红松人工林与天然次生林大型土壤动物功能类群

为了解不同森林恢复类型对生态系统物质循环和能量流动的影响,对红松人工林与天然次生林生态系统(硬阔叶林和蒙古栎林)大型土壤动物功能类群时空分布的差异进行分析.在以往研究的基础上将捕获的大型土壤动物划分为腐食性、植食性、捕食性和杂食性土壤动物4个功能类群,并对比红松人工林和天然次生林生态系统土壤动物功能类群.结果表明:(1)水平分布上,天然次生林与红松人工林中4种功能类群大型土壤动物均有分布,其中腐食性土壤动物密度和生物量占绝对优势,但类群组成略有不同;(2)垂直分布上,红松人工林各功能类群土壤动物个体密度及类群数在不同土层差异显著(P0.05),均表现出明显的表聚性;而天然次生林中除腐食性和捕食性土壤动物外,在垂直方向无显著差异(P0.05),0-10 cm层腐食性动物个体密度以及类群数最大;(3)时间变化上,红松人工林与天然次生林土壤动物功能类群表现出一致的变化规律,均以腐食性最高,各类群密度、类群数均为5月、10月高于其他各月,生物量以9月最高.红松人工林和天然次生林土壤动物功能类群时空规律比较研究可为森林经营提供科学依据.     

黄河三角洲不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫的群落特征

对黄河三角洲不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫的群落特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫总数为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地.土壤线虫呈明显的表聚性,除光板地外,其他3种群落土壤线虫总数表层与下层差异极显著.土壤线虫总数在0～10 cm和10～20 cm的土层最大值都出现在白茅群落,最小值都出现在光板地,其中白茅群落与柽柳群落、翅碱蓬群落、光板地之间差异极显著,柽柳群落、翅碱蓬群落、光板地之间差异不显著.植物寄生线虫为优势类群,其数量与土壤线虫总数变化表现出相同的规律.食细菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫数量在0～10 cm土层依次为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地;食细菌线虫数量在10～20 cm土层为柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>白茅群落>光板地,捕食-杂食线虫个体密度较低.食真菌线虫的个体密度在各类型各土层湿地中都很低.土壤线虫多样性依次为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地.     

草坪草白三叶枯落物质量损失过程及土壤动物的贡献

草坪草枯落物分解是城市绿地生态系统养分归还土壤的重要形式,为了解城市草坪草枯落物分解机制及土壤动物的贡献,采用分解袋法,测定不同孔径(0.02 mm、1 mm和3 mm)分解袋内白三叶枯落物的质量损失率,并分析不同体径及不同食性土壤动物对白三叶枯落物分解的作用.结果显示:白三叶枯落物分解迅速,仅需7个月即可分解完全;不同部位白三叶枯落物分解速率不同,叶根(P0.05);不同孔径分解袋白三叶枯落物质量损失速率存在显著差异(P0.05),3 mm1 mm0.02 mm;不同体径土壤动物对白三叶枯落物质量损失的贡献率为大型土壤动物中小型土壤动物(P0.05);不同食性的土壤动物参与了白三叶枯落物分解的各个阶段,从分解初期到分解结束,经历了植食性、菌食性、捕食性和腐食性营养功能类群的变化.上述表明,土壤动物与枯落物相互作用,一方面土壤动物推动了城市草坪草白三叶枯落物的分解,另一方面枯落物基质的变化也深刻影响着参与分解的土壤动物群落格局.     

低质量浓度除草剂2，4滴丁酯处理对土壤动物群落结构的影响

土壤动物是土壤污染的敏感指示生物,对土壤环境变化表现出比较灵敏的反映,为了解低质量浓度除草剂对土壤生态系统的影响,进一步推动除草剂使用的安全性评价研究,采用除草剂2,4滴丁酯对土壤动物群落进行室内染毒模拟试验,参照农田施用常规参考质量浓度,设置4个质量浓度梯度和一个不喷施除草剂的对照质量浓度,质量浓度最高限于参考喷施质量浓度的3~4倍,一次染毒后分别于12、24、48和72 h后对土壤动物进行分离并对群落结构特征进行分析。试验共获得土壤动物18655个,隶属于2门,4纲,12目,群落结构分析结果表明低质量浓度2,4滴丁酯导致土壤动物个体数和类群数有所减少,但减少的程度并不大。个体数量变化与质量浓度增高之间呈现较明显负相关（r=-0.856,P〈0.05）,种类数变化与质量浓度之间不具有明显的相关性,土壤动物种类数的减少主要取决于稀有类群和极稀有类群,数量的变化则主要是优势类群和常见类群的增减。2,4滴丁酯的施加使得土壤动物群落多样性指数和优势度指数降低,均匀度指数增高。土壤动物个体数量和类群数量变化与染毒后经历的时间之间并未表现出明显的规律性,染毒后不同时间土壤动物优势度指数相差较大,而多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同历时时间段内相差不大。综合各分析结果能够看出,低质量浓度2,4滴丁酯处理会对土壤动物群落造成一定影响,但影响程度并不大。     

铜陵市铜尾矿土壤动物群落生态研究

对安徽省铜陵市铜尾矿地6种生境中土壤动物群落进行野外调查和室内分析，研究不同弃置堆放时间的铜尾矿地土壤的动物群落结构及其与尾矿基质理化性质、植被状况等生境条件之间的关系。结果表明，尾矿堆放时间、区位地貌和植被状况的不同，尾矿基质的理化性质发生变化，导致土壤动物的种类组成和数量分布具有明显差异。土壤动物在土体中的表聚性强，绝大部分集中分布于A层(0～5cm)；土壤的物理性质越稳定，土壤动物越丰富；土壤肥力越高，土壤动物越丰富多样。即尾矿地土壤的生境条件越优越，土壤动物群落的物种丰富度越大，个体数量分布越多，群落多样性越高。这些研究结论为尾矿区的生态修复和可持续利用提供了参考依据。     

不同使用方式林地的土壤动物与土壤营养元素的关系

以两对不同使用方式的林地为研究对象,探讨耕作土地和自然林地的土壤动物与土壤营养成分间的关系,研究表明,自然林地的土壤动物种类、数量、生物量及自然林的土壤有机质、土壤微量元素的含量等均明显高于耕作土地,土壤动物的种类、数量、生物量与土壤营养元素的含量呈正相关;土壤动物体的矿质元素与其所在土壤的矿质元素相关显著,但土壤动物体的微量元素与土壤微量元素间没有明显的相关性     

芜湖市郊土壤污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响

研究表明，芜湖市郊农田土壤动物群落的组成与数量随污染程度的加重而减少，土壤动物密度也呈同样的变化趋势，特别是中小型土壤动物，优势类群数量发生较大消长，常见类群和稀有类群的组成逐渐减少．多样性指数H与重金属污染程度之间关系因受到季节的影响而变得复杂：冬季和初夏污染较重样地优势类群数量减少，群落均匀性指数E增加而优势度指数C减小，多样性指数H较高；而春季处于过渡阶段，某些类群(如螨类)数量爆发，C增高，H较小．土壤动物群落密度一类群指数DG随污染加重而减小．受到重金属污染的农田土壤动物的表聚性减弱，甚至出现逆分布现象．图1表4参15     

草原不同沙化地段蝗虫与植物群落多样性的变化及相互关系的数…

通过对植物和蝗虫各群生物量的调查，研究了宁夏盐池县干草原沙化过程中植物和蝗虫群落结构，多样性与丰富度的变化，以及其相互关系，结果表明，植物和蝗虫群落随着草地的沙化程度表现序列性演替过程，蝗虫群落多样性直接受植物群落结构变化的影响，但二者的变化趋势并不完全平行，草地沙化对蝗虫群落多样性和丰富度是一种灾变性影响，沙化导致植被结构与土壤硬度的变化，造成蝗虫产卵地条件的改变。     

大兴安岭火烧迹地土壤动物的群落多样行

以大兴安岭地区不同年份火烧迹地土壤动物为研究对象,对火烧后不同恢复时间土壤动物群落多样性及相关指数的变化进行分析.结果表明,大型土壤动物的个体数、DIC指数、丰富度指数及优势度指数变化趋势均表现为火烧恢复初期迅速增加,然后缓慢增加并逐渐接近对比样地值;如果不考虑8 a迹地数据极大值的影响,中小型土壤动物的个体数、DIC指数、丰富度指数及优势度指数也大致呈现火烧恢复初期迅速增加,然后缓慢增长的趋势;在垂直方向上,大型土壤动物DIC指数、个体数及丰富度指数在0～5 cm最大,向上、向下减少,而中小型土壤动物的各项指数都是凋落物层最大,向下迅速减小;相关分析表明,大型和中小型土壤动物的个体数和丰富度指数与DIC指数都具有极高的相关性;群落相似性分析显示,各火烧迹地间土壤动物群落具有较高的相似性.图1表3参26     

深圳福田红树林底栖纤毛虫的群落生态学

利用活体观察和蛋白银染色方法,对深圳福田红树林鸟类自然保护区内底栖纤毛虫的群落结构进行了研究,包括底栖纤毛虫的种类组成、丰度、优势类群及物种的多样性分析.共观察到隶属于3纲11目24属的土壤纤毛虫44种.统计结果表明,主要优势类群为肾形目(Colpodida)和下毛目(Hypotrichida)的种类,分别占纤毛虫总种类数的45.45%和18.18%.丰度的最高值出现于6月的高潮带,每克风干土壤中的个体数达到60534个;最低值出现于12月的低潮带,每克风干土壤中的个体数为7795个.各个潮间带的Margalef多样性指数介于0.73～2.19之间.丰度与土壤理化因子的相关性分析表明,各理化因子对底栖纤毛虫数量的影响不具显著性.此外,原生动物群落的各结构功能参数反映了其栖息地的环境状况.     

三峡库区主要粮食作物和土壤中重金属的相关性及富积特征分析

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明三峡库区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr的变异系数小于50%,重金属的含量比较稳定。稻谷（Oryza sativa）中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr,玉米（Zea mays）中Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr和小麦（Triticum aestivum）中Cu、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr的变异系数大于50%。土壤、稻谷、玉米、小麦中大部分重金属呈偏态分布。土壤中重金属间均为正相关,且极显著正相关性明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中重金属间有正相关,也有负相关,但正相关明显多于负相关;稻谷、玉米、小麦中Mn同其它重金属间均有显著正相关性,协同作用明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中Pb、Cd、Cr的样本超标率较大,污染明显,并且稻谷中Cd与土壤中Cd有直线关系。     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对昆明地区土壤动物群落的影响

2005年雨季前后的6月至9月,共布设144个样方,采样分析了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adeno-phorum)对云南昆明地区针叶林、阔叶林和草地3种主要生态系统类型地表腐叶层土壤动物群落的影响。研究结果表明,紫茎泽兰入侵后土壤动物类群总数显著减少,其中针叶林减少41.3%,阔叶林减少29.0%,草地减少36.7%;土壤动物群落个体总数下降,其中针叶林减少63.5%,阔叶林减少20.4%,草地减少43.2%。紫茎泽兰入侵影响土壤动物群落多样性和均匀度。6月至8月,在没有紫茎泽兰入侵情况下,针叶林和草地生态系统土壤动物群落多样性、均匀度逐步升高;紫茎泽兰入侵后,由于土壤动物类群数量及部分类群个体数量减少,针叶林和草地土壤动物群落多样性、均匀度有所降低。     

Evolutionary cause of the vulnerability of insular communities

Communities on oceanic islands are considered to be vulnerable to biological invasion. However, because the detailed structures of such communities have not yet been revealed, the relationship between their vulnerability and structure is not clear. Because such communities evolved without biological invasion, they are expected to have structures different from those of mainland communities, and this difference is expected to affect their vulnerability to invasion. I conducted computer simulations based on a food web model and investigated the difference in structure between mainland and insular model communities, the former of which evolved with frequent invasion and the latter without invasion. In addition, by conducting computer simulations of invasion of these model communities, I investigated the relationship between community structure and vulnerability to biological invasion. The insular model community evolved to have an unstable structure, in that a small number of plant species supported a large number of animal species, and each species in the community had a small biomass. When a plant species invaded and disturbed the base of the insular model community, many animal species relying on the plants easily became extinct. In addition, when a carnivorous species invaded, animal species with small biomass tended to become extinct. Community collapses caused by biological invasion occurred more frequently in the insular model community than in the mainland model community. These results indicated that those communities that evolved without invasion were vulnerable to invasion. The available data on real insular communities suggest that some have reached the endangered state predicted by this model.     

培育土壤中硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的消长特征初探

通过不同含水量下潮土和褐土的培育试验,测定了土壤中硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的消长变化及水溶性硫、有机硫和盐酸挥发性硫的含量。结果表明,土壤中硫化细菌含量随土壤含水量的增加而有增大趋势,其消长变化与有机硫和盐酸挥发性硫的含量变化有关,硫酸盐还原菌含量亦随土壤含水量的增加趋于增大,潮土中硫酸盐还原菌的消长与水溶性硫含量呈显著相关,硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的消长曲线表明,这两类硫细菌的消长呈相反的变化趋势。     

吉林省西部农牧交错区不同土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征的影响

对吉林省西部农牧交错区典型生境土壤线虫群落进行调查,共捕获线虫23属、1 264只,优势属为真滑刃属和短体属。研究结果显示,土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征有一定影响,不同生境间土壤线虫群落共有属不多,农业生产活动促使土壤线虫向土壤下层移动;不同农业生产活动对土壤线虫群落多样性影响不同, 4种生境中,居民点园地土壤线虫群落多样性最高,而玉米田最低;不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫功能类群差异显著,玉米田不利于捕食类群/杂食类群的存在。     

Decomposers (Lumbricidae, Collembola) affect plant performance in model grasslands of different diversity

Decomposer invertebrates influence soil structure and nutrient mineralization as well as the activity and composition of the microbial community in soil and therefore likely affect plant performance and plant competition. We established model grassland communities in a greenhouse to study the interrelationship between two different functional groups of decomposer invertebrates, Lumbricidae and Collembola, and their effect on plant performance and plant nitrogen uptake in a plant diversity gradient. Common plant species of Central European Arrhenatherion grasslands were transplanted into microcosms with numbers of plant species varying from one to eight and plant functional groups varying from one to four. Separate and combined treatments with earthworms and collembolans were set up. Microcosms contained 15N labeled litter to track N fluxes into plant shoots. Presence of decomposers strongly increased total plant and plant shoot biomass. Root biomass decreased in the presence of collembolans and even more in the presence of earthworms. However, it increased when both animal groups were present. Also, presence of decomposers increased total N concentration and 15N enrichment of grasses, legumes, and small herbs. Small herbs were at a maximum in the combined treatment with earthworms and collembolans. The impact of earthworms and collembolans on plant performance strongly varied with plant functional group identity and plant species diversity and was modified when both decomposers were present. Both decomposer groups generally increased aboveground plant productivity through effects on litter decomposition and nutrient mineralization leading to an increased plant nutrient acquisition. The non-uniform effects of earthworms and collembolans suggest that functional diversity of soil decomposer animals matters and that the interactions between soil animal functional groups affect the structure of plant communities.     

Characteristics of soil fauna community in the decomposition of Deyeuxia arundinacea litters北大核心CSCD

This study aimed to understand the soil fauna characteristics during the litter decomposition process of perennial herb Deyeuxia arundinacea. The litters were put in 6-, 30-, and 260-mesh litterbags to investigate their mass loss and the dynamics of soil faunal community during Aug. 2013 to Jul. 2014. Faster decomposition rate of Deyeuxia arundinacea in different meshes was found in the early period than in mid- and end-periods. Among different mesh sizes, 6-mesh had the fastest decomposition rate, followed by 30-mesh and 260-mesh. A total of 2218 individuals of soil fauna were obtained in different meshes, with 958, 737 and 523 individuals in 30-, 260- and 6-mesh respectively. Oribatida and Poduridae were the dominant groups, accounting for 73.22% of total individuals. The soil animal individual and group densities shared a very similar trend among the decomposition bags of three aperture sizes, all with obvious characteristics of seasonal dynamic distribution. During the 12 months of decomposition, the density of soil animal groups did not show significant difference between the 6 mesh and 260 mesh decomposition bags except for May. Correlation analysis showed that the group density was highly significantly correlated with average monthly temperature and rainfall, and the individual density significantly correlated with the average monthly temperature. The results indicated that the structure and diversity of soil fauna community of Deyeuxia arundinacea are influenced by hydrothermal conditions. The findings help in understanding the effect of soil fauna to perennial herb litter decomposition.     

植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响

以铜尾矿废弃地为对象,研究了铜尾矿废弃地上植物群落发展与表层尾矿微生物量C、N和脱氢酶、过氧化氢碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性的变化,探讨了植物群落-微生物量C、N_土壤酶活性之间的相互关系.结果表明,随着植物群落的发展,铜尾矿废弃地表层尾矿微生物量和酶活性在不断增加;铜官山老尾矿废弃地白茅群落下表层尾矿(TBM)微生物量和酶活性与杨山冲尾矿废弃地及铜官山新尾矿废弃地表层尾矿微生物量和酶活性存在显著差异性(p<0.05).相关分析表明铜尾矿废弃地表层尾矿微生物量C、N与土壤有机质、总氮之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01);脱氧酶、碱性磷酸酶及脲酶与微生物量C、微生物量N、土壤有机质、总氮之问呈显著正相关(P<0.01),但过氧化氢酶与微生物量C、微生物量N、土壤有机质、总氮之间呈显著负相关(P<0.01).