建设的设计方案，并对方案的预期目标进行了讨论。     

太湖不同湖区生态系统健康评价方法研究

基于长期的监测资料，计算了表征湖泊生态系统健康的系统能（Ex）、系统能结构（Exs1）和生态缓冲容量（｜β｜）指标，以及湖泊营养状态指数（Its）。结果表明，太湖不同湖区生态系统健康状况差异明显，1998-2001年太湖典型湖区健康状况由好到差的相对顺序为：东太湖、贡湖和湖心区、梅梁湾、五里湖。在此基础上，提出了富营养化浅水湖泊生态系统健康指标阈值和湖泊系统能量健康指数（IEx）及其健康状况分级。经2002、2003年太湖不同湖区实测检验表明，所提出的湖泊系统能量健康指数及其健康状况分级适用于评价太湖不同湖区生态系统健康的区域分异状况。     

固城湖及其出入湖河道水质时空分布差异与历年变化趋势分析

于2012年7月至2013年7月采集固城湖及其出入湖河道水样,测定水体理化特征指标,探讨固城湖水质时空分布差异,并根据2001—2012年水质监测数据,利用PWQTrend 2010软件分析近年来固城湖及官溪河的水质变化趋势。结果表明:固城湖大湖区、港口河和漆桥河水质较好,丰水期处于轻度富营养化状态;小湖区、养殖区排污口、官溪河和胥河受纳污染负荷较大,丰水期处于中度富营养状态,而枯水期大、小湖区及出入湖河道都处于中营养状态。目前水质主要受氮磷污染的影响,主要污染源为水产养殖;2001—2012年官溪河和小湖区总体上属于Ⅲ~Ⅳ类水质,大湖区则属于Ⅲ类水质,受高淳社会经济发展和环境保护措施的影响,官溪河总氮、总磷浓度呈显著下降趋势,小湖区总氮浓度,大湖区总氮、总磷浓度都呈显著上升趋势,因此合理规划养殖业发展规模和模式,减少各类污染源排放量,是保证固城湖可持续发展的必要措施。     

太湖不同湖区生态系统健康评价方法研究

基于长期的监测资料,计算了表征湖泊生态系统健康的系统能(Ex)、系统能结构(Exst)和生态缓冲容量(|β|)指标,以及湖泊营养状态指数(Its)。结果表明,太湖不同湖区生态系统健康状况差异明显,1998—2001年太湖典型湖区健康状况由好到差的相对顺序为:东太湖、贡湖和湖心区、梅梁湾、五里湖。在此基础上,提出了富营养化浅水湖泊生态系统健康指标阈值和湖泊系统能量健康指数(IEx)及其健康状况分级。经2002、2003年太湖不同湖区实测检验表明,所提出的湖泊系统能量健康指数及其健康状况分级适用于评价太湖不同湖区生态系统健康的区域分异状况。     

洞庭湖区的湖垸农业与可持续发展对策

在调查分析洞庭湖区围湖垦殖和湖垸农业形成的历史的基础上，归纳了湖垸农业面临的生态环境问题：洪涝灾害发生频率加大；水面减少，生物多样性降低；环境污染严重，湿地生态功能衰退；土壤退化和潜育化严重；血吸虫病死灰复燃。并结合已有的经验，提出了湖垸农业可持续发展的对策措施：认真实施生态保护工程，减少泥沙淤积；调整湖垸农业结构，建立有利于避灾、减灾新模式；退田还湖，发展替代农业，发展莲藕、籽藕、茭白等水生经济植物种植；与企业结合，发展油菜、马铃薯、亚麻等工业原料作物；利用欧美杨耐涝性强的特点，在地势较高的季节性淹没的洲滩地，发展以林为主的林农复合经营模式，湖洲草地发展草食畜禽替代模式。     

太湖不同湖区无机氮转化潜力

采集太湖梅梁湾和东太湖的水样和积物,在实验室内模拟研究不同湖区水体中溶解性无机氮(DIN)短期内的转化潜力.研究结果表明,太湖藻型湖区(梅梁湾)和草型湖区(东太湖)水体中存在着强烈的硝化作用,NH 4-N和NO3-N含量之间表现出显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),NH 4-N质量浓度下降速率为0.08～0.19 mg·L-1·d-1.在同样的试验条件下,藻型湖区硝化速率高于草型湖区.NH 4-N初始浓度越高则硝化速率也越高,不添加外源氮时硝化速率随着时间的推移而逐渐降低.藻型湖区的反硝化作用强于草型湖区.室内模拟试验20 d后,沉积物中TN含量平均下降了3.7%,东太湖水样中平均下降26.7%,梅梁湾平均下降42.2%.湖泊沉积物是进行反硝化作用的重要场所.短期内DIN的转化潜力反映了不同湖区氮素转化速率,也反映了不同生态类型水体对湖泊氮素转化的影响.     

Researches on Türkoğlu Gavur Lake in Kahramanmaraş-Turkey and some projections from past to future

Gavur Lake, takes place on the Saghk Plain in the south of Turkoglu subprovince in Kahramanmaras, was one of the most important places, that was available in the past time, south of our homeland. Gavur Lake represents the northest point of the bird immigration route that extends to Victoria Lake in Africa together with Emen and Amik Lakes dried locate on more south. Gavur Lake had been dried because of the some reasons those were being the marsh inn time by without oxygen cycle and emerging the situation of the microorganisms those were big threat for human health and to provide land in 1950's for the people of immigrants in Turkoglu. Presently, the big part of the Gavur Lake has dried. Drying activities are continuing. Whereas, Gavur Lake have all the conditions of the Ramsar Accord. With the improving of the Turkoglu reed bed the local people will earn more money by tourism than agricultural. Otherwise, the future of the Gavur Lake is going to be like Amik Lake.     

武汉东湖近代沉积物中总氮、总磷与生物硅沉积与营养演化的动态过程

选择富营养化程度较高的武汉东湖作为研究对象,于2011年对其中4个子湖湖心的沉积物进行了采集,并分析了沉积物中总氮、总磷与生物硅含量。结果表明：对照东湖沉积速率（约0.33 cm·a-1）,在底层41～50 cm（1860—1890年）与31～40 cm（1890—1920年）,东湖4处子湖氮、磷、硅基本为湖泊自然沉积;在中层21～30 cm（1920—1950年）,人类活动有所增强,沉积有所变化;表层沉积物0～10 cm（1980—2010年）、11～20 cm（1950—1980年）中氮、磷、硅沉积普遍上升,这一时期对应着东湖人类干扰活动的普遍增加。对东湖4个子湖的沉积物氮、磷与硅的对比研究表明：人类活动增加了对东湖氮、磷的排放,促进了东湖硅藻的生长及硅的消耗,东湖不同子湖之间氮、磷、硅的沉积存在着明显差异,这可能与人类活动的影响差异有关。     

Elemental Analysis of Waters and Sediments by External Beam PIXE Part 1. Vegoritis Lake,Greece

Lake Vegoritis, in the northwestern part of Greece, accepts the pollutants of the municipal and industrial activities in the area (lignite burning power plants and a nitrogen fertilizer factory). The PIXE external beam technique was used for the elemental analysis of water and sediment samples in order to determine the load of metals in the lake and obtain information for managing its environment. From our results it is deduced that the anthropogenic activities in the drainage basin do not have so far any significant impact on the Vegoritis Lake, as far as the elements studied are concerned. However, there is indication that other pollutants are introduced, mainly along the Solou stream, which cause precipitation of the metals.     

Elemental Analysis of Waters and Sediments by External Beam PIXE Part 1. Vegoritis Lake, Greece

Lake Vegoritis, in the northwestern part of Greece, accepts the pollutants of the municipal and industrial activities in the area (lignite burning power plants and a nitrogen fertilizer factory). The PIXE external beam technique was used for the elemental analysis of water and sediment samples in order to determine the load of metals in the lake and obtain information for managing its environment. From our results it is deduced that the anthropogenic activities in the drainage basin do not have so far any significant impact on the Vegoritis Lake, as far as the elements studied are concerned. However, there is indication that other pollutants are introduced, mainly along the Solou stream, which cause precipitation of the metals.     

近17年鄱阳湖区景观格局动态变化研究

通过对1989、1999和2006年3期遥感影像进行解译,借助ARCGIS、FRAGSTATS等软件对鄱阳湖区近17年景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明：近17年湖区景观空间结构在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生显著变化。从景观水平上看,湖区整体景观的破碎化程度不断增大,各斑块类型在空间上的分布趋于均匀和分散,景观中斑块的形状渐趋不规则,复杂程度加大。在斑块类型水平上,研究区水体的破碎化程度增加,斑块向着小型化方向发展,斑块之间的结合度降低,形状逐渐变得复杂,水体斑块之间的水力联系减弱;草地和林地的空间结构相对稳定,变化并不显著;耕地虽然是研究区的优势景观类型,但在近17年间,其优势地位被逐渐削弱,破碎化程度也在逐渐加大,斑块形状的规则性降低,各斑块之间的分离性加大;滩地的变化主要受水文情势和泥沙淤积的影响,破碎化程度经历了先加大、后降低的过程,最大斑块面积有所增大;建设用地的变化最为明显,其破碎化程度也有所加大,但斑块间的连接程度相对研究初期有所增加;未利用地是研究区面积最小的景观类型,其景观破碎化程度则有所降低,斑块形状也渐趋简单。     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物酶活性及其与富营养化的关系

为揭示富营养化湖泊沉积物营养物分解合成过程的生物化学机制,研究了长江中下游6个浅水湖泊沉积物氮、磷、有机质和铵氮含量,水解酶、氧化还原酶活性,微生物种类与数量及之间的关系.结果表明:大通湖、珊珀湖、赛城湖和军山湖等养殖型湖泊,污染严重,其沉积物脲酶活性明显高于污染程度轻的大型湖泊鄱阳湖和洞庭湖,且与沉积物总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)含量呈极显著正相关(r=885,P<0.01;r=0.900,P<0.01);沉积物碱性磷酸酶(APA)活性与总磷(TP)含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.986,P<0.01).湖泊沉积物过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶与过氧化物酶活性变化趋势相近,分布状况与湖泊污染程度、人类活动干扰程度等紧密相连.湖泊沉积物微生物以细菌为主,放线菌次之,真菌最少.各湖泊氨化细菌数量差异较小,而反硝化细菌数量差异较大,反硝化细菌可能是导致该区域湖泊沉积物氮素累积的重要生物指示因子,可以作为反映湖泊富营养化程度的生物指示因子.     

中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?     

Water environmental planning and management at the watershed scale: A case study of Lake Qilu, China

Water environmental planning and management has become essential for guiding the water pollution control activities. Past water pollution control activities have been site specific, with little thought on water quality standard reaching at the watershed scale. Based on the watershed approach, a seven-step methodological framework for water environmental planning and management was developed. The framework was applied to water environmental planning and management of the Lake Qilu watershed in Yunnan Province, China. Results show that the reduction amount of total nitrogen (TN) under the plan is 1,205 tons per year so that the target of environmental capacity can be reached in 2020. Compared with traditional methods, the framework has its prevalence and could be generalized to analogous watersheds.     

白洋淀沉积物中磷的存在形态及垂直变化规律研究

湖泊沉积物中磷的含量及其形态分布是影响湖泊营养化进程的极为重要因素,对研究湖泊营养化等环境问题具有重要意义。采用化学连续提取分析法,对白洋淀环淀中村水域不同地点的沉积物中磷的形态及其在垂直方向上的变化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区域内,环淀中村水域表层沉积物总磷（TP）质量分数在544.424～608.197mg·kg-1之间,无机磷（IP）是沉积物中磷的主要形态,有机磷（OP）质量分数较小,约占10%～27%,无机磷中钙磷（Ca-P）占的比例相对较大,在质量分数上约占75.8%～94.1%。从各形态磷质量分数的变化范围来看,Ca-P〉OP〉Fe/Al-P;人类活动对湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其水平和垂向变化影响很大。     

Elucidation of ecosystem attributes of an oligotrophic lake in Hokkaido,Japan, using Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE)

The fishing practices in the oligotrophic Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan, have profound implications in the ecosystem sustainability. The status of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population has become a serious concern among the lake managers and policy makers during the last decades. While the decline of the sockeye salmon population has been well documented in Lake Toya, there is considerable uncertainty with regards to the impact on the broader system dynamics. In this study, our objective is to address this knowledge gap by undertaking a synthesis of the Lake Toya food web using the mass-balance modeling software Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE). Our primary research question is to examine the repercussions of the declining sockeye salmon population on the trophic dynamics of the lake. Namely, we assess if there are any competing species that might have benefited from the decrease of sockeye salmon standing biomass and to what extent do these changes propagate through the Lake Toya food web? Our analysis pinpoints the critical role of the Japanese smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis) in the system, which demonstrates a wide range of effects on several functional groups at both higher and lower trophic levels in Lake Toya. In particular, being a substantial portion of the masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and adult sockeye salmon diets, the Japanese smelt has a positive impact on the top predators of the system. Amphipods, insects, and shrimp strongly benefit from the autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter in the system, while the tight coupling between phytoplankton and zooplankton seems to be particularly critical for the integrity of the Lake Toya food web. Whereas the values of the different ecosystem attributes (e.g., primary production/biomass, biomass/total throughput, system omnivory index, amount of recycled throughput, Finn's cycling index) provide evidence that Lake Toya is an immature system, we note that the internal redundancy and the system overhead estimates suggest that the lake possesses substantial reserves to overcome external perturbations. We also examined the effects of a variety of fishing policies on the biomass of masu salmon and adult sockeye salmon, which verify the belief that the adult sockeye population is quite fragile with high likelihood to collapse. Our analysis also predicts that sockeye will not rebound unless the fishing pressure exerted is substantially reduced (>50% of the reference levels used). Masu salmon seems to benefit under all the scenarios examined indicating that the intensity of the current fishing activities is significantly lower than its biomass accumulation rate in the system.