鄱阳湖沉积物中磷吸附释放特性及影响因素研究

沉积物是氮磷营养盐的主要蓄积库,它不仅是外来污染物的归宿地,同时其自身营养盐的释放也可对水环境产生重大影响。针对鄱阳湖存在的沉积物磷释放问题,关键环境因子对基质磷吸附的影响规律进行了探讨。通过控制在不同环境因素条件下,上覆水中磷的变化规律探讨,阐明磷在上覆水-底泥界面迁移转化的规律和环境因素对迁移转化过程的影响。研究结果表明,吸附初始阶段,两者含量相差较大,起始吸附速率很高;随着反应时间的推进,两者含量差随之减小;当吸附时间达到30 min时,此时上覆水的平衡质量浓度为8.648 mg·L^-1,两者含量达成平衡。由磷的吸附等温试验同样可看出,随着平衡质量浓度逐渐增加,土壤吸磷量刚开始增加较快,随后增加趋势逐渐减缓直至磷饱和。pH越小,上覆水质量浓度越低,沉积物对磷的吸附作用越强;pH越大,上覆水中TP质量浓度越大,强碱条件下,TP吸收量剧减。在好氧条件下,沉积物对磷的吸附远远高于厌氧条件下沉积物的吸附。好氧条件下,反应在4 h内,沉积物对磷的吸附速率最高,随后吸附量很小直至逐渐饱和。厌氧条件下,吸附作用不明显;当反应时间达到24 h后,上覆水磷质量浓度保持不变,此时沉积物磷吸附达到饱和。高溶解氧水平对于控制底泥向上覆水体释放磷,维持水体较低总磷是必要的。温度为30℃,20℃和5℃3种条件下,当反应24 h后,三者均达到吸附平衡。因此,当上覆水的磷质量浓度较低时,高温条件下基质的磷释放速度会高于低温条件下的磷释放速度。研究结果旨在为正确认识、合理评估环境因素对湖泊水体磷的影响提供更为充分恰当的试验依据和理论解释。     

Distributions, cycling and recovery of amino acids in estuarine waters and sediments

Acid hydrolysis of estuarine water samples for the determination of amino acids (AAs) was tested and found to be effective at high (250 μM) nitrate concentrations when the anti-oxidant, ascorbic acid, was added to the samples. Hydrolysable AA concentrations were then determined in surface sediments collected from low and high salinity regions of the Tamar Estuary (UK) during winter 2003 and 2004, and in overlying water when simulated resuspension of sediment particles was performed. Concentrations of AAs in sediment samples comprised <50% of particulate nitrogen, fitting the paradigm that most sedimentary nitrogen is preserved within an organic matrix. When sediment samples were resuspended in overlying water (salinity 17.5), the rapid, measured increase in dissolved AA concentrations almost equalled the reported nitrate concentration in the lower estuary, with the subsequent decrease in the total dissolved AA levels suggested that bacterial uptake was occurring. Our data concur with previous studies on nitrogen desorption from sediments and suggest that an understanding of organic nitrogen cycling will be an important aspect of future effective estuarine management.     

The Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination On Metals Release From Coastal Sediment Suspensions with Aerated Sea Water

The zinc, cadmium, copper and lead release from the uncontaminated and contaminated coastal sediments with aerated sea water was studied. the metals transfer to the dissolved forms was monitored during one-two months by differential pulse anodic voltammetry (DPASV). the sediments with different initial degree of contamination were sampled in the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan around Vladivostok-the biggest city in Russian Far East. Sediment contamination by metals led to increased release to solution of zinc due to sulphide oxidation and cadmium on account of organic matter decomposition. the copper behaviour was complicated by strong binding with organic matter and enhancements of copper release can only be seen in sediment with a low organic matter content. Significant lead transfer to dissolved forms was not observed regardless of sediment contamination. the temperature affected the release of cadmium and copper through enhanced organic matter destruction. the dissolved metal fluxes from the sediment transformation are compared with metal fluxes towards bottom. Such comparisons show that second contamination by dissolved metals of the studied coastal environment may be important for cadmium only.     

The Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination On Metals Release From Coastal Sediment Suspensions with Aerated Sea Water

The zinc, cadmium, copper and lead release from the uncontaminated and contaminated coastal sediments with aerated sea water was studied. the metals transfer to the dissolved forms was monitored during one-two months by differential pulse anodic voltammetry (DPASV). the sediments with different initial degree of contamination were sampled in the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan around Vladivostok-the biggest city in Russian Far East. Sediment contamination by metals led to increased release to solution of zinc due to sulphide oxidation and cadmium on account of organic matter decomposition. the copper behaviour was complicated by strong binding with organic matter and enhancements of copper release can only be seen in sediment with a low organic matter content. Significant lead transfer to dissolved forms was not observed regardless of sediment contamination. the temperature affected the release of cadmium and copper through enhanced organic matter destruction. the dissolved metal fluxes from the sediment transformation are compared with metal fluxes towards bottom. Such comparisons show that second contamination by dissolved metals of the studied coastal environment may be important for cadmium only.     

雨水径流对景观水体中多环芳烃污染特征的影响

以北京市长河湾流域某排污口附近景观水体为研究对象,通过对水体中PAHs的连续检测,研究了雨水径流对景观水体中PAHs污染特征的影响,以期为景观水体中PAHs的控制和管理提供科学依据.结果表明,长河湾景观水体中∑16PAHs在降雨时的浓度变化与降雨强度及降雨量有关,长河湾水体中溶解态PAHs组分以3环和4环为主,2环组分所占的比例最少.水体底部沉积物中PAHs含量明显高于岸边,沉积物中∑16PAHs含量约为229.2μg.kg-1,岸边土壤中∑16PAHs含量约为185.6μg.kg-1,低于国内外一些水域沉积物中PAHs污染浓度.     

Fluctuations and interactions of bacterial activity in sandy beach sediments and overlying waters

Fluctuations and interactions of the following microbiological variables and sediment properties were investigated on samples from sandy beaches of the Baltic Sea: bacterial number and biomass, net uptake and respiration rate of ¹⁴C-glucose (U), concentration of natural free dissolved glucose and fructose, actual uptake rate and turnover time of glucose, sand-grain size and shape, water and organic matter content of the sediment. Spearman rank correlation analysis demonstrated significant relationships between cell number, biomass and actual uptake rate of glucose. The concentration of natural glucose varied with sand-grain shape, and the uptake rates of glucose were inversely correlated with the water content of the sediment. In the overlying water, cell number and/or biomass were significantly correlated with both concentration and uptake rates of glucose. Partial correlation analysis, however, indicates that, in the water overlying the sediment at least one of the standing crop variables (bacterial number or biomass) is independently variable with uptake activity. The sediment bacterial standing crop does not necessarily reflect metabolic activity. Various significant interactions were noted between mainly sediment properties (water content, organic matter content, grain size) and variables in the water above (cell number, biomass, concentration and uptake rates of glucose).Publication No. 206 of the Joint Research Program at Kiel University (Sonderfor-schungsbereich 95 der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft).     

沉积物中酸挥发硫对上覆水中重金属含量的影响

在实验室条件下,利用装有新鲜河流沉积物和上覆水且可控制环境参数的模拟体系及参比体系,通过定时定量投放重金属溶液,研究了富含酸挥发硫的河流沉积物对上覆水中重金属（铜,镉,铅,锌）含量的影响,并观察了模拟体系更换为清洁上覆水后沉积物中重金属的静态释放;随后考察了同一沉积物样品经酸化后对上覆水重金属含量的影响能力的变化及在更换为清洁上覆水后沉积物的静态释放。研究结果表明：水相金属迅速转移到沉积物中,被其     

Hydrocarbon bioaccumulation from contaminated sediment by the deposit-feeding polychaeteAbarenicola pacifica

This study examines the role of the organic carbon content of sediment in aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation and assesses the importance of two routes of hydrocarbon uptake: (1) the uptake of the particulate contaminant fraction from ingested sediment; (2) the uptake of the dissolved contaminant fraction from interstitial or overlying water. The lugwormAbarenicola pacifica was collected from San Juan Island, Washington, USA, in January 1989, and exposed to three sediments contaminated with [³H]benzo (a) pyrene (BaP). By manipulating the organic content of these sediments, it was possible to establish three treatments with similar BaP concentrations in the interstitial water, but differing in the amount of BaP in the bulk sediment. BaP bioaccumulation over the first few days of exposure was correlated with feeding rate, suggesting that ingested sediments were a source of BaP. The greatest body burden, however, was attained in those individuals held in sediments with the lowest organic carbon content and the lowest BaP concentration. Body burden at steady state was not correlated with either BaP concentrations in bulk sediment (dry weight or organic carbon-normalized bases) or the interstitial water. Increased organic matter decreased BaP bioavailability in a non-linear fashion. Bioaccumulation factors relative to water and organic content were relatively constant between 1 and 2% organic carbon in the sediment, but these same accumulation factors substantially underestimated body burden if applied to sandy sediments with little (0.3%) organic carbon.     

广州流花湖底泥磷的垂直变化特征

广州流花湖是典型的城市景观浅水湖泊。应用经改进的Psenner连续提取法,分析了广州市流花湖底泥中各形态磷的垂直分布。结果表明,不同采样点底泥的理化性质和磷的形态垂直变化存在较大的差异;不同形态磷的质量分数由小到大的顺序是NaOH-P,Org-P,HCl-P,BD-P,NH4Cl-P,其中NaOH-P和Org-P是底泥磷的主要赋存形态,分别占底泥总磷质量的47.28%和24.23%,说明了流花湖底泥人为污染较严重;底泥生物可利用磷的质量分数在0.50～1.45 mg.g-1,平均质量分数为0.93 mg.g-1,约占总磷的58.57%,表明流花湖底泥的磷具有较好的生物可利用性,将为水体藻类大量繁殖提供潜在的有利条件。流花湖底泥中有机磷、金属结合态磷和生物可利用磷垂直方向上的分布变化规律较复杂。     

Uptake and depuration of organic contaminants by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to environmentally contaminated sediment

Experiments were designed to expose blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) to contaminated sediment collected from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA in 1982. Measurements were taken to allow comparisons of the uptake and depuration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition, concentration factors in the mussels were calculated separately against the dissolved and particulate phase concentrations and the results from the exposure and control systems were compared. Both PAHs and PCBs were rapidly accumulated by the mussels exposed to the contaminated sediment. After the mussels were transferred to control seawater, individual PAHs were depurated with half-lives ranging from 12 to 30 d. Individual PCBs showed depuration half-lives which ranged from 16 to 46 d. Concentration factors in the mussels calculated against the particulate phase concentrations were very different in the exposure and control systems. Concentration factors calculated using only the dissolved phase concentrations (bioconcentration factors) showed excellent agreement in the two systems, possibly an indication that the dissolved phase was the direct source of the contaminants accumulated by the mussels. The bioconcentration factors for PCBs were higher than those of PAHs when compounds with similar n-octanol/water partition coefficients were compared.     

水体沉积物结合态镉对大型溞（Daphnia magna）的生物毒性研究

选择大型溞(Daphnia magna)作为受试生物,以大型溞体内金属积累量、金属硫蛋白含量和死亡率作为测试指标,考察了上覆水体系与水柱-沉积物共存体系中金属镉(Cd)的毒性状况,探讨了水体沉积物中重金属的生物毒性作用机制.结果表明:暴露于水柱-沉积物共存体系和上覆水体系中的大型溞体内的生物积累量均随沉积物Cd含量的升高而升高,且前者显著高于后者,说明沉积物中的Cd可通过食物吸收等途径对生物体致毒、致害;暴露于两种体系中的大型溞体内的MT含量在低浓度条件下随沉积物中Cd含量的升高而升高,当Cd含量高于800μg·g-1时MT含量大幅度下降,并且两体系之间无显著差别;暴露于两种体系中的大型溞幼溞死亡率无显著差别.上覆水中溶解态Cd和沉积物中可交换态Cd是对水生生物重要的毒性影响形态.     

海洋沉积物-水界面营养盐交换过程的研究1

对胶州湾和渤海沉积物分别进行室内培养实验.结果表明,在沉积物中加入营养盐后,铵氮、硅酸盐由沉积物向水体的迁移增大,铵氮的迁移在总溶解态氮的交换中起主要作用,其交换量约占总溶解态氮扩散量的76%,硝酸盐及磷酸盐由水体向沉积物的迁移减弱.在上覆水中加入营养盐后,硝酸盐、磷酸盐由水体向沉积物的迁移增大,硝酸氮的迁移占总溶解态氮交换的主要部分,约为62%.铵由沉积物向水体的迁移减弱,硅酸盐变成由水体向沉积物迁移.沉积物对于上覆水中营养盐的浓度具有一定的调节作用.无论在充空气或充氮气条件下,磷及硅的交换速率变化不明显,铵氮的迁移占总溶解态氮扩散量的98%以上.充氧条件下硝酸盐由沉积物向上覆水的迁移通量较充氮气条件增加.比较两种不同的通量计算方法(积分和拟合),结果表明由两种计算方法计算的交换速率的变化趋势基本是一致的.     

南四湖沉积物营养盐释放特性

通过营养盐静态释放模拟试验,研究了南四湖沉积物NH4＋-N、TP和有机质（OM）的释放能力;针对微山湖区（WS）沉积物氮含量较高、释放较强的特点,为明晰WS湖区的氮释放潜力,考察了该湖区16个点位沉积物对NH4＋-N的等温吸附特性.静态释放试验表明,沉积物TP和OM释放能力较弱,对南四湖上覆水水质影响不明显;而WS湖区的NH4＋-N释放能力较强.WS湖区沉积物的NH4＋-N等温吸附试验表明,湖心区沉积物NH4＋-N释放能力最强,吸附/解吸平衡浓度（CEAC）高于1 mg.L-1的区域面积约占微山湖的1/5,该区域沉积物NH4＋-N释放将会对南水北调东线调水水质产生不利影响.     

河流水体中重金属形态模型研究

本文提出了一种重金属形态模型,用于模拟水体中的水溶态、颗粒态和底泥、悬浮物的活动态和非活动态。以乐安江水体中铜污染为背景,计算结果与现场调查分析的数据比较表明,两者基本吻台,说明模型基本上是合理的,概括了重金属污染的重要过程,参数的选择反映了河流的实际情况。     

两种底质对狐尾藻生长和生理指标的影响

在温室条件下,分别以土壤和沉积物作为底质,模拟研究狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)生长和生理指标的变化。结果表明:与营养水平相当的沉积物相比,以土壤作为底质的处理,其狐尾藻茎叶生物量降低了87.15%,根系生物量增加了226.54%,根系活力降低了46.46%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加了134.20%和119.91%,上覆水和间隙水中活性磷浓度分别增加了146.67%和1382.61%。以土壤为底质,增加该处理水体中磷浓度,抑制狐尾藻生长。     

汾河流域水系和表层沉积物中多环芳烃的空间变化规律及其生态风险研究

本研究在汾河流域上、中、下游及其部分支流布设29个采样点,对其水体和表层沉积物多环芳烃(PAHs)的空间分布规律及生态风险进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,汾河流域水相中丰水期PAHs总量浓度范围是0.530~16.002μg·L~(-1),平均浓度为(2.738±3.078)μg·L~(-1),枯水期PAHs总量浓度范围是0.588~12.916μg·L~(-1),均值为(2.762±3.132)μg·L~(-1)。就空间分布而言,汾河流域整体呈现上游污染较轻,中下游污染严重的特点。PAHs的组成规律显示,丰水期和枯水期PAHs含量均以低环(2~3环)为主,不同采样期低环PAHs所占比例分别为96.5%和90.4%。与其他15个研究地区水体PAHs含量比较,汾河流域水体中PAHs污染程度的国内外对比处于中等到较高程度的污染。丰水期和枯水期水体中PAHs来源于石油源和植物、木材、煤的燃烧,主要受到流域煤化工、燃煤电厂排放污染物的影响。地表水健康风险评价结果显示,汾河流域丰水期和枯水期分别有13.8%和20.7%的点位存在一定的健康风险。汾河流域沉积相中16种PAHs平均浓度为(3.774±1.987)μg·g-1,其污染主要集中在流域中下游地区。PAHs的组成规律显示,PAHs含量集中在低环(2~3环),约占总量的75%左右。与本研究提到的河流、湖泊及港口沉积物中PAHs含量比较,汾河流域沉积物中PAHs污染程度仍处于中等偏高的污染水平。丰水期沉积相中PAHs以燃烧源和石油源为主,部分来自典型石油类产品的输入。表层沉积物生态风险评价结果显示,对于提出的12种PAHs的生态风险的效应区间低值(ERL值)或效应区间中值(ERM值)以及苯并(b)荧蒽(Bb F)和苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F)这2类没有最低安全值的PAHs化合物来说,汾河上、中、下游流域均有采样点的PAHs可能存在着对生物的潜在生态风险。通过本研究可全面地了解该流域多环芳烃的空间分布规律及其可能的来源,并且为汾河流域多环芳烃污染的控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用实验室模拟，研究了曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响，结果表明，①溶解氧是影响底泥氮磷释放的重要因素，厌氧状态会加速底泥氮磷的释放。②正常条件下曝气复氧可以有效的控制底泥总磷的释放；曝气条件下高pH值无法控制底泥总磷的释放，搅动会对底泥总磷的释放产生轻微的影响，上覆水总磷浓度较高时底泥会发生吸磷现象，而温度则影响较小。③正常条件下曝气复氧可以控制比较封闭水体底泥氨氮的释放；曝气条件下温度对底泥氨氮和总氮的释放影响较大，即温度越高，抑制氨氮和总氮的释放效果越好，且低温会导致底泥氨氮和总氮的大量释放；曝气条件下搅动导致底泥释放更多的氨氮和总氮。     

Phosphorus release potential and pollution characteristics of sediment in downstream Nansi Lake, China

The research aimed to evaluate present and potential phosphorous pollution due to high sedimentary phosphorus load and release from sediment, when external phosphorus was reduced in downstream Nansi Lake. Pollution load of the sediment and overlying water was investigated. Kinetics and isotherms of adsorption/release of sedimentary phosphorus were studied to determine equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPC₀) and release potential. Kinetics of phosphorus adsorption on sediment and release from sediment were well described by both the pseudo-first-order rate equation and the pseudo-second-order rate equation, but more appropriate to the pseudo-second-order rate equation with the adsorption/release capacity more close to the measured values, suggesting that the processes were chemically rate controlled and dependent on adsorption capacity. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) sorption isotherms on sediment were best fitted by the modified Langmuir model indicating a monolayer adsorption. By comparing EPC₀ and SRP of water, the status (adsorption, releasing or in equilibrium) of sediment phosphorus could be determined. The sediments at site S1, S3, S4, S5, and S7 where the EPC₀s were greater than the SRPs, had a potential to release phosphorus into the water column. However, those sediments at S9, S10, and S12, where the EPC₀s were approximately equal to the SRPs, were in impermanent equilibrium with overlying water in status of phosphorus, the sediments can be likely to release phosphorus to the water column once the equilibrium was broken. Therefore, sedimentary phosphorus can be a secondary pollution source in downstream Nansi Lake.     

Revealing the factors affecting occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries were measured. It was found that according to existing water and sediment quality standards limiting permissible PAH concentrations, both surface waters and sediments in Lake Baikal watershed can be considered as unpolluted with PAHs compounds. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of PAH concentrations in lake water indicates the existence of some point PAH sources in and around the lake. These sources were natural oil seeps and communal facilities such as residential coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. It was observed that concentrations of PAHs in both water and sediments are controlled by organic matter content and organic matter mineralisation degree, as indicated by PAH-to-carbon and nitrogen-to-carbon ratios respectively. It was found that PAH/TOC and PAH/TC ratios characterise PAH loading on water and sediments respectively, whereas DIN/TOC and TN/TC ratios characterise self-purification of water and sediments respectively. It was proved that PAH/TOC and DIN/TOC ratios can be used as tracers to evaluate the PAH contributions from tributaries to Lake Baikal.     

浮叶植物重建对富营养化湖泊氮磷营养水平的影响

利用太湖五里湖污染底泥，在不破坏表层沉积物形态和结构的情况下，利用大口径的采样器采集沉积物柱状样，研究浮叶植物荇菜（Limnanthemun nymphoides）在此底泥上适应性生长情况及其对水体以及沉积物中氮磷的影响。结果表明，在培养实验过程中，荇菜生长使上覆水体中的氮、磷营养水平逐渐降低，藻类的生长明显受到克制，水体透明度增加，水质逐渐改善。通过植物根系对沉积物和问隙水中营养盐的直接吸收，使表层（0～5cm）沉积物与问隙水中氮磷营养盐的水平在实验结束后有明皿下降，对于控制沉积物内源营养盐释放有重要的作用。因此，恢复以水生植物为丰的水生生态系统足重建富营养湖泊生态系统和控制湖泊内源负荷的重要措施。