1硝基芘与苯衍生物共存对斜生栅藻的联合毒性

本文研究了１－硝基芘和硝基苯,苯酚、苯胺,甲苯四种苯的衍生物对斜生栅藻生长抑制的ＥＣ５０分别为０．１８２４ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１,３６．５１６４ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１,２１９．００２７ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１,４５．１６８９ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１ｔ ７２．３１７２ｍｇ．１＾－１。     

离子色谱法测定海水中的铵离子

采用新型柱填料的阳离子色谱柱，改善了铵离子与钾离子，钠离子的分离度，消除了大量钾离子和钠离子对铵离子测定的干扰。在硫酸和甲烷磺酸两种分离体系中，铵离子的检出限分别达到０．１ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１和０．０５ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，线性范围分别为０．２－５０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１和０．１－５０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１。在两种淋洗条件下测定复杂基体海水中的铵离子，所得结果一致，该方法简便易行，灵敏度高。     

磷和硫对空心菜吸收砷的影响

本文通过水培空心菜中砷与磷以及砷与硫配比试验，研究了ＰＯ＾３－４和ＡｓＯ＾３－４以及ＳＯ＾２－４和ＡｓＯ３＾３－４共存对空心菜生长及砷累积的影响。结果表明：５ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１ＰＯ＾３－４或ＳＯ＾２－４时，ＡｓＯ＾３－４显著降低空心菜产量，ＰＯ＾３－４和ＳＯ＾２－４含量提高到３０－１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１时，空心菜产量明显提高。．     

环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响

本文系统研究了环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响，结果表明：温度、ＰＨ、氧化还原条件对沉积物磷释放有很大影响，获得了在不同环境条件下磷释放的方程，结果还表明，厌氧下（ＤＯ〈１．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１）沉积物磷的最大释放量明显高于好氧条件（ＤＯ〉８．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１），其释放速率分别为３．１４μｇ．ｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１和２．７５μｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１，相应的动力学方程可表示为ＣＰ＝Ａｅ＾ｂ／ｔ，观察到藻与沉     

快速测定水中有机磷农药方法的研究

研制出一种能快速测定水中有机磷农药的植物酯酶片和底物片。这种酶片和底物片具有价格低，易获取、稳定性好等优点，适用于野外无仪器设备条件下快速检测有机磷农药危险水平，对常用几种有机磷农药来说，其检出限在０．０４－１０．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１范围。     

氢氧化镁对水溶性阴离子染料废水脱色的研究

本文研究了氢氧化镁对水溶性阴离子染料模拟废水的脱色规律及机理。结果表明镁盐法具有优异的脱色效果。例如,染料浓度１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１,镁盐投加量１０００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１用ＣａＯ调至ＰＨ１０．９－１１．５十种被研究的水溶性阴离子染料的脱色平均值在９９％以上。吸附机理属于离子吸附。     

味精废水中重金属及金属污染对处理利用的影响

本文应用等离子光谱（ＩＣＰ）测试三个厂家味精生产废水中２１种金属元素的水平，其中金属元素的总水平分别达１９１９２ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，３１９０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１和３１６１ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，对照国内外有关的四项水质标准，三厂家味精生产废水中存在着Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ等多种重金属或其他金属元素严重超标现象，味精生产废水对青芋存在急性毒性，２４，４８，７２和９６ｈ的半致死味精废水浓度ＬＣ５０分别为６．９％，３．２％，２．５％     

O（^1D）与CF2ClBr的反应研究

本文研究了ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ－Ｏ３体系在２５３．７ｎｍ紫外光照下所引发的Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应。Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ反应的最终产物为ＣＦ２Ｏ,Ｃｌ２,Ｂ２ｒ;实验中得到Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应速率常数为１．０１×１０＾－１０ｃｍ＾３·ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ＾－１·ｓ＾－１,并且对Ｏ（＾３Ｐ）与ＣＦ２ＬｌＢｒ的反应可能性以及Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应机理进行了讨论。     

用化学发光法测定雨水中的氨

本文研究了用ＴＣＰＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ２发光体系对氨进行测定。结果表明，当ｐＨ＝１０．３，ＯＰＡ浓度为１０ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１，氨浓度在０－６ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１时，其浓度和发光强度有良好的线性关系（相关系数为０．９９８），本法的最低检出限为２ｎｇ．ｌ＾－１。可用于实际雨水样品的测定，测定结果还表明：本法具有灵敏度高，精度高，线性范围宽干扰少等优点，适用于大批量分析及连续自动监测分析。     

升流式厌氧污泥床工艺处理酵母废液的研究

本文根据酵母废液的水质特点，采用了常温升流式厌氧污泥床处理工艺，即温度在２６．８－２８．０℃，进水ＣＯＤ为７１２９－９８２３ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１时，达到ＣＤＯ去除率６６．０－７１．０％，同时，沼气产率为２．４－３．０Ｌ·ｌ＾－１·ｄ＾－１，沼气中烷含量为６１．５－６９．１％。该法耗能小，沼气可回收，经济效果明显。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.