蔬菜常用农药在地下水中残留风险评估

为明确蔬菜常用农药在地下水中的环境风险,运用China-Pearl和SCI-GROW模型开展地下水环境暴露评估,并根据我国成人和儿童暴露参数推导25种农药预测无效应浓度(PNEC)。研究发现,25种农药PECgw为0~18.340μg·L-1,成年人PNECgw为0.003~19.654 mg·L-1,儿童PNECgw为0.001~23.253 mg·L-1。成年人和儿童的RQgw值均小于1,表明25种农药按照登记用量使用,我国成人和各年龄阶段儿童直接饮用施用农药区域地下水的环境风险可接受。     

基于RICEWQ-EXAMS模型的东苕溪流域稻田用药的水生生态及健康风险评价

构建了东苕溪流域水稻地表水暴露场景,对国外已广泛应用的稻田-地表水暴露评价模型( RICEWQ-EX-AMS)进行二次开发,并应用构建的场景和开发的模型对东苕溪流域稻田常用农药品种进行水生生态风险评价和健康风险评价.结果表明,在所评价的10种东苕溪流域常用农药品种中,除草剂氟乐灵对藻具有急性高风险,杀虫剂硫丹对鱼既具有急性高风险,又具有慢性风险,阿维菌素对溞具有急性高风险,氟铃脲对溞既具有急性高风险,又具有慢性风险,其余品种对鱼、溞和藻的急慢性风险均较低.运用传统评价法和风险评价模型计算法得出了相一致的结论,即所评价的10个农药品种对人体健康均无风险,该评价结果与所评价农药的实际风险表现较吻合.认为所构建的场景、模型能较好地用于东苕溪流域稻田农药品种的风险评价.     

基于RICEWQ—EXAMS模型的东苕溪流域稻田用药的水生生态及健康风险评价

构建了东苕溪流域水稻地表水暴露场景,对国外已广泛应用的稻田-地表水暴露评价模型（RICEWQ—EX—AMS）进行二次开发,并应用构建的场景和开发的模型对东苕溪流域稻田常用农药品种进行水生生态风险评价和健康风险评价。结果表明,在所评价的10种东苕溪流域常用农药品种中,除草剂氟乐灵对藻具有急性高风险,杀虫剂硫丹对鱼既具有急性高风险,又具有慢性风险,阿维菌素对泾具有急性高风险,氟铃脲对涵既具有急性高风险,又具有慢性风险,其余品种对鱼、溢和藻的急慢性风险均较低。运用传统评价法和风险评价模型计算法得出了相一致的结论,即所评价的10个农药品种对人体健康均无风险,该评价结果与所评价农药的实际风险表现较吻合。认为所构建的场景、模型能较好地用于东苕溪流域稻田农药品种的风险评价。     

SWAT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展

模型模拟是定量估算非点源污染负荷的有效工具,也是对其进行规划、控制和管理的前提.近年来SWAT模型在国内外得到了快速的发展和应用,是目前全球评价大范围和环境变化条件下非点源污染问题的一个有效工具.简介SWAT模型的发展历程及原理,概述了SWAT模型目前在国内外的水文评价、污染物流失模拟、输人参数、土地利用及气候变化对水文响应的影响等方面的研究现状,并对SWAT模型的发展方向提出了建议,为模型的进一步完善与应用提供参考.结果显示,SWAT模型对水文评价(如径流量、泥沙量)可得到较好的模拟和预测结果,能够模拟污染物(如农药和化肥)在农田和河网中的迁移过程,模拟与分析土地利用/覆被变化及气候变化对水文过程的影响.模型参数的确定及其对地下水流与溶质运移的模拟是模型的主要问题,需要进一步研究与完善.     

涕灭威农药污染地下水的影响因子分析

农药在土壤中的淋溶受许多因子的影响与制约。本文根据农药在土壤中的环境行为，建立了农药土壤残留动态与淋溶归宿的计算机模型，并用此模型计算了模拟各种不同环境条件下涕灭威农药在土层中的淋溶情况。结果表明：农药的使用量、土层中农药的降解半衰期、施药地区土壤的质地、降水或灌溉水量及其距施药后的时间对涕灭威在土层中的淋溶有较大的影响，而土壤有机碳含量则影响不大；地下水埋深对农药地下水污染的影响颇大。地下水埋深不足１ｍ的地区，极易受农药的污染。     

农药生态风险评价研究进展

介绍了美国和欧盟农药生态风险评价研究工作的最新进展,包括农药生态风险评价涉及的重要及最新概念、评价程序、不同地区多层次评价方法的比较,同时重点介绍了农药生态风险评价的关键技术--暴露评价及暴露场景的建立,最后提出了加强我国农药生态风险评价研究工作的具体建议.     

珠江三角洲地区浅层地下水中有机氯农药的污染特征

珠江三角洲地区地表水、河流底泥、土壤、大气等环境介质中存在多种有机污染物,为了了解该地区浅层地下水中有机氯农药的污染状况,在有潜在污染源的地点采集了11组地下水样品,进行了分析.     

农药在稻田使用对地下水的风险评估研究进展

农药风险评估可为农药登记和农药的环境安全管理提供重要的科学依据。水稻生产过程中病虫草害严重,农药使用品种多、频次高,田水存留时间长,对地下水污染风险高。开展农药在稻田使用对地下水的风险评估研究具有重要的现实意义。文章详细介绍了欧盟和美国的水稻-地下水风险评估研究进展,包括风险评估程序、暴露评估模型及暴露场景等。总结了我国农药在稻田使用对地下水风险评估的研究现状,并分析了我国研究的不足之处。在此基础上,提出了加强我国农药在稻田使用对地下水风险评估的建议。     

基于土壤气挥发通量的污染场地三氯甲烷健康风险评估

我国现行技术导则在评估VOCs呼吸暴露途径健康风险时推荐Johnson-Ettinger(J&E)模型,该模型虽然简单易用,但在实际应用中存在过于保守的问题,采用双元平衡模型(dual equilibrium desorption, DED)对J&E模型进行校正后可以在一定程度上克服该问题.为准确评估实际场地中VOCs呼吸暴露风险,探索JE-DED模型在预测实际场地中VOCs呼吸暴露途径健康风险的适用性,选取苏州某污染场地面积约314 m2 的重污染区域开展三氯甲烷土壤气挥发通量研究进行精细化风险评估,并与基于土壤中三氯甲烷浓度采用J&E模型和JE-DED模型的计算结果进行比较.多手段风险评估结果显示,评价区域三氯甲烷呼吸暴露途径的人体致癌健康风险水平超过可接受水平1.00×10-6 ;就本场地而言,相对于基于土壤浓度风险评估,以基于实测土壤气挥发通量的风险评估结果来表征研究区域整体暴露风险水平更加稳定;研究区域土壤三氯甲烷浓度整体偏高,J&E和JE-DED模型计算的风险水平无明显差异;通过数据模拟发现,针对该场地,当三氯甲烷浓度＜6 mg·kg-1时,能更好地发挥JE-DED模型的优势.该场地三氯甲烷健康风险评估结果表明,基于实测土壤气挥发通量能够一定程度上避免基于土壤浓度计算带来的偶然性结果;JE-DED模型在较低浓度时,才能发挥优势.     

农药在土壤中迁移的研究方法

农药对地下水的污染已日益为人们密切关注，本文详细介绍了用土壤柱和土壤薄层层析法研究农药在土壤迁移行为用于预测或评价农药对地下水污染程度的研究方法。     

评估斑马鱼胚胎毒性试验在农药危害筛选中的应用

考虑到人类社会中大量使用化学物质，想要准确有效地评估这些化学物质对人类和生态受体的潜在风险，研发有效的手段和方法是至关重要的。鱼胚胎急性毒性试验是其中一种工具，已表现出与幼鱼急性毒性标准试验的预测结果高度吻合，而幼鱼试验对资源消耗更多。然而，也有证据表明，对于某些类型的化学物质，包括神经毒素，鱼类胚胎的敏感性低于幼鱼。本文利用已发表的斑马鱼胚胎毒性数据，与3种常用检测用鱼幼鱼(虹鳟鱼、蓝鳃太阳鱼、羊鲷)的半致死浓度50%(LC₅₀)数据进行比较，研究了鱼类胚胎对农药危害评估的效用。在将农药视为单因素的情况下，斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼毒性数据相关性较差，差异显著(r²=0.28；p2=0.64；p 精选自Glaberman, S., Padilla, S. and Barron, M. G. (2017), Evaluating the zebrafish embryo toxicity test for pesticide hazard screening. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1221–1226. doi: 10.1002/etc.3641
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3641/full
     

Ecological risk assessment from the perspective of soil heavy metal accumulations in Xiamen city,China

Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of rising concern in many cities in China undergoing rapid urbanization. Here, we evaluate the severity of soil contamination by four heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead) at 146 urban and suburban sites within the city of Xiamen, Fujian, China. A multivariate regression model was proposed and developed to simulate heavy metals accumulation in urban and suburban soils, to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils, and to assess ecological risks by 2020. Results showed that, overall, Xiamen soils should be subject to low ecological risks due to heavy metals contamination by 2020, the ecological risks for urban soils were greater than suburban soils, nearly half of Xiamen soils are at moderate ecological risks, and many suburban soils experience low ecological risks. The methods demonstrate the potential to predict future ecological risks from heavy metals contamination which could inform pollution prevention and control measures.     

Atrazine leaching into groundwater: comparison of five simulation models

Five deterministic models (BAM, GLEAMS, HYDRUS, MOUSE and TETrans) were compared to evaluate, in first order of approximation, their ability to predict different soil vulnerabilities with respect to the atrazine leachability towards shallow groundwater. Two environmental scenarios were defined on the basis of the measured groundwater contamination. The former scenario corresponded to a vulnerable sandy loam soil, the latter to a moderately vulnerable sandy loam-organic soil. The pesticide was applied on both soils for corn weed control in early June 1986, while the groundwater samplings were made in February and September 1987. The small atrazine transport into groundwater through the sandy loam-organic soil, as it was detected from the groundwater sampling in late winter, was simulated only by TET rans model. With respect to the sandy loam soil vulnerability, satisfactory simulations were performed by both TETrans and HYDRUS. The applied herbicide was leached throughout this soil towards groundwater both in February and in September 1987. Conversely, atrazine leaching simulated by GLEAMS, MOUSE and BAM compared less consistently with the measured groundwater contaminations.     

Pesticides in the aquatic environment ‐ experiences from Austrian monitoring programmes

The present paper deals with the impact of pesticides on water quality in Austria. Results of different monitoring programmes and surveys concerning the contamination of groundwater and running waters are provided; various aspects of sediment analyses and bioindication are also discussed. The evaluation of the data reveals a rather serious situation particularly in the eastern parts of the country intensively used by agricultural activities. The substances most often detected are triazines and lindane. Legal measures and key figures on the Austrian agriculture are also presented.     

Health risk estimates for groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak Republic: a convenient tool for identification and mapping of risk areas

We undertook a quantitative estimation of health risks to residents living in the Slovak Republic and exposed to contaminated groundwater (ingestion by adult population) and/or soils (ingestion by adult and child population). Potential risk areas were mapped to give a visual presentation at basic administrative units of the country (municipalities, districts, regions) for easy discussion with policy and decision-makers. The health risk estimates were calculated by US EPA methods, applying threshold values for chronic risk and non-threshold values for cancer risk. The potential health risk was evaluated for As, Ba, Cd, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, NO₃ ^?, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn for groundwater and As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn for soils. An increased health risk was identified mainly in historical mining areas highly contaminated by geogenic–anthropogenic sources (ore deposit occurrence, mining, metallurgy). Arsenic and antimony were the most significant elements in relation to health risks from groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak Republic contributing a significant part of total chronic risk levels. Health risk estimation for soil contamination has highlighted the significance of exposure through soil ingestion in children. Increased cancer risks from groundwater and soil contamination by arsenic were noted in several municipalities and districts throughout the country in areas with significantly high arsenic levels in the environment. This approach to health risk estimations and visualization represents a fast, clear and convenient tool for delineation of risk areas at national and local levels.     

Groundwater resources at risk in the glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara in Rovaniemi area, Northern Finland

The best groundwater resources in Finland are generally situated in glaciofluvial formations with thick sand and gravel deposits. The glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara, in northern Finland near the town of Rovaniemi, is important for both its groundwater reserves and its sand and gravel resources. The groundwater and mineral resources of Jokkavaara was studied to define their quantity and quality, and to develop a land-use plan which would help civil servants of the municipality to make the decisions necessary for exploiting sand and gravel. The land-use plan shows the areas where exploiting mineral resources is not allowed or recommended because of the risks of contamination of groundwater, or because of injurious effects on the environment caused by noise and dust from gravel pits, or by spoilt landscape. The size of Jokkavaara is 5 km2, and its mineral resources are about 53 million cubic metres. The sand and gravel deposits are at the most, 50 m thick. Risks of contamination by fallout are small, due to the thick sand and gravel deposits above groundwater level. Exploiting mineral resources have no effect on groundwater quality either. By the land-use plan and legislation, good groundwater can also be protected in the future. Legislation limits the exploitation of mineral resources especially in groundwater areas.     

北京市郊再生水灌区土壤有机氯农药垂向分布特征

在北京市郊再生水灌区采用正三角型布点法进行了3个钻孔的采样工作,钻孔间隔为1m,从表层开始每隔0.5m取一个样,3个钻孔共36组样品,同时采集钻孔附近的灌溉水及地下水,分别测试了土壤的理化参数及其土壤、灌溉水及地下水中9种有机氯农药的质量分数。测试结果表明：表层土壤是有机氯农药的主要残留层,表层土壤中检出的DDTs和BHCs质量分数较高,分别为2814.21ng·kg^-1和1130.41ng·kg^-1,但均符合土壤环境质量一级标准,残留污染程度较轻;其他层位以七氯和艾氏剂为主要检出物,最高质量分数分别为1286.19ng·kg^-1和781.23ng·kg^-1;其中艾氏剂未在表层土壤中检出;灌区内未检出的γ-BHC和（DDE＋DDD）/DDT的计算值为1.80,都说明近期内没有新污染源的输入;检出的有机氯农药在土壤剖面上的迁移能力有HEP〉ALD〉BHCs〉DDTs〉HCB,与地下水中检出的规律一致。     

生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法研究

在综合分析国内外不同行业、不同领域风险分级方法的基础上,初步建立了一种生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法。该方法利用由美国环保局（USEPA）开发的多介质、多路径、多受体风险评价模型（3MRA）中用于描述污染物在地下水迁移的EPACMTP模型和风险评估模型计算生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险指数I,利用地下水含水层脆弱性模型（DRASTIC模型）计算地下水含水层脆弱性指数DRASTIC。并以I和DRASTIC为风险分级指标,以MATLAB聚类分析为方法,对生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险进行分级。以北京市22个生活垃圾填埋场为例,利用建立的风险分级方法,可将这22个填埋场地下水污染风险从高到低分为4级,并且大部分填埋场属于风险级别较低的3、4级。表明该风险分级方法可行、有效,在一定程度上可以为生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的风险管理提供依据。