土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一，是目前世界范围内的研究热点。亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术，主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术植物修复的优点，微生物修复等进展情况。并对今珀的研究重点进行了简要的讨论。     

污染土壤的修复技术研究进展

分析了当前我国严峻的土壤环境状况，并从重金属和有机污染物两个方面，全面介绍了当前污染土壤的各种修复技术，包括物理化学修复方法、植物修复方法和微生物修复方法等；对各种方法的修复原理、已取得的研究进展、存在的优缺点及其将来的发展趋势进行了较全面的综述和展望。文章认为，污染土壤修复将是一项非常具有挑战性同时又是一项非常有前途的修复技术，将会对人类健康和经济可持续发展发挥重要作用。     

土壤石油污染物生物通风修复的研究进展

生物通风是一种去污效果好、操作费用低的土壤原位修复技术。文章概述了生物通风系统的结构、设计目的、适用范围和优缺点，详细论述了生物通风的国内外研究现状，包括现场应用、影响因素和强化技术及理论研究，并展望了生物通风在我国的应用前景。     

基因工程改良植物对重金属污染土壤的修复

利用基因工程改良植物，调整植物吸收、运输和富集重金属的能力以及它们对重金属的耐受性，开拓了植物修复的新领域。到目前为止，已有成功改变这些特性的少数例子。例如，汞离子还原酶可以改善植物抵抗力和提取能力，金属巯基蛋白可增强植物对镉的耐受力，铁还原酶和铁蛋白可增加植物对铁的吸收量。文章综述和讨论了这方面的研究进展及方向。     

生物修复技术研究进展

生物修复在治理受有毒有害有机物污染的环境的作用日益突出，因而生物修复的研究愈加受到重视。文中对生物修复的发展情况进行了综述，涉及生物通气法、生物注射法、污染地下水及其上部污染土壤的生物修复系统、地耕处理、植物生物修复、堆肥法、生物反应器和厌氧处理等方面．同时就遗传工程微生物系统等方面研究对发展生物修复技术的意义作了展望．     

表面活性剂强化重金属污染植物修复的可行性

表面活性剂因具有亲水亲脂的两亲性，已被广泛用来治理环境污染。利用表面活性剂强化植物萃取土壤重金属的可行性，是建立在表面活性剂、重金属、土壤、植物等四者之问的关系基础上的。文章根据乳化液膜分离、胶团强化超滤、金属液泡吸收等技术探讨了表面活性剂与重金属的关系。表面活性剂在其浓度超过临界胶束浓度时，在溶液中形成胶团，通过静电吸附与超滤，去除溶液中的重金属。超滤技术与ξ电位的试验结果确定了表面活性剂与土壤的关系，即土壤界面的吸附和金属缔合后，通过降低表面张力和增流作用解吸被吸附的金属。细胞膜透性学说揭示了表面活性剂与植物的关系．即表面活性剂改变生物膜的结构和透性，促使植物对重金属的吸收。开发环境友好性的生物表面活性剂是该研究领域的前沿方向。     

关于超富集植物的新理解

长期以来重金属超富集植物定义存在着严重的不足，新的评价系数的提出势在必行。文章在生物富集系数和转运系数的基础上创造性地提出了新的评价系数即生物富集量系数，其内涵为给定生长期内单位面积地上部分植物吸收的重金属总量与土壤含量之比。此系数的提出扩大了传统超富集植物的定义，使得富集质量分数未达某一水平，但生物量很大的植物也能作为超富集植物。这为今后超富集植物的筛选提供了一定的参考，为土壤重金属污染的植物修复工程提供了理论基础。     

富含Cd、Pb植物焚烧处理方法的探讨

植物修复技术在重金属污染土壤修复领域有着良好的应用前景，而焚烧被认为是针对收获植物的一种有效后处理手段。采用富含Cd、Pb的野生植物铁芒萁(Dicranopteris pedata)，在450、650、850℃不同温度下进行了焚烧模拟试验，对焚烧过程中的灰分、Cd及Pb残留量的变化情况进行了探讨。结果表明，铁芒萁的灰分残留量可以降到10％以下，Cd、Pb在灰化过程中均有很大损失，直接利用底灰来进行Cd、Pb的冶炼回收不可行，烟气中的Cd、Pb可能产生二次污染，应采取措施加以防治。     

三氯乙烯环境污染修复技术研究进展

三氯乙烯(TCE)是一种挥发性的有机溶剂,具有较强的环境毒性,对人体有很大危害,被列为"优先控制化合物"及"疑似致癌物质".近年来,许多研究者采用各类技术对TCE的降解进行了系统研究,并取得一定成效,为TCE环境污染的修复提供了多种方法.本文综述了物理修复、化学修复、植物修复及微生物修复等TCE原位修复方法的原理、效能、优缺点及各方法的影响因素,并展望了今后TCE修复技术的发展趋势.     

施肥及种植作物对汞污染土壤中微生物生态的修复

以中性紫色土为材料，通过向土壤添加氯化汞的模拟培养试验、施肥试验以及作物栽培试验，研究了汞对土壤中微生物区系和重要微生物生理群繁育的毒害效应。结果表明，向土壤中添加HgCl2，总体上抑制了细菌、真菌、放线菌及氨化细菌的繁育，硝化细菌、自生固氮菌、纤维素降解菌在一定质量分数范围内被汞刺激增长，在另一定质量分数段则被汞抑制。施肥和栽种作物削弱了汞对微生物的毒害，使土壤微生物生态得到一定程度的修复，说明利用农业措施修复汞污染的土壤是可行的。栽种作物时，汞对微生物的抑制效应受到掩蔽，作物产量和植株体内汞含量是汞污染程度的良好指标。以微生物和植物对汞污染的反应，基本一致的HgCl2危害质量分数指标是5mg．kg^-1。     

型煤防水性能的研究

型煤的吸湿性影响型煤的性能和推广范围,型煤的防水剂技术是型煤清洁高效燃烧工艺的技术关键之一,本文论述了ＧＳ防水剂的防水性能和经济性,提出了提高型煤防水性能的三种不同技术途径。应用本文所述技术生产的型煤的防水率达到８０％以上,从而保证了型煤高效能清洁燃烧。     

Toward equality of biodiversity knowledge through technology transfer

To help stem the continuing decline of biodiversity, effective transfer of technology from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries is required. Biodiversity technology as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a complex term, encompassing a wide variety of activities and interest groups. As yet, there is no robust framework by which to monitor the extent to which technology transfer might benefit biodiversity. We devised a definition of biodiversity technology and a framework for the monitoring of technology transfer between CBD signatories. Biodiversity technology within the scope of the CBD encompasses hard and soft technologies that are relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, or make use of genetic resources, and that relate to all aspects of the CBD, with a particular focus on technology transfer from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries. Our proposed framework introduces technology transfer as a response indicator: technology transfer is increased to stem pressures on biodiversity. We suggest an initial approach of tracking technology flow between countries; charting this flow is likely to be a one‐to‐many relationship (i.e., the flow of a specific technology from one country to multiple countries). Future developments should then focus on integrating biodiversity technology transfer into the current pressure‐state‐response indicator framework favored by the CBD (i.e., measuring the influence of technology transfer on changes in state and pressure variables). Structured national reporting is important to obtaining metrics relevant to technology and knowledge transfer. Interim measures, that can be used to assess biodiversity technology or knowledge status while more in‐depth indicators are being developed, include the number of species inventories, threatened species lists, or national red lists; databases on publications and project funding may provide measures of international cooperation. Such a pragmatic approach, followed by rigorous testing of specific technology transfer metrics submitted by CBD signatories in a standardized manner may in turn improve the focus of future targets on technology transfer for biodiversity conservation.     

Trade and Environment: An Empirical Analysis of the Technology Effect in the Steel Industry

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of free trade on global environmental quality by focusing on the technology effect, that is, the relationship between trade openness and the adoption/diffusion of clean technologies. The paper attempts to empirically verify the existence of the technology effect by looking at the relationship between trade policy regime, or openness, and the speed of clean technology diffusion in the steel industry. Focusing on a cleaner steel technology, the electric arc furnace (EAF), in 30 steel-producing countries over 25 years, the results show that EAF technology is diffused faster in countries that have more open trade policy regimes, thereby supporting the existence of the technology effect for the industry considered.     

Investment in cleaner technology and signaling distortions in a market with green consumers

I analyze the pricing and investment behavior of a firm that signals the environmental attributes of its production technology through its price to uninformed environmentally conscious consumers. I then analyze the effect of change in environmental regulation on the signaling outcome and the firm's ex ante incentive to invest in cleaner technology. When regulation is weak, a firm signals cleaner technology through higher price; in this case, the firm earns lower profit when it has cleaner technology and thus, has no incentive to invest in cleaner technology. The price charged by the clean firm declines sharply beyond a critical level of regulation. When regulation is sufficiently stringent, the firm with cleaner technology charges lower price but earns higher signaling profit, and ex ante the firm has positive incentive to invest in cleaner technology. With weak regulation, the incentive of the firm to directly disclose its environmental performance rather than signal it through price is increasing in the level of regulation; the opposite holds when regulation is sufficiently stringent.     

农业技术推广的进展研究

分析了国内外农业技术推广的模式，介绍了我国农业技术推广体系的发展情况和运行机制的研究情况，并指出在新时期我国农业技术推广的方向．     

Investment in cleaner technology and signaling distortions in a market with green consumers

I analyze the pricing and investment behavior of a firm that signals the environmental attributes of its production technology through its price to uninformed environmentally conscious consumers. I then analyze the effect of change in environmental regulation on the signaling outcome and the firm's ex ante incentive to invest in cleaner technology. When regulation is weak, a firm signals cleaner technology through higher price; in this case, the firm earns lower profit when it has cleaner technology and thus, has no incentive to invest in cleaner technology. The price charged by the clean firm declines sharply beyond a critical level of regulation. When regulation is sufficiently stringent, the firm with cleaner technology charges lower price but earns higher signaling profit, and ex ante the firm has positive incentive to invest in cleaner technology. With weak regulation, the incentive of the firm to directly disclose its environmental performance rather than signal it through price is increasing in the level of regulation; the opposite holds when regulation is sufficiently stringent.     

Power,politics, and culture of marine conservation technology in fisheries

The term conservation technology is applied widely and loosely to any technology connected to conservation. This overly broad understanding can lead to confusion around the actual mechanisms of conservation in a technological system, which can result in neglect and underdevelopment of the human dimensions of conservation technology. Ultimately, this hinders its effectiveness as technological fixes for conservation problems. Through a process of concept mapping based on key case studies and literature, I devised precise definitions of marine conservation technology and technological marine conservation system. Concerns about the use of marine conservation technologies included unintended consequences, halfway technologies that address the symptoms but not the causes of problems, and misguided techno-optimism (i.e., technology is a panacea that can solve any problem). Technology and technological systems can have power, politics, and culture, and these characteristics can influence the contextual fit of a technology, requiring that technology be thoughtfully created or adapted to the circumstances in which it will be used. Power, politics, and culture inherent in technology can also influence the distribution of conservation risks and benefits and potentially widen gaps in wealth, privilege, opportunities, and justice. Addressing these concerns can potentially be achieved through the better integration of social sciences in marine conservation technology and technological marine conservation system design and development and the application of the social-ecological-technological systems framework. This framework melds key concepts from the socioecological systems framework and science and technology studies. It recognizes as and elevates technology to be a central actor that can shape societies and the natural world. Such a framework incorporates broader understanding, so that the values and concerns of society are more effectively addressed in the creation and implementation of marine conservation technologies and technological marine conservation systems.     

“污水-微藻-能源”串联技术新进展

水资源危机和能源危机给人类社会的可持续发展带来前所未有的挑战。微藻具有特殊的生理生态功能和突出的优点,是开展污水净化和生物质能源生产的不二选择。文章在简介微藻清除水体氮磷的特点、作用机理及其影响因素、微藻生产生物质能源的优势、油脂积累机制及其影响因素的基础上,提出一种基于微藻为中介以实现污水氮磷去除与生物质能源开发的串联技术体系。该＂污水-微藻-能源＂串联技术体系从微藻自身的生理生态特色出发,将其在污水净化与生物质能源生产上的优势有机结合起来,实现从污水中索要营养物质供微藻生长需要,以低成本、高效开发利用微藻生物质能源,为共同协调解决水资源危机和能源危机提供了新的思路与途径。通过探讨＂污水-微藻-能源＂串联技术体系的核心理念与开发基础,指出串联技术体系必须重视优质微藻品种的选育、光合生物反应器优化、耦合系统的完善以及高附加值胞内物质后续开发等几个关键技术环节。文章最后展望其发展趋势与应用前景。＂污水-微藻-能源＂串联技术体系的开发应用,有望缓解当前社会面临的水环境污染和能源紧缺双层压力,实现社会、经济、资源与环境的可持续发展,具有极其广阔的应用前景。     

广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值分析与评价指标研究

为了从生态经济学角度揭示农业现代化示范区园区的生态经济运行质量,探索一条能更客观、更简单地评价农业科技园区的新途径,文章运用能值理论和方法,分析和评价了广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值投资率、能值产出率、能值密度、人均能值用量、环境负载率、能值生产率、每万元产值消耗能值和基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等指标,并从中筛选出其能值评价的主要指标。主要结果如下,(1)从2000—2004年,广东省农业现代化科技示范区的总投入能值和总产出能值呈现快速增加的趋势,能值密度和环境负载率持续增加,人均能值使用量,能值投资率和能值生产率呈波动增加的趋势,而能值产出率,可持续发展指数和每万元产值消耗能值呈波动下降的趋势。这说明该示范区总体上呈现快速发展的趋势,经济实力和科技竞争力不断增加。(2)本研究运用主成分分析法、因子分析法和实证对比研究法提出评价农业现代化科技示范区的最佳指标是人均能值使用量和环境负载率。     

"3S"在森林病虫害预警中的应用与展望

对“3S”技术在森林病虫害预警中的应用现状、作用进行了分析．运用3S技术,结合森林病虫害发生的特点,对可能引发的各种森林病虫害可以进行预警,指出了实现森林病虫害预警应解决的问题及应用前景。