MBR中胞外聚合物累积对污泥性质的影响

以一体式膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟生活污水为研究体系,探讨累积胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成、含量及其分布对污泥特性的影响.结果表明,EPS经历一个低谷后,在35 d时出现明显累积,污泥比基质降解速率和污泥体积指数(SVI)也出现相应变化.体系中EPS总量及污泥中蛋白质与多糖比值的增加有利于污泥活性及其沉降性能的改善,EPS累积期大部分EPS存在于污泥中,从另一个角度证实了EPS与污泥活性及其降解性能之间的相关关系.     

pH调节对活性污泥混合液膜过滤性的影响

探讨了用NaOH调节pH值对膜-生物反应器混合液膜过滤性能的影响,并通过分析污泥混合液性质的变化研究其作用机理.试验表明,适当调节pH到碱性,可以使膜过滤性能得到改善.投加碱液使污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)减少,污泥容积指数(SVI)降低,但上清液中总有机碳(TOC)浓度增加.混合液膜过滤性能的改善与污泥SVI的降低密切相关.在碱性条件下,从细胞表面脱落下来的EPS对絮体颗粒的絮凝性有一定促进作用,但效果有限.推测碱液处理使细胞表面的LB-EPS脱落,从而使细胞表面疏水性增加,有利于絮体颗粒之间的絮凝,从而有利于混合液膜过滤性的改善.     

好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥是微生物通过自凝聚作用形成的一种特殊的生物聚集体,具有结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强、多功能微生物分区定殖等特点,其在废水强化脱氮除磷与难降解有机物去除方面具有明显的技术优势.针对目前工业和养殖废水及城镇生活污水等碳氮比低、处理出水总氮达标压力大等突出问题,综述基于好氧颗粒污泥的全自养、同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化、异养硝化-好氧反硝化等强化脱氮工艺,介绍其脱氮机制及技术优势,阐明不同好氧颗粒污泥脱氮工艺的特点与颗粒污泥特性,同时总结各种工艺的启动条件及富集相应功能菌的好氧颗粒污泥的形成因素,评估不同工艺应用于实际废水生物处理的可行性.在此基础上进一步分析进水基质组成(不同碳氮比)、运行模式(连续曝气和间歇曝气)、运行条件(溶解氧浓度、温度和pH)等对好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮性能与稳定运行的影响.最后提出应进一步优化好氧颗粒污泥强化脱氮工艺的运行参数,解析好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群功能,揭示好氧颗粒污泥形成与结构稳定的微生物学机理.     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器运行特性的影响

以膜生物反应器（MBR）处理模拟生活废水为研究体系,考察曝气强度对系统污染物去除效果、脱氢酶活性、胞外聚合物（EPS）组分和含量、Zeta电位、污泥粒径及跨膜压差等的影响.结果表明,随着曝气强度降低,COD去除率变化不大,均大于94.0%,脱氢酶活性明显降低,VSS/SS比值下降;污泥LB-EPS增加,Zeta电位降低,污泥平均体积粒径减小,膜通量下降速率增大.曝气强度为800—400 L.m-.2h-1的条件下,曝气产生的水力剪切力不是影响污泥粒径大小的主导因素,污泥Zeta电位则起着决定作用,但水力剪切力有利于缓解膜污染.     

生物沥浸联合类Fenton作用对污泥脱水性能的改善

为了解生物沥浸促进下的类Fenton调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,采用序批式恒温培养法,以比阻(SRF)、毛细吸水时间(CST)、过滤时间(TTF)和上清液中胞外聚合物(EPS)组分含量等指标,比较生物沥浸、Fenton氧化以及生物沥浸联合类Fenton氧化3种调理方法对污泥脱水速率和脱水程度的影响,并探讨其调理机制.结果表明,污泥经过生物沥浸联合类Fenton氧化调理后,比阻和毛细吸水时间分别从14.0×10~(12) m/kg和24 s下降到0.178×10~(12) m/kg和7.7 s,脱水性能较单独生物沥浸提高80.0%,与单独Fenton相比提高90.6%.此外,H_2O_2投加量对污泥的脱水效果具有重要影响,在本研究条件下最佳H_2O_2投加量是20 mg/g DS(干物质).因此,生物沥浸联合类Fenton作用可显著改善污泥脱水性能,EPS释放、Fe~(3+)絮凝和大量结合水转化为自由水是促进污泥脱水的主要原因.     

用三维荧光和红外技术分析好氧颗粒污泥形成初期胞外聚合物的变化

为了研究聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加在好氧颗粒污泥培养初期的作用,本研究分别在污泥培养的第1—7天(R1)和第8—14天(R2)投加PAC,并采用三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)技术分析好氧颗粒污泥形成初期胞外聚合物(EPS)各组分的含量及变化规律.结果表明,PAC投加时间推迟后,污泥沉降性能良好,且反应器中胞外聚合物和蛋白质含量明显增多,松散附着的EPS(LB-EPS)中蛋白含量变化趋势明显,多糖含量保持在较小范围内波动,与溶解性胞外聚合物(S-EPS)和紧密黏附的胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)相比较,LB-EPS和污泥颗粒化有密切关系;三维荧光光谱分析结果显示,R2中荧光类蛋白物质(峰A和峰B)强度均大于R1,而腐殖酸类物质(峰C)强度小于R1,说明A和B这两种荧光类蛋白物质在微生物聚集体形成过程中的作用更加重要;红外光谱表明,1636 cm-1、1654 cm-1分别属于蛋白质二级结构中C=O伸长振动引起的,分别存在于S-EPS和LB-EPS、TB-EPS中,且在投加PAC的时间推迟后1654 cm-1处的吸收峰吸收较弱,和三维荧光分析共同表明LB-EPS中的蛋白类物质是好氧颗粒污泥形成初期加入PAC进行强化造粒的核心原因之一.     

活性污泥的絮体结构模型

采用Motic数码显微镜观察SRT为3 d和15 d的活性污泥絮体以及它们的LEPS和TEPS絮凝污泥悬浮液形成的生物絮体的结构。结果表明,高SRT（15 d）活性污泥絮体较低SRT（3 d）活性污泥絮体的颜色深且密实;同一活性污泥中,内层的絮体结构较外层的絮体结构密实,细菌细胞与菌胶团之间的结合更为紧密。最后,结合絮体结构图片,从大分子作用力的角度,提出了活性污泥絮体结构模型,以形象地描述不同SRT活性污泥EPS及其表面性质变化对活性污泥絮凝沉降性能的影响。     

膜生物反应器处理回用生活污水的实验研究

针对当前社会对污染物减排和中水回用的需求,采用一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)对生活污水进行处理,研究了处理效果和工艺条件.结果表明:SMBR是生活污水处理回用的简单高效的工艺方法,SMBR膜出水COD<20 mg·L-1,BOD5<1 mg·L-1,NH4 -N<1 mg·L-1,出水无悬浮物,可以达到城市杂用水回用标准.同时,SMBR对总氮、总磷具有一定的去除效果,污泥沉降性能良好,污泥指数稳定在78~115,污泥龄可达40-60 d,保证了系统内污泥质量浓度;通过控制合适的气水比25∶1~60∶1、采用间歇出水方式等工艺操作条件可以保持良好的污泥特性并可延缓膜污染,延长膜的使用寿命,提高SMBR对污水处理的效率.     

以黏土为载体的好氧颗粒污泥培养及其对番茄废水的处理

针对新疆番茄酱加工废水排放量大、有机物浓度高等问题,采用好氧颗粒污泥技术处理.为了解黏土对于污泥好氧颗粒化进程的影响,在SBR反应器中接种絮体污泥并投加黏土,以人工合成番茄酱加工废水为基质培养好氧颗粒污泥,并采用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦(CLSM)、死活细菌染色以及高通量测序等技术表征活性污泥的颗粒化过程.结果显示,在反应器中投加黏土运行20 d时获得平均粒径0.54 mm左右的好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥成熟后,污泥沉降性能较好,COD、NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别达到90%、85%、40%以上.扫描电镜下,颗粒污泥轮廓清晰,结构密实. CLSM显示,α-多糖、β-多糖和蛋白质作为胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成部分在颗粒中分布广泛,贯穿整个颗粒截面.添加黏土培养的颗粒污泥死活细菌染色显示其死细菌数量积累程度更高,活细菌多位于外层并包裹着死细菌.高通量测序结果显示,黏土投加后微生物多样性提高,Shannon指数由4.50增至4.79,动胶菌属和产黄菌属的相对丰度分别为37.87%和8.79%.本研究表明投加黏土可促进好氧颗粒污泥形成,维持体系稳定运行及有机物降解效果主要源于微生物群落的共同作用.     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的产生及其分布

考察了不同操作条件和基质条件对好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)产生的影响及其在污泥和体系上清液中的分布.结果表明:随体系操作条件和基质条件的变化,好氧颗粒污泥内部和上清液中的EPS含量呈规律性变化.相对而言,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS含量的变化幅度较小,过多的EPS则释放到上清液中.大量EPS的释放只发生在颗粒污泥解体时,而酸性条件和不适当的C/N比不利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成及形态保持.体系溶解氧为4.5 mg·l-1,pH为中性,污泥负荷小于等于0.37kgCOD·kg-1MLSS·d-1,碳氮比为20∶ 1时,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS的含量约占污泥总质量的9%-12%,与厌氧颗粒污泥(0.6%-20%)相近,但远低于絮状活性污泥(80%),此时,EPS在上清液中的含量最低或接近最低,为14-26 mg·l-1.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h^-1 aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m^-2·h^-1, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L^-1COD, 0.84 mg·L^-1 ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g^-1VSS, 38.8 mg·g^-1VSS and 90.8 mg·g^-1VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

膜生物反应器投加PAC处理生活污水效能的试验

在一体式MBR系统中投加少量的粉末活性炭，运行效果良好，并且可以很好地降低膜污染。粉末活性炭在形成生物活性炭后，对难降解有机物具有很好的降解能力；NH4^ -N的去除率得到进一步提高，NO3^-的含量升高；但反硝化作用不明显，致使总氮去除率不高；生物活性炭很好地吸附并降解了易引起膜污染的有机物，改变了污泥的性质，对膜组件起到了很好的保护作用。     

Formation of disinfection by-products during sodium hypochlorite cleaning of fouled membranes from membrane bioreactors

•HAAs was dominant among the DBPs of interest. •Rising time, dose, temperature and pH raised TCM and HAAs but reduced HANs and HKs. •Low time, dose and temperature and non-neutrality pH reduced toxic risks of DBPs. •The presence of EPS decelerated the production of DBPs. •EPS, particularly polysaccharides were highly resistant to chlorine. Periodic chemical cleaning with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is essential to restore the membrane permeability in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). However, the chlorination of membrane foulants results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), which will cause the deterioration of the MBR effluent and increase the antibiotic resistance in bacteria in the MBR tank. In this study, the formation of 14 DBPs during chemical cleaning of fouled MBR membrane modules was investigated. Together with the effects of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), influences of reaction time, NaClO dosage, initial pH, and cleaning temperature on the DBP formation were investigated. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trichloromethane (TCM), composed over 90% of the DBPs, were increasingly accumulated as the NaClO cleaning time extended. By increasing the chlorine dosage, temperature, and pH, the yield of TCM and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was increased by up to a factor of 1‒14, whereas the yields of haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloketones (HKs) were decreased. Either decreasing in the chlorine dosage and cleaning temperature or adjusting the pH of cleaning reagents toward acidic or alkaline could effectively reduce the toxic risks caused by DBPs. After the EPS extraction pretreatment, the formation of DBPs was accelerated in the first 12 h due to the damage of biofilm structure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed that EPS, particularly polysaccharides, were highly resistant to chlorine and might be able to protect the cells exposed to chlorination.     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

Co-application of energy uncoupling and ultrafiltration in sludge treatment: Evaluations of sludge reduction,supernatant recovery and membrane fouling control

• Effects of metabolic uncouplers addition on sludge reduction were carried out. • TCS addition effectively inhibited ATP synthesis and reduced sludge yield. • The effluent quality such as TOC and ammonia deteriorated but not significantly. • Suitable dosage retarded biofouling during sludge water recovery by UF membrane. Energy uncoupling is often used for sludge reduction because it is easy to operate and does not require a significant amount of extra equipments (i.e. no additional tank required). However, over time the supernatant extracted using this method can deteriorate, ultimately requiring further treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a low-pressure ultrafiltration membrane process for sludge water recovery after the sludge had undergone an energy uncoupling treatment (using 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS)). Energy uncoupling was found to break apart sludge floc by reducing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Analysis of supernatant indicated that when energy uncoupling and membrane filtration were co-applied and the TCS dosage was below 30 mg/L, there was no significant deterioration in organic component removal. However, ammonia and phosphate concentrations were found to increase as the concentration of TCS added increased. Additionally, due to low sludge concentrations and EPS contents, addition of 30–60 mg/L TCS during sludge reduction increased the permeate flux (two times higher than the control) and decreased the hydraulic reversible and cake layer resistances. In contrast, high dosage of TCS aggravated membrane fouling by forming compact fouling layers. In general, this study found that the co-application of energy uncoupling and membrane filtration processes represents an effective alternative method for simultaneous sludge reduction and sludge supernatant recovery.     

Effect of iron addition on the performance of anoxic-oxic membrane process and biological phosphorus removal北大核心CSCD

In order to solve the problem of poor treatment of phosphorus in membrane bioreactor (MBR) with long sludge retention time (SRT), a ferric salt was added to enhance phosphorus removal; FeCl36H2O (Fe/P = 2.0) was added to the reactor. The removal efficiency of nitrogen, organic matters, and phosphorus in the MBR was investigated systematically. Moreover, this study focused on the membrane performance, the change of active sludge flora, and the effect of adding a ferric salt on membrane fouling before and after the addition. It was seen that adding the ferric salt could not affect the removal of COD and NH4 +-N and the removal rate of COD and NH4 +-N reached over 90%. However, the average removal rate of phosphorus was 52%, while the removal rate increased by nearly 40% after adding the ferric salt. The effects of adding ferric salts on the dominant bacteria and biological phosphorus removal of activated sludge were further studied. The results showed that the addition of ferric salt (Fe/P = 2.0) decreased the diversity of active sludge flora and relative abundance of some phosphorusaccumulating organisms and had a negative effect on biological phosphorus removal. The analysis of transmembrane pressure difference (TMP) recording revealed that the concentration of iron salts did not exacerbate membrane fouling. The results showed that the concentration of iron salts entering the membrane bioreactor would reduce the relative abundance and phosphorus removal efficiency of the activated sludge in the system to a certain extent, but it had no obvious effect on membrane fouling. It allowed the effluent to attain acceptable standards, especially with respect to phosphorus removal efficiency. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

膜生物反应器内泥水混合液可过滤性的研究

膜生物反应器是一种新兴的水处理技术，但目前膜造价较高，导致运行费用较高，因此，提高膜通量的各种技术措施具有重要的意义。文中引入静态泥水混合液过滤试验，通过对取自运转中ＭＢＲ的活性污泥混合液的过滤实验结果分析，着重阐述了影响活性污泥可过滤性的影响因素，并指出在维持ＭＢＲ的运行中，改善活性污泥性状是一个不可忽略的方面。