淹没复合式膜生物反应器技术

综述了膜生物反应器技术进展并分析，阐述了其优特点，提出了新型的淹没复合式膜生物反应器（SHMBR）以及用于污水处理和回用的工艺，从水处理工艺学，流体力学，水微生物学方面论述了其所具的特点，说明了淹没复合式膜生物反应器是一种高效，低耗，资源化的污水生物反应器，指出了今后需研究的问题。     

强化生物除磷系统的微生物学及生化特性研究进展

综述了强化生物除磷(Enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR)系统的微生物学和生化特性两方面的最新研究进展.在微生物学方面,归纳了EBPR系统中的主要微生物——聚磷菌、聚糖菌、反硝化聚磷菌的分类及相互之间的竞争和联系.具有聚磷功能的微生物种类繁多,目前普遍认为Accumulibacter是一种典型的聚磷菌,在各种规模的EBPR系统中均不同程度的存在.关于聚磷菌和聚糖菌的联系、反硝化聚磷菌的分类问题存在争论.在生化特性方面,归纳了聚磷菌体内三大聚合物——糖原、聚β-羟基烷酸脂和聚合磷酸盐与聚磷菌代谢功能的关系.聚磷菌厌氧阶段的还原力由糖酵解和有机底物TCA循环共同提供,其比例受种群结构和实验条件影响.糖原根据不同菌株厌氧阶段的降解途径有所不同,但是对细胞都起到调节氧化平衡的作用.聚β-羟基烷酸脂的组成由有机底物决定,丙酸为底物时4种单体均可检测出来.聚磷菌厌氧释磷的能量来自聚磷分解和糖原分解,耗能受环境条件影响.图5表3参37     

油藏厌氧微生物研究进展

地下深层油藏是独特的缺氧环境,目前还没有直接的微生物学证据表明油藏中存在真正意义上的“本源微生物”,但经注水开发后的油藏中确实蕴藏着复杂的微生物区系.油藏性质决定了油藏厌氧微生物特殊的群落结构,而油藏微生物的作用也可以改变油藏的理化及地质学特性.油藏中厌氧微生物按生理类群主要可分为发酵细菌、硝酸盐还原菌、铁还原菌、硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷古菌.本文综述了国内外近年来油藏微生物学的研究进展,简述了微生物分子生态学在油藏微生物学研究中的应用,并对当前的研究提出了一些思考.图1参37     

实时控制技术在污水生物处理中的研究进展

针对目前污水处理厂采用固定时间控制策略所暴露出的问题，从污水生物处理反应机理上分析了溶解氮（DO），氧化还原电位（ORP）和pH值作为污水生物处理实时控制参数的可行性，得出污水处理过程中反应器内DO，ORP和pH的变化可以间接反应有机物降解和脱氮除磷过程，因此，在理论上可以应用DO，ORP和pH作为实时控制参数控制污水处理过程，综述了当前国内外应用DO，ORP和pH作为实时控制参数控制污水处理过程的研究进展，并分析了目前我国在此研究方向存在的问题，指出进一步加强对污水处理实时控制技术应用基础研究的必要性和紧迫性，并使其与智能控制技术相结合，最终实现污水处理自动化，参27     

两相厌氧消化工艺处理有机废水的进展和应用

两相厌氧消化工艺是近年来发展很快的一种处理有机废水的新技术.本文介绍了该技术的微生物学原理和基本特点,总结了国内外的研究和应用现状,简要分析了该技术的研究动态.     

中国东部县域农村污水处理工艺效果评估

近年来中国农村地区的经济、社会发展迅速,但仍有超过90％的农村地区缺乏基础排水管网和污水处理设施．足量且高效的污水处理设施是遏制地表水体水质恶化的关键所在．农村污水的分布分散、水量和水质变化范围大等特征,使得传统集中式污水处理工艺较难在农村地区推广．分散式污水处理工艺受管网、地形、规模等因素的影响较低且涵盖多种类型,可根据实际情况灵活选择、设计,已在美洲、欧洲、东亚等地区得以广泛应用．我国农村地区污水处理设施的规划、设计、建设虽起步较晚,但在东部地区进展迅速,已建成了多种类型、规模的农村污水处理设施,但这些设施大多缺乏日常的水质监测．因此,系统地调查评估农村地区污水处理设施的净化效果不仅可为我国村镇污水处理设施的规划、建设提供技术借鉴,也能为分散型污水处理设施出水标准的建立提供数据支持．     

我国农业污水处理技术的现状与处理方式

在介绍了目前我国农业污水的来源,主要特征和排放现状的基础上,简述我国农业污水处理技术研究动态,重点对近几年我国农业污水处理技术的研究及应用进展进行阐述,同时对处理技术及工艺优缺点进行了分析.探讨了农业污水处理的难点,处理所面临的问题,提出了在设计和选择农业污水处理技术时应注意的问题,对今后农业污水治理的政策,法规及技术发展的方向提出了建议.表3,参21.     

复合介质生物滤器处理农家乐污水

近年来,农家乐的迅速发展使区域污水排放量明显增加,对周边环境造成的污染也越来越大,已成为农村环境保护中亟待解决的问题之一。由于农家乐分布分散,污水量变化大,故难以用常规方法处理。构建了复合介质生物滤器,研究该反应器在农家乐污水处理中的效果。试验结果表明,该装置对COD平均去除率达90%以上,TN达80%以上,TP达70%以上;对氮、磷去除途径分析表明,氨氮的去除主要依赖于硝化/反硝化作用,沸石填料对氨氮的吸附效应强化了这一过程;磷的去除主要依赖于介质的固定。在填料中添加竹颗粒除了可以降低投资成本外,还可起到稳定COD并提高磷去除率的作用。复合介质生物滤器在污水处理过程中不需要动力且管理方便,是一种具有良好实用性的农家乐污水处理技术。     

市政污水处理系统中不同工艺段多氟/全氟烷基化合物（PFASs）的赋存、转化和去除

全氟烷基化合物（per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）是一类由有机氟疏水烷基链和亲水端基组成的人工合成化合物.由于它们在工业生产和生活中的广泛使用，在过去的几十年中，它们在全球污水处理厂中均被检出.目前，关于市政污水处理系统中PFASs的研究主要包括赋存水平、转化过程和去除技术三方面.本文系统概括了多种PFASs在市政污水处理系统不同工艺段中的赋存、转化和去除情况，并对不同工艺段PFASs的赋存和转化规律进行了深入讨论.分析了PFASs的结构特征对于其在市政污水处理系统不同工艺段赋存、转化和去除的影响机制.基于此，提出了目前研究所面临的问题和未来研究需要重点考虑的方向.同时，总结归纳了不同水处理技术对PFASs的去除效率，以及现有技术所存在的问题、面临的挑战以及未来的发展前景，以期为后续研究提供参考.     

铝盐混凝剂去除水溶液中HPAM的机理研究

本文在聚合物采油污水混凝试验研究的基础上，研究了铝盐混凝剂去除水中聚丙烯酰胺的过程与机理，通过分析铝盐作用下ＨＰＡＭ水溶液的水质组成变化，以及反应沉淀物的形态结构，提出了ＨＰＡＭ在羟基铝离子作用下的交联反应模式，并研究了铝盐的形态对ＨＰＡＭ去除的影响。为混凝技术在油田聚合物采油污水处理上的应用提供了理论依据。     

The main anammox-based processes,the involved microbes and the novel process concept from the application perspective

• The PNA, denitratation/anammox, and DAMO/anammox process are reviewed together. • Denitratation/anammox-based process is promising in mainstream treatment. • DAMO and denitratation processes realize the higher nitrogen removal efficiency. • The utilization of metabolism diversity of functional microbe is worth exploring. • An effective waste treatment system concept is proposed. Anammox technology has been widely researched over the past 40-year from the laboratory-scale to full-scale. It is well-known that in actual applications, the solo application of anammox is not feasible. Since both ammonium and nitrite are prerequisites based on the reaction mechanism, the pre-treatment of wastewater is necessary. With the combination of anammox process and other pre-treatment processes to treat the actual wastewater, many types of anammox-based processes have been developed with distinct nitrogen removal performance. Thus, in order to heighten the awareness of researchers to the developments and accelerate the application of these processes to the treatment of actual wastewater, the main anammox-based processes are reviewed in this paper. It includes the partial nitritation/anammox process, the denitratation/anammox (PD/A) process, the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation/anammox (DAMO/A) process, and more complex deuterogenic processes. These processes have made the breakthroughs in the application of the anammox technology, such as the combination of nitrification and PD/A process can achieve stability and reliability of nitrogen removal in the treatment of mainstream wastewater, the PD/A process and the DAMO/A have brought about further improvements in the total nitrogen removal efficiency of wastewater. The diversity of functional microbe characteristics under the specific condition indicate the wide application potential of anammox-based processes, and further exploration is necessary. A whole waste treatment system concept is proposed through the effective allocation of above mentioned processes, with the maximum recovery of energy and resources, and minimal environmental impact.     

新型膜分离技术及其工业中的应用

用膜法来处理废水有高效、低能耗和易操作处理效率高的优点,而且有利于回收废液中的物质,在水处理中有着广阔的应用前景.在介绍常规和新型膜分离技术的基础上,对新型膜分离技术在工业中的发展及应用进行了综述.     

Recent advances in membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment in China

Since the introduction of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) in China in the early 1990s, remarkable progress has been achieved on the research and application of this technology. China has now become one of the most active fields in the world in this regard. This review outlines the development of MBR-based processes in China and their performance of treating municipal and industrial wastewaters. Since membrane fouling is a critical operational problem with MBR processes, this paper also proposes updated understanding of fouling mechanisms and strategies of fouling control, which are mainly compiled from publications of Chinese researchers. As for the commercial application of MBR in the country, the latest statistics of large-scale MBR plants (>10000 m³·d⁻¹) are provided, and the growth trend of total treatment capacity as well as its driving force is analyzed.     

高级氧化技术去除水中碘代X射线造影剂研究进展

碘代X射线造影剂在医学上的大量使用导致其在水环境中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成巨大威胁。传统的污水处理技术对碘代X射线造影剂去除效果不佳,应用高级氧化技术去除水中碘代X射线造影剂成为研究热点。本文系统分析了水环境中碘代X射线造影剂的理化性质、来源、危害及污染现状。综述了声化学氧化、光催化、过硫酸盐活化、芬顿和电化学等5种高级氧化技术对碘代X射线造影剂的去除效果、机理及影响因素等,并指出了各自应用优势和限制,最后对高级氧化技术应用于碘代X射线造影剂的研究提出多种单一高级氧化技术协同降解的展望。     

Increasing significance of advanced physical/chemical processes in the development and application of sustainable wastewater treatment systems

The awareness of the problem of the scarcity of water of high quality has strongly changed the approach of wastewater treatment. Currently, there is an increasing need for the beneficial reuse of treated wastewater and to recover valuable products and energy from the wastewater. Because microbiological treatment methods are, only to a limited part, able to satisfy these needs, the role and significance of physical/chemical processes in wastewater treatment are gaining more and more interest. The specific future role and aim of the various physical/chemical treatment processes can be categorized in five groups: improvement of the performance of microbiological treatment processes, achievement of the high quality required for reuse of the effluent, recovery of valuable components and energy from the wastewater for beneficial reuse, desalination of brackish water and seawater, and treatment of concentrated liquid or solid waste residues produced in a wastewater treatment process. Development of more environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment chains in which physical/chemical processes play a crucial role, also requires application of process control and modeling strategies. This is briefly introduced by the elaboration of treatment scenarios for three specific wastewaters.     

强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中自由基的产生与利用研究进展

高锰酸钾在水处理行业中的应用已趋于成熟,但与臭氧、芬顿及其他高级氧化技术相比,高锰酸钾与难降解有机污染物的反应速率较低,需要与其它方法联用来强化自身的氧化能力.近年来随着对强化高锰酸钾氧化机理研究的不断深入,人们发现该体系中产生的自由基对有机污染物的降解有显著的促进作用.为此本文综述了强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中各类无机与有机自由基的产生路径和促进有机污染物降解的机制,提出了后续的研究展望,以期为强化高锰酸钾氧化技术的进一步推广提供理论依据.     

Engineering application of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment in China: Current state and future prospect

China has been the forerunner of large-scale membrane bioreactor （MBR） application. Since the first large-scale MBR （≥ 10 000 m^3·d^-1） was put into operation in 2006, the engineering implementation of MBR in China has attained tremendous development. This paper outlines the commercial application of MBR since 2006 and provides a variety of engineering statistical data, covering the fields of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment. The total treatment capacity of MBRs reached 1× 10^6 m^3·d^-1 in 2010, and has currently exceeded 4.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 with -75% of which pertaining to municipal wastewater treatment. The anaerobic/anoxic/aerobie-MBR and its derivative processes have been the most popular in the large-scale municipal application, with the process features and typical ranges of parameters also presented in this paper. For the treatment of various types of industrial wastewater, the configurations of the MBR-based processes are delineated with representative engineering cases. In view of the significance of the cost issue, statistics of capital and operating costs are also provided, including cost structure and energy composition. With continuous stimulation from the environmental stress, political propulsion, and market demand in China, the total treatment capacity is expected to reach 7.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 by 2015 and a further expansion of the market is foreseeable in the next five years. However, MBR application is facing several challenges, such as the relatively high energy consumption. Judging MBR features and seeking suitable application areas should be of importance for the long-term development of this technology.     

超临界流体萃取在研究土壤和沉积物结合态残留中的应用

许多有机污染物在土壤和沉积物中形成持久稳定的结合态残留；结合态残留对土壤和沉积物的解毒过程、污染物长期分配行为、生物可用性和生物毒性都具有重要影响。为了揭示结合态残留的形成机制及其对污染物环境行为和毒理学参数的影响，从土壤或沉积物中提取出不同结合状态的有机污染物就显得非常重要。超临界流体萃取(SFE)可以实现选择性萃取，从而得到有关污染物一基体间相互作用的信息。文章介绍了SFE应用类型、超临界流体种类以及影响SFE萃取率的因素，对SFE模拟有机污染物长期吸附／解吸行为和生物可用性研究进行了论述，并认为SFE势必发展成为土壤或沉积物中结合态残留形成机理研究、土壤修复和生态风险评价的一种强有力的技术。     

膜技术在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的应用

介绍了膜技术应用在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的运行效果及成本分析的实例。将连续膜过滤技术（CMF）用于反渗透的预处理,采用微滤膜在线连续反冲洗技术,成功解决了传统中空纤维膜易堵塞,不能连续工作的难题,保证了系统连续稳定运行。采用一级二段式RO（反渗透）系统,产水率65%,制备纯水180 m3/d,既提高了产水率也可满足生产用水要求。将抑菌剂、阻垢剂、在线监测和控制系统等关键技术,系统性、集成性引入连续微滤和反渗透装置,为其应用于废水脱盐深度处理提供支撑和保障。