和田河流域绿洲区地下水“三氮”污染状况及影响因素

以和田河流域绿洲区地下水污染调查数据为基础,对地下水"三氮"的污染状况及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,和田河流域绿洲区地下水"三氮"污染不是很严重,但随时间呈不断加重的趋势.硝酸盐氮是绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的主要存在形态,其含量、检出率和超标率最高,氨氮次之,亚硝酸盐氮最低.地下水中"三氮"含量的空间分布表现出一定的规律性,水平方向上,绿洲南部硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量普遍高于绿洲北部,而氨氮在北部的分布范围比南部广;垂直方向上,浅层潜水中"三氮"的含量高于中深层潜水;与新疆其他地区相比,和田河流域绿洲区地下水中硝酸盐氮含量较高,亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮含量较低.绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的来源主要与居民日常生活和农业生产有关,其存在形态和分布特征主要与水化学环境、包气带岩性和厚度及地下水径流条件等因素有关.     

环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流输出特征

对环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流的输出特征进行了研究,结果表明,地表径流中TN浓度随径流量而变化,浓度峰值出现时间滞后于径流量峰值;径流发生前期,NH3 N和NO-3 N浓度水平相当,后期NO-3 N浓度缓慢抬升,而NH3 N含量缓慢下降;NO-2 N浓度相对较低,随时间快速下降;对于TN和NO-3 N而言,溶解态含量高于悬浮态,而溶解态和悬浮态NH3 N的浓度相当;无机氮平均浓度高于有机氮,有机氮尤其是悬浮态有机氮浓度表现出随径流量而变化的特点。     

旅游活动对九寨沟地表径流氮磷流失的影响研究

2005年4—9月,选择九寨沟旅游热点景点五花海与珍珠滩,设置了4组对比样地(干扰与未干扰对照),采用径流实验方法定位监测了25个降雨事件下的地表径流、湖边水体与地表降水中的全氮、全磷含量,分析了旅游活动对九寨沟核心景区林下地表径流与湖边水质中氮/磷含量的影响,探讨了旅游活动对湖泊水质变化的影响。研究发现:(1)地表径流中的全氮/全磷含量均显著高于近地表层降水中的全氮与全磷,也显著高于天然降水中的含量;(2)旅游活动后,径流全氮和全磷含量都增大;(3)径流全氮和全磷含量与土壤物理因子呈显著相关关系,地被覆盖因子中的凋落物因子影响径流全磷含量较显著;(4)地表径流全氮、全磷含量大于湖边水全氮、全磷含量,两者之间为正相关关系,表明旅游活动引起了氮/磷向湖泊的输入加大。研究结果提示,控制游客的游径扩大,湖岸边地被层植被恢复等措施是削减湖泊富营养化的有效措施。     

模拟氮沉降对木荷人工幼林地土壤氮素、碳素和微生物量垂直分布的影响

以NH4NO3作为氮源，对广州东北郊木荷（Schima superba）人工幼林地进行模拟氮沉降处理，共设置3个氮沉降水平，分别为N0（N：0 g·m-2·a-1）、N5（N：5 g·m-2·a-1）以及N10（N：10 g·m-2·a-1），每月进行喷施。在连续施氮22个月（当月当次施氮5天后）对土壤氮素（硝氮、氨氮、总氮）、碳素（总碳）以及微生物量（脂磷）在0~60 cm土层中的垂直分布进行研究。结果显示：在3个氮沉降水平下，随着土层加深，pH呈现出下降的趋势，氮沉降存在加剧土壤酸化的风险；在N0、N5、N10水平下，土壤全氮和总碳的垂直分布趋势大体一致，随着土层加深，其含量下降，但在深层土壤（40~60 cm）中，施氮与对照比较，总碳呈现一定的增加趋势；除40~50 cm土层，N5、N10水平下的硝态氮含量在各个深度土壤中都表现为比对照组要高，氮沉降导致土壤一定程度上硝态氮的积累；在浅层土壤（0~20 cm）中，铵态氮水平较低并且其含量明显低于对照组，而在较深的土层中铵态氮有较多的积累，说明存在污染地下水的风险；N5和N10水平下，无机氮比例（无机氮含量与总氮含量之比）在各个深度土壤中总体高于N0水平；用脂磷含量表征土壤微生物含量，结果表明外加氮源对微生物含量有显著性影响，在N5、N10水平下，微生物含量在30~40 cm土层中出现峰值。     

上海市区与郊区降水的离子组成特征及来源

通过测试上海市区与郊区2008年4月—2009年3月的降水样品中的主要离子浓度值，分析了各离子的浓度变化特征和来源。结果发现：市区总离子浓度值为冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季，各离子平均浓度值为SO4^2-〉Ca^2＋〉NH4〉Cl^-〉NO3^-〉Na^＋〉Mg^2＋〉F^＋〉K^＋;郊区总离子浓度值为秋季〉冬季〉春季〉夏季，各离子平均浓度值为SO4^2-〉NH4〉Ca^2＋〉Cl^-〉Na^＋〉NO3^-〉Mg^2＋〉F^-〉K^＋。经定量探源分析，发现降水中离子浓度受人为活动影响严重，市区、郊区降水离子的人为源分别占离子总量的76．8％和71．7％。阴离子中，市区与郊区SO4^2-的人为源所占比例均为最高，cl一的海源大于人为源，且郊区海源比例比市区高10．5％；NO3^-、F^-等均来自人为源。阳离子中，K^＋以陆源为主，市区有部分为人为源；Ca^2＋以人为源为主，且市区人为源比例高于郊区；Mg^2＋以陆源为主，且市区所占比例小于郊区。     

硅肥和氮肥配施对优质稻植株养分含量、产量和品质的影响

硅和氮是水稻生长发育过程中起重要作用的营养元素,合理施用硅肥和氮肥对于改善稻田养分管理及提高产量、品质具有重要意义。通过田间试验,研究不同氮肥(120、180和240 kg·hm~(-2),分别记作N1、N2和N3)和硅肥(0、225和450 kg·hm~(-2),分别记作Si1、Si2和Si3)配施对桂农占和黄华占2个水稻品种植株的营养元素含量、产量构成因素及品质的影响。结果表明,硅氮处理能够显著增加分蘖期、抽穗期2个水稻品种叶片氮含量,在抽穗期N1-Si3处理桂农占和黄华占叶片氮含量比N1-Si1处理分别增加17.0%和44.4%。硅氮处理能够提高抽穗期黄华占叶片磷含量以及2个品种分蘖期和抽穗期Si含量。随着施氮和施硅水平的提高,产量也呈增加趋势,桂农占和黄华占产量分别以N2-Si1和N3-Si3处理为最高,分别达8 188.5和8 260.5 kg·hm~(-2)。此外,2个水稻品种整精米率均随硅含量增加而升高,而直链淀粉含量呈降低趋势,有助于改善稻米品质。综合研究结果表明,低氮高硅及中氮低硅的配比组合更适合桂农占的生长发育和产量品质的提高。     

象山港表层沉积物中营养元素的分布特征及影响因素

通过对象山港表层沉积物中不同形态氮、磷含量的调查,分析了该海区表层沉积物中氮、磷的分布特征,象山港表层沉积物中氮、磷含量较高,已对底栖生物产生生态毒性;海产养殖是造成本海域营养元素超标的最主要因素,也是控制营养元素在空间和时间上变化的主要因素.     

江西省兴国县土壤全氮和有机质的空间变异及其分布格局

在地理信息系统和地统计学的支持下，以变异函数为工具，初步分析了江西省兴国县土壤全氮和有机质的空间变异特征，并应用克立格法进行最优无偏线性插值，得出全氮和有机质含量的分布格局．结果表明：全氮的变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型，有机质为指数模型；两种养分的空间自相关程度均属中等的空间自相关；全氮和有机质空间变异的尺度范围不同，分别为5．41km和9．36km．它们的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的；全氮和有机质含量的分布格局基本一致，具有北部高、中部和南部低的分布特征．图3表2参16     

成都市冬季辐射雾生消过程的无机阴离子变化

分别在成都市市区和郊区采集冬季辐射雾雾水样品,pH值范围在4.58—6.39之间,平均值为5.57.离子色谱分析其无机阴离子(SO42-,NO3-,Cl-)浓度水平.结果显示,雾水中的阴离子以SO42-浓度最高(3.11mg.l-1),NO3-(0.20mg.l-1)和Cl-(0.25mg.l-1)相对较低;雾生消过程中市区和郊区雾水样品阴离子的变化规律及分布特征有显著差异.雾水中的阴离子浓度普遍低于此期间的降水.     

环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流输出特征

对环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流的输出特征进行了研究，结果表明，地表径流中TN浓度随径流量而变化，浓度峰值出现时间滞后于径流量峰值；径流发生前期，NH3-N和NO3^--N浓度水平相当，后期NO3^--N浓度缓慢抬升，而NH3-N含量缓慢下降；NO3^--N浓度相对较低，随时间快速下降；对于TN和NO3^--N而言，溶解态含量高于悬浮态，而溶解态和悬浮态NH3-N的浓度相当；无机氮平均浓度高于有机氮，有机氮尤其是悬浮态有机氮浓度表现出随径流量而变化的特点。     

Environmental impact of nitrogen fertilization in tea eco-system

To quantify the nitrogen losses through runoff and leaching under a tea plantation in hilly soil, a field experiment was conducted from October 2001 to October 2002 at United Planters Association of Southern India (UPASI), Coonoorin Nilgiri district. Runoff water was collected in the collection tub on most rainy days but the leachate was collected in the soil water sampler when the rainfall exceeded 150 mm. Higher nitrogen fertilization levels significantly influenced the NO3-N concentration in both the runoff and leachate and it was likely to cause adverse environmental impact at the delivery end. The NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations in runoff decreased with the days after fertilizer application. NH4-N concentration reduced from 10.27 mg/l on the 9th day to 1.72 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. NO3-N concentration reduced from 23.5 mg/l on the 9th day to 4.32 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. Nitrogen loss varied depending on the quantity of rainfall and runoff. The NO3-N concentration in the leachate increased with increase in depth (18.06 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 20.98 mg/l at 45 cm depth) whereas NH4-N concentration decreased with increase in depth (6.32 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 5.79 mg/l at 45 cm depth.     

Changes in the dissolved nitrogen pool across land cover gradients in Wisconsin streams

Increases in anthropogenic nitrogen fixation have resulted in wide-scale enrichment of aquatic ecosystems. Existing biogeochemical theory suggests that N enrichment is associated with increasing concentrations of nitrate; however, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is often a major component of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) pool in streams and rivers, and its concentration can be significantly elevated in human-influenced basins. We examined N concentrations during summer base flow conditions in 324 Wisconsin streams to determine whether DON was a significant component of TDN and how its relative contribution changed across a gradient of increasing human (agriculture and urban) land use for 84 of these sites. Total dissolved nitrogen varied from 0.09 to 20.74 mg/L, and although DON was significantly higher in human-dominated basins relative to forested and mixed-cover basins, its concentration increased relatively slowly in response to increasing human land cover. This limited response reflected a replacement of wetland-derived DON in low-N streams by anthropogenic sources in human-dominated sites, such that net changes in DON were small across the land use gradient. Nitrate-N increased exponentially in response to greater human land cover, and NH4-N and NO2-N were present at low levels. Nitrite-N exceeded NH4-N at 20% of sites and reached a maximum concentration of 0.10 mg/L. This examination suggests that basic mechanisms driving N losses from old-growth forests subject to N saturation also shape the summertime N pool in Wisconsin streams, in addition to other processes dictated by landscape context. The overwhelming role of human land use in determining the relative and absolute composition of the summertime N pool included (1) rapid increases in NO3-N, (2) limited changes in DON, and (3) the unexpected occurrence of NO2-N. High (>3 mg/L) TDN conditions dominated by NO3-N, regardless of landscape context or forms of N inputs, indicate a state of "N hypersaturation", which appears to be increasingly common in human-influenced streams and rivers. Many sites in agriculturally rich areas had NO2-N and NO3-N concentrations that, if sustained, are at chronically toxic levels for sensitive aquatic biota, suggesting that N enrichment now has local consequences for resident stream biota in addition to contributing to coastal eutrophication.     

不同施肥水平下菜地径流氮磷流失特征

研究施肥对菜地径流氮、磷流失的影响,对控制水体富营养化有重要意义。采用田间小区监测的方法,研究常规施肥、减量施肥1和减量施肥2等三种施肥水平对菜地径流氮磷流失的影响。结果表明,（1）不同施肥水平的径流氮、磷流失浓度均较高,径流TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N的平均流失质量浓度分别在20.5~34、2.2~2.4、6.3~9.5 mg L-1之间,径流TP、DP的平均流失质量浓度分别在7.7~11.1、2.1~2.4 mg L-1之间,菜地土壤径流氮、磷流失风险较大。（2）减量施肥可明显降低径流TN和NO3--N的流失浓度,与当地常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别降低径流TN流失浓度的40%、32%和NO3--N流失浓度的23%、35%,而减量施肥对径流TP、DP的流失浓度影响不大。（3）不同施肥水平的径流TN、NO3--N流失负荷分别在5.8~7.6、1.6~2.3 kg hm-2之间,与常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别减少TN、NO3--N流失负荷的24%、19%和11%、29%。不同施肥水平的径流TP、DP流失负荷分别在1.7~2.9、2.5~2.7 kg hm-2之间,减量施肥并不能减少径流TP、DP的流失负荷。     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

城市雨水管网降雨径流污染特征及对受纳水体水质的影响

以北京市城区和近郊区选取的2个不同下垫面类型的汇水小流域为代表,在2008—2009年共进行了4场降雨过程的雨水管网出口和下游受纳水体水质同步监测.研究结果表明,分流制雨水管网降雨径流污染严重,其中悬浮物浓度高于城市污水,COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮浓度略低于城市污水,但明显高于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中的Ⅴ类标准,以及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B标准;木樨园小流域由于绿地面积比例小,道路面积比例大,城乡结合部地带环境卫生相对较差,雨水管网降雨径流各污染物的EMC浓度比西蒲小流域高21.4%—246.5%.雨水管网降雨径流存在一定程度的初期冲刷效应;雨水管网降雨径流中COD和总磷与悬浮物之间具有较强的相关性.管网降雨径流使受纳水体污染物浓度升高16.9%—541.7%,其中悬浮物、COD和氨氮升高幅度最大.增加城市绿地可明显降低降雨径流中的悬浮颗粒物及其携带的有机污染物的含量.     

长三角城郊樟溪流域水体氮磷分布特征及其影响因素

快速城镇化和人类活动导致城郊流域水体营养盐污染和富营养化问题加重,识别氮、磷污染对流域水质的管控具有重要的意义。本研究选取长三角典型城郊地区宁波樟溪流域,在流域内根据土地利用类型、地形特征等布设样点,于2016年连续4个季度进行水样采集,研究樟溪流域河流水体氮、磷的含量及形态,及氮、磷在该流域的时空分布特征,并对其来源和影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明,流域内氮、磷分布具有较大的空间差异性,其中NH+4-N(n.d.~1.375 mg·L~(-1))、TN-N(0.570~11.363 mg·L~(-1))、DIP(n.d.~0.169 mg·L~(-1))、TP(0.010~1.908 mg·L~(-1))。在子流域空间分布上,人类活动频度越高的区域氮、磷的浓度越高,各采样点水体不同形态氮含量和磷含量具有明显的季节变化规律:春季和秋季的含量要高于夏季和冬季。本研究选取采样点距城镇距离、距源头距离以及土地利用类型所占采样点缓冲区的比例来表征人类活动的影响,结果表明,TN和TP含量与距城镇距离呈显著负相关关系,表明城镇化水平对流域氮、磷污染的重要影响。另外,典型城郊流域河流水体氮、磷污染主要受土地利用类型的影响,其含量与农业和城镇用地呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),其含量随人类活动频度的增加而升高。     

沿淮麦区大气无机态氮质量浓度的观测研究

2010年6月6日至6月16日,运用采样器TH-110B和TH-150C收集了地处沿淮麦区3个观测点的气体（NH3和NO2）和气溶胶样品,初步探讨了小麦收获期大气气态氮和颗粒态氮质量浓度的特征。结果表明：气态氮质量浓度以NO2最高,其时均质量浓度和日均质量浓度分别为0.57～0.64 mg.m-3和0.29～0.63 mg·m-3,且均超标（0.24和0.12 mg·m-3）;颗粒态氮质量浓度以NH4＋-N最高（4.12～78.28μg·m-3）,占总氮的47.00%～71.19%。此外,农业活动如收割,可增加大气气溶胶及无机态氮的质量浓度。     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

潜流人工湿地理化性质及不同形态氮素的空间分布

对潜流人工湿地系统的可溶解氧、pH、氧化还原电位以及水温等理化因子和不同形态氮素的空间分布进行了较全面研究。结果表明,潜流人工湿地上部溶解氧高于下部;湿地下部pH较小,主要在6.9～7.2之间;氧化还原电位表现为上部前端氧化,下部后端还原;湿地装置内下部温度总体比上部要高,前端表现得尤其明显;湿地前端上部是COD和氨氮降解的主要场所,在前端下部区域硝氮的浓度低而亚硝氮、氨氮的浓度相对较高;湿地系统中亚硝氮含量较低,仅在前端中下部有所积累;总氮浓度在湿地前端较高而后端较低,其去除率在根本上依赖于反硝化作用的强度。