广东省土壤学会1996年学术交流会论文摘要选登

广东省土壤学会１９９６年学术交流会论文摘要选登珠江三角洲农村城市化过程中的生态环境问题．万洪富，王继增（广东省土壤研究所，广州５１０６５０）．人口的急剧增加，经济的高速发展，造成了资源短缺，生态环境严重恶化，这已成为影响经济持续发展与人类生存的关键性...     

中山市城市绿地系统的生物多样性特色及新的发展思路

中山市在城市绿地规划中利用丰富的生物多样性资源，遵循多样性保护与利用相结合的原则，创造出健康优美的城市生态环境；本文阐述了中山市城市绿地系统的生物多样性特色及新的发展思路，可为珠江三角洲地区其它城市的绿地系统规划提供参考和借鉴。     

洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响

讨论了洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响，认为湖体演变带来了诸如湖泊效应降低、洪涝灾害频繁、土壤潜育化严重、血吸虫病流行以及水产资源破坏等一系列生态环境问题，并提出了保护和改善湖区农业生态环境的对策与措施。     

珠江三角洲森林的生物量和生产力研究

利用森林资源清查资料和经过实地校正的相关森林生物量和生产力估算方程,对珠江三角洲森林植被的生物量和生产力进行了研究。结果表明,珠江三角洲森林的生物量为132 404 963 t,总净生产量为26 273 769 t.a-1。区域森林生物量主要分布在珠江三角洲的外围,其中,马尾松林和常绿阔叶林的生物量占区域森林总生物量的52.18%;生态公益林的生物量只到达用材林的48.68%;中幼龄林生物量所占比例很大,总体质量不高,但如果现有森林得到更好地保护和管理,珠江三角洲地区的森林会有较大的发展潜力,并在维护区域生态环境上起着主导作用。     

珠江三角洲城市环境与社会经济协调发展的分异类型及调控

可持续发展的城市生态环境应当是环境和社会经济效益的高度统一，然而由于自然资源和社会、经济等因素的差异，一定区域内城市的局长必然会呈现出不均衡性，表现为不同城市的环境与社会，经济协调发展的分划分，区域分异并对其发展方向作出描述，对评价城市生态环境的质量及其演变态势，并进一步制定相应的调控措施，都是非常必要的。本文对珠江三角洲城市环境与社会，经济协调发展状况的四种分异类型，并提出了促进城市 社会经济协     

广西柳城县农业生态环境的定量评价

建立了包括生态资源、人类驱动和系统响应3方面17个指标在内的农业生态环境定量评价指标体系，结合广西柳城县的实际情况，运用模糊综合评价模型，对当地农业生态环境进行定量评价。结果表明，柳城县农业生态环境质量属于一般水平，当地自然生态条件较好，虽受人类活动影响较大，但生态系统运行依然正常。该评价结果与当地实际情况相符，表明该评价指标体系具有较强的科学性和实用性。依据评价结果，提出了改善柳城县农业生态环境的对策和建议。     

珠江三角洲农业现代化指标体系应用研究--以广州市白云区神山镇为例

研究应用定量化的珠江三角洲农业现代化标准评价体系,对神山镇进行农业现代化评价与规划,同时探讨构建适宜该镇农业生产的农业生态系统应用模式.     

沿庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响

讨论了洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响，认为湖体演变带来了诸如湖泊效应降低、洪涝灾害频繁、土壤潜育化严重、血吸虫病流行以及水产资源破坏等一系列生态环境问题，并提出了保护和改善湖区农业生态环境的对策与措施。     

湖南省农业生态环境建设的问题与对策

湖南作为长江流域重要的农业大省，在主要农产品产量大幅度增长的同时，农业生态环境中存在的问题仍然严重，生态环境整体上尚未根本好转。湖南生态环境中存在的问题主要有；灾害频率和强度提高；不适当的丘岗山地与坡耕地开发造成了严重的水土流失；环境污染日趋严重。文章结合已有研究工作，提出了湖南农业生态建设主攻方向和措施。作者认为，(1)加强水土流失治理，是减少水旱灾害的根本措施。水土流失治理的重点是综合开发潜力大、人类垦殖活动频繁、环境相对脆弱的丘陵地区。(2)要构建人地协调的高效农业生态系统。在丘岗山区，依据不同自然条件，构建高效农业生态系统。达到提高生产率并保护生态环境的目的；在平原湖区调整农业布局，实行避灾减灾种植制度。(3)要依靠科技进步，促进农业生态建设。     

论郊区农业生态环境建设的几个问题

在对郊区环境组成、结构、生态环境特征等区域研究的基础上，以边缘 效应的理论为出发点，深入分析了城乡交错带的几个生态环境建设问题。认为效区生态建设应以（1）城市废弃物的再生地，（2）生态旅游与农业文化的消费地，（3）现代持续农业的先导区等为目标，最后分析了城乡交错面（边缘界面）对城乡复合生态系统中环境应力的聚合放大效应，指出效区农业生态环境的调控是防止城乡矛盾激化的根本措施。     

Exploring the future of European crop production in a liberalised market, with specific consideration of climate change and the regional competitiveness

Long-term future development of European agriculture within the global market is highly uncertain, but can potentially have large impacts on the future of agricultural businesses, rural communities and amenities such as traditional landscapes and biodiversity. Despite great uncertainties it is of interest to explore the extent of these potential changes. This paper provides an explorative scenario of the European crop production in a liberalised world without European Union (EU) market interventions. The results do not form a prediction or a business as usual scenario, but rather a plausible and salient thought-experiment of a possible future based on the consistent integration of current conceptual and quantitative models.Future scenarios for climate, demography, technology and global demand for agricultural commodities are used to assess the competitiveness of European agriculture. Regional economic competitiveness is determined by combining indicators for the economic strength of farms in a region and population pressure on agricultural land, and subsequently used to determine where agricultural production is likely to sustain under the market liberalisation scenario. The method is illustrated for the 27 EU member state countries for three commodities: wheat, potato and milk (relying on grass).Results include maps of the dominant wheat, potato and milk producing regions across Europe as projected for 2050. They show that due to increased agricultural productivity, less agricultural land will be needed to supply the European demand for food and feed. In addition, production will concentrate in those regions which have a comparative advantage. This potentially leads to a strong polarisation between north-western Europe and southern Europe, which faces negative impacts of climate change and central and northern Europe where agricultural businesses lag in economic strength and farm size. A contrasting policy intervention scenario illustrates how differences in demand and productivity result in an expansion of the agricultural area, especially for the production of wheat.Although the complete liberalisation scenario may seem unlikely, and the underlying assumptions have great uncertainty, the results help identify and map market pressures on agricultural land use across regions in Europe. As such, it stimulates policy debate on the desired future for the European agricultural sector and the trade-offs between economic competitiveness under global market conditions and policy intervention. In addition, it provides a basis for the planning of alternative economic strategies for agriculturally less competitive regions.     

A case study of sustainable development in the Sistan-Balochistan province of Iran

Sustainable development is a key factor for economic growth in the twenty-first century. It can be achieved in two stages, the first stage is to conserve and protect forest and other parts of the environment and the second stage is to have an appropriate economic plan to produce more agricultural and industrial goods. This investigation evaluates a possible method for sustainable development in the Sistan-Balochistan Province of Iran. Sistan-Balochistan has the lowest economic growth rate due to severe geographical and environmental constrains.     

生态经济学的价值观

农业产品因投入劳动和消耗自然界的资源形成价值。农业产品在生产和流通过程中，伴随其本身的价值，还会产生其经济效益。利用生态循环中可以再生的资源，可产生生态经济效益，运用先进的农业技术可产生技术经济效益，流通领域中的供求优势可产生社会经济效益。     

Economics of Grassland Conversion to Cropland in the Prairie Pothole Region

Abstract: Much of the remaining grassland, particularly in North America, is privately owned, and its conversion to cultivated cropland is largely driven by economics. An understanding of why landowners convert grassland to cropland could facilitate more effective design of grassland‐conservation programs. We built an empirical model of land‐use change in the Prairie Pothole Region (north‐central United States) to estimate the probability of grassland conversion to alternative agricultural land uses, including cultivated crops. Conversion was largely driven by landscape characteristics and the economic returns of alternative uses. Our estimate of the probability of grassland conversion to cultivated crops (1.33% on average from 1979 to 1997) was higher than past estimates (0.4%). Our model also predicted that grassland‐conversion probabilities will increase if agricultural commodity prices continue to follow the trends observed from 2001 to 2006 (0.93% probability of grassland conversion to cultivated crops in 2006 to 1.5% in 2011). Thus, nearly 121 million ha (30 million acres) of grassland could be converted by 2011. Conversion probabilities, however, are spatially heterogeneous (range 0.2% to 3%), depending on characteristics of a parcel (e.g., soil quality and economic returns). Grassland parcels with relatively high‐quality land for agricultural production are more likely to be converted to cultivated crops than lower‐quality parcels and are more responsive to changes in the economic returns on alternative agricultural land uses (i.e., conversion probability increases by a larger magnitude for high‐quality parcels when economics returns to alternative uses increase). Our results suggest that grassland conservation programs could be proactively targeted toward high‐risk parcels by anticipating changes in economic returns, such as could occur if a new biofuel processing plant were to be built in an area.     

Brazilian free-tailed bats as insect pest regulators in transgenic and conventional cotton crops.

During the past 12000 years agricultural systems have transitioned from natural habitats to conventional agricultural regions and recently to large areas of genetically engineered (GE) croplands. This GE revolution occurred for cotton in a span of slightly more than a decade during which a switch occurred in major cotton production areas from growing 100% conventional cotton to an environment in which 95% transgenics are grown. Ecological interactions between GE targeted insects and other insectivorous insects have been investigated. However, the relationships between ecological functions (such as herbivory and ecosystem transport) and agronomic benefits of avian or mammalian insectivores in the transgenic environment generally remain unclear, although the importance of some agricultural pest management services provided by insectivorous species such as the Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, have been recognized. We developed a dynamic model to predict regional-scale ecological functions in agricultural food webs by using the indicators of insect pest herbivory measured by cotton boll damage and insect emigration from cotton. In the south-central Texas Winter Garden agricultural region we find that the process of insectivory by bats has a considerable impact on both the ecology and valuation of harvest in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic and nontransgenic cotton crops. Predation on agricultural pests by insectivorous bats may enhance the economic value of agricultural systems by reducing the frequency of required spraying and delaying the ultimate need for new pesticides. In the Winter Garden region, the presence of large numbers of insectivorous bats yields a regional summer dispersion of adult pest insects from Bt cotton that is considerably reduced from the moth emigration when bats are absent in either transgenic or non-transgenic crops. This regional decrease of pest numbers impacts insect herbivory on a transcontinental scale. With a few exceptions, we find that the agronomics of both Bt and conventional cotton production is more profitable when large numbers of insectivorous bats are present.     

A sustainability assessment of a high-yield agroecosystem in Huantai County,China

Sustainable agricultural development is a perennial issue for agricultural researchers, government managers, and policy makers worldwide, but especially in developing countries. In China, farms in Shandong Province epitomize modern agriculture and play a vital role in providing food for the burgeoning population. However, Chinese agriculture is being challenged by declining resources and environmental deterioration resulting from modern farming practices. China must establish an efficient agricultural sustainability index (ASI) to evaluate agricultural conditions and offer recommendations for sustainable development. Here, we use Huantai County, Shandong Province to test a regionalscale ASI from social, economic and ecological factors that includes 11 sustainability indicators. To further evaluate the complex agroecosystem, we employed the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and AMOEBA methods to assess agricultural sustainability from 1982 to 2003. The results show that environmental problems, especially groundwater depletion, are limiting regional sustainable development.     

Estimation of soil carbon saturation and carbon sequestration potential of an agro-ecosystem in China

Soil is believed to be the most important sink for sequestering atmospheric carbon. Hence, estimating soil carbon sequestration potential has been carried out for different regions and agricultural practices. However, soil carbon saturation (SCS), a fundamental concept for estimating soil carbon sequestration potential, has not been estimated for countries or regions. In this study, we estimated SCS of agricultural land for most provinces in China for 1990 by the DNDC model, a carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycle model, in order to provide a basis for farmers to select the land use, tillage and fertilization regimes to sequester more carbon. The result showed that SCS was as low as 0.48% in Tianjin and up to 5.14% in Tibet. There was a positive correlation between SCS and the proportion of paddy field in a province. In 1990, cropland soil carbon sequestration potential (SCSP) in China was -0.969 Gt C (-2.706 to 0.767 Gt C). This suggests that agricultural soil will be a carbon source to the atmosphere if agricultural practices are not altered. However, SCSP differed between provinces in China. SCSP was highest in Tibet (7.9 t C ha-1) and lowest in Heilongjiang Province (-60.8 t C ha-1), with a gradual decrease from south to north in China.     

广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值分析与评价指标研究

为了从生态经济学角度揭示农业现代化示范区园区的生态经济运行质量,探索一条能更客观、更简单地评价农业科技园区的新途径,文章运用能值理论和方法,分析和评价了广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值投资率、能值产出率、能值密度、人均能值用量、环境负载率、能值生产率、每万元产值消耗能值和基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等指标,并从中筛选出其能值评价的主要指标。主要结果如下,(1)从2000—2004年,广东省农业现代化科技示范区的总投入能值和总产出能值呈现快速增加的趋势,能值密度和环境负载率持续增加,人均能值使用量,能值投资率和能值生产率呈波动增加的趋势,而能值产出率,可持续发展指数和每万元产值消耗能值呈波动下降的趋势。这说明该示范区总体上呈现快速发展的趋势,经济实力和科技竞争力不断增加。(2)本研究运用主成分分析法、因子分析法和实证对比研究法提出评价农业现代化科技示范区的最佳指标是人均能值使用量和环境负载率。     

植物诱导抗病性的分子生物学研究进展

植物诱导抗病性是植物抵御病害侵袭的重要机制之一，作为一种经济有效的抗病策略，在农业可持续病害防治中具有广阔的应用前景，日益受到人们的关注．其中系统获得性抗性(SAR)作为植物诱导抗病性的一种重要形式，随着分子生物学实验手段的迅速发展及其在植物抗病机制研究中的应用，其分子机制研究方面已取得了不少进展．图1参58     

基于能值方法的广东省农业系统分析

采用能值理论和方法对广东省农业系统的能值投入结构和产出特征进行分析,以期弥补单纯经济分析中出现的自然环境投入价值缺失的不足,并尝试加入农业基本建设投资和农业保险的计量,完善系统投入结构的能值计算。同时,引入Y*/Y指标使广东省农业系统的生产水平与全球平均水平相比较,以利于评价广东省农业系统的生产力及其发展水平,并为其优化发展提供理论依据和现实指导。研究结果:广东省农业系统2003年的能值投资率(3.12)、环境负载率(1.70)、能值/货币比率(4.26E 12sej.$-1)、净能值产出率(1.25)和Y*/Y(0.96)。上述结果与中国平均水平、中国其他省份以及一些发达国家(如意大利和日本)的相应指标比较,表明广东农业系统发展水平高于全国平均水平,低于发达国家。系统能值投入产出结构分析发现,不可更新的工业辅助能值占系统投入总能值的61.92%。为此,应进一步提高农业的可更新能值投入和优化投入结构。