喀斯特山区石漠化生态治理效益模糊综合评价——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

以广西都安县石漠化治理示范区为例,建立了石漠化生态治理效益的评价指标体系,运用模糊综合评价模型对石漠化生态治理效益进行了评价.结果表明,石漠化治理前生态效益、经济效益和社会效益等级分别为:一般、差、很差;治理后为:一般、一般、良好.石漠化治理前综合评价等级为差,治理后为一般,这说明广西都安县的石漠化治理已取得一定成果.     

广东南部电白小良试验站4种森林群落结构的对比研究

通过对小良试验站不同类型、不同林龄的３种人工林群落（群落Ｂ：桉林;群落Ｃ：松桉混交林;群落Ｄ：阔叶混交林）与当地自然次生热带季雨林（乡土林）相比较,从群落结构的角度探讨人工恢复热带森林的可行性．结果表明：从桉林到松桉混交林到阔叶混交林,３种人工林群落的组成结构和空间结构向着复杂性和稳定性方向发展,并逐渐向地带性自然次生林方向演替;群落的相似性研究也表明,阔叶混交林是３种人工林中与乡土林最为相似．因此,对于极度退化的热带丘陵台地区,在一定工程和生物措施基础上,用先锋绿化树种造林成功后,及时用多层多种的阔叶混交林改造原有先锋林,可以加速人工林向地带性植被类型演替．     

社会经济活动对太湖流域的生态影响分析

采用系统分析的方法,围绕社会经济压力、水体污染负荷以及水体环境状态3个方面,建立社会经济活动对太湖流域生态影响的评价指标体系,利用层次分析法计算各指标因子的权重.根据太湖流域2005和2006年的相关数据,以MATLAB为工具,运用模糊模式识别方法进行流域生态综合评价,分析社会经济活动对太湖流域的生态影响.研究结果表明,太湖流域的社会经济活动对湖泊生态的影响较大,除了点源污染以外,面源污染也是太湖流域生态环境问题的重要根源.     

湖南省东安县生态文明建设的评价与分析

为更好推进东安县生态文明建设步伐,依托东安县社会经济和生态环境发展现状,运用生态足迹法分析了东安县生态环境质量现状;运用灰色层次分析法,选取20个要素指标,建立了由生态经济、生态发展、生态社会、生态环境4个子系统构成的生态文明建设条件评价指标体系,并采用综合指数法对东安县生态文明创建条件进行了评价和分析.主要结论为:东安县生态环境质量相对较好,高于全省平均水平; 2009年以来,东安县生态文明建设基础逐年向好,综合指数逐年提升,具备较好的生态文明创建基础;从各个子系统评价结果来看,东安县生态文明建设各个层面发展存在不均衡现象,生态经济和生态发展层面急需加强.     

汉江上游不同林龄麻栎林枯落物的水文功能评价

麻栎林普遍存在于汉江上游,其涵养水源能力的发挥对维持汉江上游流域生态平衡具有重要的作用.于2020年12月对汉江上游天柱山3个不同林龄(15 a、25 a、33 a)的麻栎林样地进行了枯落物厚度和蓄积量调查,利用浸泡法测定了枯落物各水文功能指标,运用熵权法对3个林龄麻栎林枯落物的水源涵养能力进行了综合评价.结果表明:麻...     

村级农业生态经济系统的结构调控研究--以石辛庄为例

运用生态学原理,从结构元、结构链和结构网3个层次对石辛庄村级农业生态经济系统结构进行调控,并从生态效益、资源利用效益、环境效益和经济效益4个方面对该生态经济系统的调控效果作了评价.     

内蒙古半干旱草原某铅锌矿区土壤性质及重金属污染生态风险评价

半干旱草原地区是我国重要的生态脆弱区,频繁的矿业活动会对草原土壤造成一定程度的污染.本文以位于内蒙古半干旱草原的某铅锌多金属矿区土壤为研究对象,对其土壤性质和重金属含量及赋存形态进行了调查研究,并利用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和RAC风险评价法对土壤受污染程度进行了评价.结果显示,研究区土壤偏中碱性,矿物组成以石英、长石和粘土矿物为主.矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量(分别为51.2 mg·kg~(-1)和226.4 mg·kg~(-1))远高于背景土壤,分别为内蒙古土壤几何均值的3.4和4.7倍;矿区土壤Cu含量和背景区土壤含量相当.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态形式存在,Pb和Zn则以残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质结合态为主,3种元素可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量均较低.单因子指数法评价结果表明,矿区41%和35%土壤受到严重的Pb、Zn污染;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,矿区土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数RI为29.40,属于轻微生态危害,Pb是综合潜在生态风险主要的贡献因子;RAC风险评价表明,矿区土壤中生态风险系数由大到小为ZnCuPb,Zn的生态风险相对较大.综合来看,Pb、Zn的污染控制是该矿区需要关注的重点.     

因子分析法在化学物质生态危害评价中的应用

运用因子分析法对61种环境优先污染物的环境行为和生物毒性等7项指标进行分析,筛选出3个或4个主因子,3因子分别定义为生物毒性、分配性和降解性因子,4因子分别定义为生物毒性、蓄积性、吸附性和降解因子;选取3因子模型对61种环境优先污染物和12种新化学物质进行生态危害评价,以主因子对总信息量的贡献率为权重求得各化学物质生态危害的分值,依据综合得分得到新化学物质相对于该61种环境优先污染物的生态危害综合排序,以评价新化学物质的生态危害性.结果表明,预测结果与实际情况基本相符.     

主成份分析在城市生态经济动态评价中的应用

城市生态经济的动态发展过程,可以看作多种生态关系要素相互作用的集合沿时序轴波动的轨迹.在这种多变量分析中,完全采用人工筛选变量的方法难以避免确定权重等过程所带来的主观干扰.PCA(主成份分析)采用一种特殊的转换降维方法,根据原始数据自身的特点综合成几个主导因子,并最大程度反应原始数据的信息量.本文根据天津市四十年18项生态经济指标,采用相关矩阵和PCA双重筛选过程,得到载荷量大于90%的前三个主分量,将其作为天津市生态经济动态评价的基础.结果表明:天津市解放后四十年每十年一次的经济周期上迭加了自然社会等非经济因素的影响,表现出城市生态经济动态发展的三大阶段,这种发展主要受到宏观经济管理模式及其相应的投资机制的制约.     

长沙市旅游开发生态适宜性评价

在借鉴已有评价方法的基础上,从宏观的角度,以长沙市为例,选取了区域生态环境、旅游资源价值、社会经济因子3个方面的评价因子,建立起旅游生态适宜性评价因子体系。采用模糊层次分析法确定评价因子权重,并在G IS技术的支持下,从空间上对其旅游开发的生态适宜性进行了综合评价。研究结果表明,长沙市旅游用地可以划分为最适宜用地、适宜用地、基本适宜用地、不适宜用地、不可用地,适合于进行旅游开发的区域较大,最适宜用地、适宜用地、基本适宜用地达到7 549.66 km2,占63.74%。     

中国的生态城市建设及生态产业方法在其中的作用

生态城市是一类具有经济高产生态高效的产业、系统负责社会和谐的文化、结构健康生命力强的景观的行政单元.其建设目标是通过规划、设计、管理和建设生态景观、生态产业和生态文化来实现结构耦合的合理、代谢过程的平衡和功能的可持续性.生态城市是以生态经济学、系统工程学为理论基础,通过改变生产方式、消费行为和决策手段,实现在当地生态系统承载能力范围内可持续的、健康的人类生态过程.体制整合、科技孵化、企业投资、公众参与和政府引导是生态城市发展的基本方法.清洁生产和生态产业是生态城市建设的关键.在搞好技术和管理的同时,怎样在局地和区域生态系统尺度上整合生产、消费和还原功能,建设一类和谐的生态景观,企业的空间和城市尺度应予以充分的重视.     

农林复合经营研究──菠萝与桉树轮作对林木生长和土壤的影响

本文调查研究了雷州林业局唐家林场、龙门林场菠萝与桉材轮作对林木生长和土壤的影响．结果表明：菠萝与桉树轮作．有利于桉树生长，单位面积林本蓄积量和年生长量均比对照林分显著增加．经济效益显著；土壤养分和土壤结构状况也有改善．作为农林复合经营的有益尝试，值得在有条件的地区推广．     

海南省桉树林分布及浆纸林生态区划

海南省具有发展桉树林生产的适宜生态环境条件。本文在分析海南省目前桉树林生产的区域差异的基础上,根据海南省影响桉树林生产的气候、地貌、土壤和土地利用的分布现状,提出了海南省桉树林生态区划,将为今后海南省桉树林的生产布局提供理论根据。     

基于人群健康的污染产业转移环境效应研究——以广东省陶瓷行业为例

产业转移是经济发展过程中常见现象；产业生产与资源环境之间密不可分的关系决定了产业转移必然引起资源环境状况的变化。为评价产业转移对改善区域整体环境状况的作用，构建了以环境经济损益分析定量评价产业转移的环境效应的方法框架，并以广东省陶瓷行业转移为例，研究了基于人体健康的污染产业转移的环境效应。研究结果显示，一般而言，由于污染排放变化，产业迁出地将产生环境效益，同时承接地将发生环境损失。当产业转移产生环境净效益时，意味着整体区域环境的改善。这种改善主要得益于产业迁出地和承接地之间存在的社会经济特征差异、具有经济技术可行性的污染控制技术的推广以及环境自净能力的合理利用等因素的综合作用。为促进区域协调发展，区域内产业转移过程中，应采取优化产业转移目录、加强环境管理、建立环境信息公开和公众参与制度和统筹协调区域内的污染控制责任和环境利益等环境治理措施。     

农林复合经营研究──桉树间种山毛豆对林木和土壤的影响

本文研究了桉树人工林间种山毛豆的适应性及其对林木和土壤的影响．结果表明，在一年生桉树人工林下，山毛豆生长正常，以后，随着林地的逐浓荫蔽，生长有逐渐衰退现象；间种山毛豆当年，可能对林木生长有一定影响，但可通过改善间种方式而消除．第二年以后对桉树生长的促进作用逐渐显著；间种山毛豆对提高土壤肥力也有一定作用，对促进林业生产的持续发展有重要意义．     

Evaluating the Potential for Conservation Development: Biophysical, Economic, and Institutional Perspectives

Abstract:  The widespread conversion of rural land to low-density residential development poses an immediate threat to biodiversity and to the provision of ecosystem services. Given that development will continue and environmental stakes are high, analyzing alternative growth strategies is critical. Conservation development is one such strategy that has the potential to benefit ecosystems and diverse stakeholders including developers, homebuyers, governments, and society as a whole. Conservation development clusters homes on one part of a property to manage the most ecologically important land for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We draw on lessons learned from landscape ecology, open-space development, and regional planning to weigh the biophysical, economic, and institutional evidence for and against conservation development. Conservation development offers many potential environmental and economic advantages: relatively high home values and appreciation rates, lower development costs, and social and ecological benefits to society including landscape connectivity, protection and active stewardship of important ecological assets, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. But this approach also has shortcomings: it may require enlightened institutional regulations and regional planning (and/or ecologically aware developers), it is not always more profitable than conventional development and thus may require subsidies or incentives, and additional research is required to fully understand its benefits and drawbacks. With more information on the effects of clustering, the development of flexible zoning laws, and effective regional planning, conservation development could be a viable strategy for sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in changing landscapes.     

Achieving sustainable rural development in Southern China: the contribution of bamboo forestry

Bamboo forests, due to their special characteristics and ecological functions, play an important role in sustainable forest management and rural development in China. Over the past two decades, China has successfully established millions of hectares of bamboo forest, which has restored fragile ecosystems, provided benefits to local communities, alleviated rural poverty and eased timber shortages. However, there is potential for further improvements to the bamboo forest estate. This paper analyses the current state of bamboo forest resources and management, and the roles of the bamboo forest industry in social development, economic growth and ecosystem protection in China. We examine the main issues related to governance systems, local economic development and traditional management practices. Finally, we suggest some directions for future development.     

农林复合经营研究──桉树人工林间种西瓜对林木和土壤的效应

本文调查研究了雷州林业局纪家、河头林场桉树人工林间种西瓜对林木和土壤的影响．结果表明，利用造林前空隙种一造西瓜或在桉树林地间种西瓜，均有利于桉树生长．单位面积林木蓄积量和年生长量均比对照林分显著增加，经济效益显著；土壤养分也有增加。作为农林复合经营的有益尝试，值得在有条件的地区推广。     

Potentialities,problems, policies and progress in modelling sustainable development: A dynamic,hierarchical approach

This paper discusses some of the potentials, problems, policies and progress in modelling sustainable development. After briefly describing ten approaches to modelling sustainable development, some of the methodological problems still to be resolved are addressed. It is then suggested that policies to promote sustainable development should operate at six different spatial levels connecting global, multinational, national, regional, local and individual. Attempting to model sustainable development in such a hierarchical manner is exceedingly difficult. One way of modelling sustainable development is to develop the concept of a sustainable corridor, combining ecological, economic and equity considerations in a hierarchical fashion and through space-time. A preliminary dynamic, hierarchical model is described connecting global and national patterns of development. Using global and national data for Scotland, the calibrated model, running under the business-as-usual scenario, shows that current development paths are unsustainable. It is shown that, by implementing a judicious choice of policies, a sustainable corridor for a global and a national system can be achieved. The ways in which this preliminary model can be developed to connect all six hierarchical levels are discussed.     

An integrated indicator on regional ecological civilization construction in China

China has come up with ecological civilization as one of major goals to improve its ecological sustainability during development in future. Under this broad framework, social, economic and natural ecosystems are expected to develop in harmony. However, there is lack of evaluation mechanism for this newly proposed strategy. Therefore, in this article, ecosystem services, Ecological Footprint and gross domestic product per capita were selected in order to reflect the resource endowment, human occupation on natural capital, and the economic growth. Thus, an integrated indicator was constructed from the three indexes based on the linear correlation among them, and we provided comprehensive evaluation on ecological civilization construction in the provinces and municipalities in China in 2010. When it comes to the indicator of ecological civilization construction, Hainan province has the greatest value which is 0.5091 and Beijing municipality has the smallest value which is 0.0377. At last, the article analyzed the ecological pressure and efficiency in ecological civilization construction in China. The results contribute to scientific and objective evaluation of regional ecological civilization construction in order to properly make decisions and take actions.