兰州市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子研究

本文对兰州市不同季节大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要理化特性及其与降水的关系进行了研究，认为大气颗粒物中水溶性离子是当地降水中ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｃｌ＾－等主要离子的来源。在１３种被测的水溶物中，ＳＯ４＾２－和Ｃａ＾２＋离子所占比例较高，分别占总离子的３１．４％和２７．８％，年均浓度值为１０．７２μｇ／ｍ＾３和３．９６μｇ／ｍ＾３。同时大气颗粒物中水溶物浓度与ＳＯ２，ＴＳＰ等大气污染物浓度之间也     

大气有机污染物的吸附剂富集—超临界流体萃取—色质联用分析

本文研究了有机吸附剂ＧＤＸ－１０１１，ＧＤＸ－１０２，ＧＤＸ－５０２富集大气中痕量有机污染物的超临界流全萃取方法，比较了三种吸附剂富集大气中有机物的主要成分其超临界流体的萃取效率，并与索钉抽提法做了对比，结果表明，ＧＤＸ－５０２吸附有机物组分最多，超临界流体萃取对ＧＤＸ－５０２的解吸效率也最高，对被ＧＤＸ－５０２吸附的可以定量分析的３５种有机物的平均回收率为８４．５－１０８．９％，相对标准偏差为１     

广州大坦沙污水处理厂有机物的去除及其向空气中的排放

对广州大胆浙江省污水处理厂各工艺阶段污水中挥发性有机物的测试表明,进水中主要有害ＶＯＣｓ为苯系物和卤代烃;进水和出水比较,苯,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的去除率接近１００％,污水中几种主要卤代烃的去除效率范围为７９％－８９％。     

福建省沿海地区海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用

本文着重研究福建省沿海地区盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用,从源排放估算、致酸前体物观测、大气气溶胶组成分析、降水离子特征分析四个层次进行讨论,结果表明ＨＣｌ人为排放源仅占ＳＯ２,ＮＯｓ的４％;大气中活性氯;ＨＣｌ最大浓度为４．２３μｇ／ｍ＾－３,Ｃｌ２最大浓度为３．９７μｇ．ｍ＾－３,气溶胶中Ｃｌ＾－／Ｎａ＾＋比和降水中Ｃｌ／Ｎａ＾＋比背离,降水中过量氯与Ｈ浓度呈现正相关,过量氯对Ｈ浓度最大贡献达３     

大气颗粒苯溶物及其某些污染影响的研究

本文用色谱一质谱联用法在大气颗粒的苯溶物中鉴定出主要有机物约70种,包括饱和烃、含氧有机物、乡环芳烃和杂环化合物。用Ame’s法检验出苯溶物既有直接致突变性,又有代谢致突变性。并得出大气中苯溶物对能见度有一定的影响。同时发现,在远离污染源的广域城市大气中,苯溶物的浓度与致突变异性和能见度在本实验范围内均近似的呈线性关系。     

北京市典型城区环境空气中苯系物的污染特征、来源分析与健康风险评价

自2013年6月以来,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪在北京市典型城区开展了环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的连续观测,选取2014年4个季节中各1个月的苯系物在线数据,分析了其浓度水平、变化特征、光化学反应活性,利用美国环保署(US EPA)提出的健康风险评价方法开展了有毒有害苯系物物种的健康风险评价,结合来源分析结果,明确北京市应重点控制的苯系物污染来源。研究区观测期间环境空气中16种苯系物的质量浓度为(22.64±16.83)μg·m-3,且具有秋季冬季春季夏季的特点,其中BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度为(19.27±14.46)μg·m-3,占苯系物浓度水平的41.09%~95.16%。研究区观测期间苯系物质量浓度夜间高于日间,日变化呈V字形,在13:00—15:00时质量浓度低。16种苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的范围为66.62~170.67μg·m-3,其中间+对二甲苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯的OFP值相对较大;二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)的范围为0.71~1.86μg·m-3,其中甲苯、间+对二甲苯和乙苯的SOAFP值相对较大。研究区观测期间6种苯系物(BTEX和苯乙烯)的危害指数在8.19E-03~5.01E-02之间,在4个季节中对暴露人群尚不存在非致癌性风险;而Ⅰ类致癌物质苯的风险值处于7.13E-08~8.13E-06之间,在夏、秋和冬季对研究区暴露人群的人体健康均存在潜在的致癌性风险。来源分析结果表明,研究区春、秋季苯系物主要来源于机动车尾气的排放,其中春季还受到溶剂等挥发的影响,夏、冬季苯系物则主要来自于燃煤源。     

沈阳市大气中苯并[a]芘的环境特征

通过1996－2000年对沈阳市大气中苯并[a]芘的连续监测，结果表明：沈阳市大气中苯并[a]芘的污染程度不容乐观。大气中苯并[a]芘有明显的季节变化，夏季＜秋（春季）＜冬季；采暖期＞非采暖期。大气中BaP在工业区的含量最高，其次是居民区，商业区、文化区和清洁区。生活燃煤污染、工业污染和扬尘污染是沈阳市大气中BaP的主要来源，同时受到交通废气排放的影响较大，区域环境背景中BaP对大气中BaP的作用也十分明显。     

南京市典型交通区与背景区春季大气中VOCs的污染水平与日变化趋势

于2014年春季使用Tedlar气袋采集南京市典型交通区与背景区的大气样品,参照美国EPA TO-15方法共检出30种挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分,研究了典型区域的VOCs污染特征与日变化趋势。结果表明,交通区ρ(VOCs)范围为122.58!236.97μg·m-3,平均值为(149.31±36.70)μg·m-3;背景区ρ(VOCs)范围为27.24!54.68μg·m-3,平均值为(43.29±10.53)μg·m-3。从污染物类型来看,烯烃、芳烃、卤代烃和酯类化合物是空气中的主要污染物。交通区空气中VOCs以苯系物为主,质量浓度范围为18.72!41.28μg·m-3,平均值为(25.39±7.63)μg·m-3,苯系物浓度日变化高峰出现在9:00、12:00和18:00,与道路车流量密切相关;而背景区苯系物浓度偏低,且无明显的变化趋势。对交通区苯系物各组分进行主成分分析发现,苯、乙苯、对,间-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、4-乙基甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯和1,2,4-三甲苯是主要的贡献因子,汽车尾气是交通区苯系物污染的主要来源。     

贵阳市大气挥发性有机物的初步分析

本文对贵阳市大气挥发性有机物进行了初步分析研究.采用罐采样方法在贵阳市采集了环境空气样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC/Dean-switch/FID/FID技术,分析了59种大气光化学活性挥发性有机物,并计算了各组分的臭氧生成潜势及羟基自由基消耗速率.结果表明,贵阳市大气挥发性有机物的平均体积分数为(23.06±17. 85)×10~(-9),其中丙烷的体积分数最大.贵阳市不同类别大气挥发性有机物的占比为:烷烃(58.77%)苯系物(16.41%)人为源烯烃(10.84%)炔烃(8.86%)植物源排放VOCs(BVOC)(5.12%),不同功能区大气VOCs的组成特征存在一定差异.贵阳市大气挥发性有机物的总臭氧生成潜势为91.51×10-9(体积分数),其中苯系物对总臭氧生成潜势的贡献最大(约占38%);贵阳市大气挥发性有机物总的羟基自由基消耗速率为6.15 s-1,烯烃类对总的羟基自由基消耗速率的贡献最大.     

某复合化工污染场地不同介质有机物污染特征层次分析

为全面多层次了解污染场地有机物污染特征,本研究选取生产过农药和涂料产品的某复合污染场地为研究对象,分析该场地不同区域环境空气、土壤气以及土壤等3种介质中有机物污染特征,比较了不同区域不同介质中有机物的存在差异,同时对不同深度土壤及土壤气进行了污染特征分析.结果表明,场地有机物成分复杂,环境空气、土壤气和土壤的3种介质中共检出354种物质,土壤中检出物质数量多达177种,环境空气90种物质,土壤气共检出153种物质.从物质种类组成来看,主要为苯系物、含氧有机物、烷烯烃以及含卤有机物（主要是含氯有机物）;该场地环境空气存在较为严重的挥发性有机物污染,场地不同区域环境空气TVOCs浓度高于国内主要城市城区和部分工业区检测值,涂料环境1#VOCs污染最严重,苯系物和含氧有机物是主要的浓度组成物质,多来自于涂料和农药生产中使用的有机溶剂.不同区域不同深度土层土壤气中挥发性有机物污染程度不同,就不同区域而言,原农药区浓度最高(19.27 mg·m^-3),涂料区1#浓度最低(13.41 mg·m^-3);不同土层土壤气VOCs污染程度不同,涂料区两个区域2 ...     

广州大坦沙污水处理厂挥发有机物的去除及其向空气中的排放

对广州大坦沙污水处理厂各工艺阶段污水中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的测试表明,进水中主要有害VOCs为苯系物和卤代烃;进水和出水比较,苯 甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(合称BTEX) 的去除率接近100%,污水中几种主要卤代烃的去除效率范围为79%—89%.VOCs主要的去除作用发生在生物反应池,特别是厌氧阶段,本研究还对污水处理厂几种典型挥发有机物排放到周围空气中的量进行了理论估计,计算表明卤代烃进入空气中的比例高于BTEX.     

鹫峰国家森林公园大气中VOCs的组成与特点

采用TCT-GC/MS方法对鹫峰国家森林公园大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成进行分析,共检测到175种挥发性有机化合物,主要成分包括烷烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、酸类、醛类、酮类和萜烯类等七类,平均相对含量分别为48.11%,15.67%,17.28%,3.13%,3.17%,1.36%和1.45%;活动区中检测到的挥发性有机化合物种类最多,缓冲区次之,非活动区最少,这与每个区中人类活动的频率相一致.同时分析了大气中的VOCs的时空分布特点.     

Heavy metal and nutrient contamination of marine sediments in Hong Kong

A monitoring programme was performed to use marine sediments as an indicator of marine contamination in Hong Kong. A total of 51 samples were collected from eight marine sites and analysed for pH, redox potential, salinity, total‐N, total‐P, total organic carbon, and total Cu, Zn Pb, Cr and Cd. Sites with high industrial or aquacultural activities contained high total organic carbon contents, total‐N and total‐P contents. Sediments from sites with high industrial activities also enriched with heavy metals. Metal speciation results indicate that Cu and Cr existed mainly in the organic fraction, Pb and Zn were distributed approximately equally in both the organic and residual fractions while Cd mainly occurred in the residual fraction. The Cu, Cr and Zn contents were highly correlated with total organic carbon contents. All samples were classified as non‐acid forming according to the net acid generation test and only samples from the industrial site released a high concentration of heavy metals under a complete oxidising condition. The present study reveals that organic and heavy metal pollution is serious in the marine sediments of Hong Kong, and industrial and aquacultural activities are probably the major sources of contamination.     

Vehicle-related ammonia emissions in Hong Kong

Weekly passive sampling of ambient ammonia has been performed at ground or rooftop levels at 12 locations in Hong Kong representing different land use categories. The highest weekly average roadside level of ammonia in Hong Kong was 7.1 μg m⁻³ at a street canyon site. Ambient ammonia concentrations for a rooftop urban-residential site with nearby light traffic were <1 μg m⁻³, being less than at an adjacent road and indoor car-park. Rooftop levels of ammonia showed a significant correlation with nitrogen monoxide concentrations. Honeycomb denuder samplings were also carried out at the rooftop site and the results were consistent with passive sampling. It is concluded that the 0.54 M vehicles in Hong Kong make a considerable contribution to ambient ammonia concentrations, which are otherwise low.     

The rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata as an indicator of trace metals in Hong Kong

An urgent need for a sub-tropical and tropical indicator organism for use in the biological monitoring of pollutants is recognised. To this end, preliminary studies have been undertaken to test the indicator ability of the rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (=Crassostrea glomerata Gould) for monitoring the trace metals cadmium, copper, iron and zinc. A survey of these trace metals in rock oysters from 54 sites in Hong Kong waters revealed elevated levels of metals in several areas. Profiles of metal abundance in S. glomerata agreed substantially with the distribution of industrial and domestic discharges in Hong Kong, and also with patterns of contamination found in studies of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and of sediments. Application of POLYDIV statistical analysis to these data has aided their interpretation and confirmed the relationship between known areas of contamination and elevated metal levels in S. glomerata. This oyster, which exhibits an unusually great capacity to accumulate a range of elements from the ambient environment, thus appears to be a reliable indicator organism, and may be of great value in global monitoring studies.     

郑州市环境空气中VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

挥发性有机物（VOCs）不但是引发霾和光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要原因,达到一定浓度时还对人类健康造成威胁.为研究中原地区环境空气中VOCs 污染状况,探查VOCs 对人群健康产生的风险,以中原地区核心城市-郑州为代表,于2012年─2013 年间,在郑州市区内布点,以苏玛罐采样/气相色谱-质谱法分析测定了VOCs 的时空分布,并使用健康风险评价四步法进行健康风险评价.郑州市环境空气中VOCs 年均浓度分布特征：以烷烃和芳香烃为主,分别占总量的23.8%和19.5%;年平均质量浓度,芳香烃类为131 μg·m^-3、烷烃类为118 μg·m^-3,酮类为84.3 μg·m^-3、卤代烷烃类为67.8 μg·m-3;单体化合物以丙酮（66.2 μg·m-3）、乙醇（27.5 μ·m-3）、正十-烷（24.4 μg·m-3）和甲苯（17.2 μg·m-3）质量浓度最高,污染程度在国内居于中等水平.VOCs 季均浓度分布特征：夏季高于冬季,但各类化合物在两季的浓度差异较大.VOCs 日均浓度变化特征：烷烃类和芳烃类化合物于10：00 出现浓度峰值,浓度变化趋势与交通量变化具有相关性.健康风险评价结果为：非致癌风险大于1,会对人群健康造成-定的非致癌危害;苯、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯的致癌指数超过EPA 致癌风险值,但未超出OSHA 致癌风险.     

A 14-year measurement of toxic elements in atmospheric particulates in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2008

Toxic elements in the atmosphere can enter and accumulate in the human body, seriously impacting human health. In this study, we analyzed a 14-year （1995-2008） measurement of three toxic elements （As, Cd and Cr） in PMlo in Hong Kong, China. The pollution of these toxic elements in Hong Kong was not serious. The trend analysis showed that As and Cr in PM10 increased at a statistically significant level （p〈0.05） during the 14-year period, while the Cd in PM10 did not change significantly. Typical seasonal variations were observed for all three toxic elements, largely in relation to the Asian monsoon. Hourly 10-day backward trajectories were computed and cate- gorised into four groups. The continental air masses showed much higher concentrations of the three toxic elements than the marine air masses. The abundances of As and Cd in the PM10 were much higher in the continental air masses than those in the marine air masses, while the abundances of Cr showed an opposite pattern. The trends of the three toxic elements in East China＇s air mass were consistent with those in the overall data set ofHong Kong. Examination of the toxic element data recorded at urban sites and a roadside site also indicated a large contribution of external air masses to particulate As and Cd in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the long-range transport from the mainland of China is the dominant contributor to particulate As and Cd, while both local and long-distance sources determine the particulate Cr in Hong Kong.     

广州地区大气中挥发性有机物的污染状况

研究了广州市不同功能区VOCs的污染状况，以及广州地区外围主导风向通道上大气环境中臭氧前体物的种类和浓度分布，初步探讨了广州地区光化学污染来源。     

Source apportionment and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds in Lagos (Nigeria)

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the city air in Oba Akran road, Lagos were investigated. The chlorinated VOCs and xylene in Oba Akran were high. The average benzene/toluene ratio in Oba Akran was 1.7 suggesting that vehicular emission was a possible VOC source in most areas of Oba Akran. The toluene/(m+p-xylene) ratio also suggests a common source of toluene and xylene at these sites, presumably organic solvent used by industries located at Oba Akran. Our results showed that 7.10 tons of CO ₂ equivalents of VOCs are being emitted per year from Oba Akran. Xylenes were found to be the largest contributor to the ozone formation followed by trichloroethylene. A multivariate statistical analysis (Factor analysis extracted with Principal Component Analysis) has been applied to a set of data, and it was found that the main principal components, extracted from the air VOC pollution data, were related to gasoline and oil combustion/industrial activities.     

大气挥发性有机化合物环境基准研究进展与展望

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)中的许多物种对人体具有危害性,同时,VOCs对大气环境产生着重要的影响。目前我国部分区域大气VOCs污染已经十分严重,控制大气VOCs污染对于改善环境空气质量,保护人体健康具有重要意义。国际上许多国家或国际组织制定了大气VOCs环境基准或者发布了大气VOCs环境基准指导值,这对于加强VOCs污染控制及环境管理可以起到重要作用。我国尚未制定大气VOCs环境基准,亟待开展系统的研究工作。在综述国际大气VOCs环境基准研究进展,介绍当前我国大气VOCs环境基准研究情况的基础上,分析了我国大气VOCs环境基准的研究需求,并对今后的系统研究提出了建议。