沉积物中汞的甲基化研究进展

汞是环境中存在的一种重要污染物质,其毒性与之化学形态密切相关。环境中的汞主要以无机汞形态存在,然而无机汞可以通过甲基化作用转化为毒性更强的甲基汞,从而给受到暴露的生物及人类带来更高的健康风险。沉积物是汞在水生环境系统中的主要分布相,也是无机汞甲基化过程发生的主要场所。沉积物中汞的甲基化过程受到生物种类、汞的生物可利用性等生物因素及温度、含硫化合物、有机质、氧化还原条件等环境理化性质的影响。本文对汞在沉积物中甲基化过程的作用机制及其影响因素的研究现状及最新进展进行了总结,并对未来更深入的研究进行了展望。     

沉积物中汞的生物可利用性研究进展

沉积物是汞在水体中的主要分布相,同时也被认为是许多水生生物摄取汞的主要途径,本文综述了近年来在沉积物中汞的生物可利用性领域所取得的最新研究进展,包括体外消化液萃取法估测沉积物中汞的生物可利用性、可能影响汞生物可利用性的生物地球化学因素(汞在沉积物中的浓度、沉积物的组成、汞与沉积物的接触时间、汞与沉积物的结合形式,以及沉...     

海洋中微塑料的环境行为和生态影响

微塑料一般指直径小于5 mm的微小型塑料颗粒或碎片,海洋中常见的微塑料类型主要包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯等。由于形状、颜色多变,分子量大,结构稳定,粒径范围与浮游植物相近,海洋中的微塑料很容易对浮游植物、浮游动物和其他海洋动物等产生影响。微塑料还可以为病毒、细菌提供附着载体,影响浮游植物分布,进入海洋生物消化道或进一步转移到组织中对机体产生毒性效应,甚至通过捕食作用沿食物链传递,对高等动物及人类健康造成威胁。此外,微塑料可以作为海水中痕量化学物质的吸附载体,对生物产生联合毒性。根据目前对微塑料的研究进展情况,未来应加强对海洋微塑料分离、鉴定技术的研发以及海洋微塑料的生物毒性效应和生物传递效应机制等问题的研究。     

水生生物水质基准研究中轮虫、水螅、涡虫类受试生物的筛选

轮虫、水螅、涡虫是水生生态系统的重要生物类群。因其对水体污染较敏感,所以对水生生物基准研究有重要意义。依据我国生物区系资料及毒性数据丰度,筛选出8种代表性本土轮虫、水螅、涡虫类生物。参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,搜集、筛选了这8种代表性生物的急性毒性数据,通过数据分析,筛选出对各物种毒性最大的污染物,主要包括重金属、农药、有机锡化物、表面活性剂、吡啶胺类杀菌剂。分析污染物的物种敏感度分布,依据累积概率对代表性生物的物种敏感性进行分类,结果为:萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、绿水螅(Hydra viridissima)、普通水螅(Hydra vulgaris)对重金属铜的累积概率为6.5%、8.5%和10.4%,普通水螅(Hydra vulgaris)对重金属汞的累积概率为6.3%;龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和四齿腔轮虫(Lecane quadridentata)对五氯酚钠的累积概率为5.1%和7.6%;褐水螅(Hydra oligactis)和绿水螅(Hydra viridissima)对三丁基氧化锡的累积概率为6.9%和13.8%,萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)对氟啶胺的累积概率为6.7%,日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)对四氯化碳、十二烷基苯磺酸钠的累积概率分别为6.7%和7.1%。上述结果表明:萼花臂尾轮虫、绿水螅对重金属铜敏感;普通水螅对重金属铜和汞敏感;龟甲轮虫和四齿腔轮虫对农药敏感;褐水螅和绿水螅对有机锡化物敏感;萼花臂尾轮虫对吡啶胺类杀菌剂敏感;日本三角涡虫对四氯化碳、表面活性剂敏感。这7种代表性生物可作为相关污染物的水生生物基准受试物种。     

海洋中微塑料的环境行为和生态影响

微塑料一般指直径小于5 mm的微小型塑料颗粒或碎片，海洋中常见的微塑料类型主要包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯等。由于形状、颜色多变，分子量大，结构稳定，粒径范围与浮游植物相近，海洋中的微塑料很容易被对浮游植物、浮游动物和其他海洋动物等产生影响。微塑料还可以为病毒、细菌提供附着载体，影响浮游植物分布，进入海洋生物消化道或进一步转移到组织中对机体产生毒性效应，甚至通过捕食作用沿食物链传递，对高等动物及人类健康造成威胁。此外，微塑料可以作为海水中痕量化学物质的吸附载体，对生物产生联合毒性。根据目前对微塑料的研究进展情况，未来应加强对海洋微塑料分离、鉴定技术的研发以及海洋微塑料的生物毒性效应和生物传递效应机制等问题的研究。     

汞的微生物甲基化与去甲基化机理研究进展

甲基汞具有强烈的生物毒性和生物积累性,环境中甲基汞的产生主要与微生物相关,同时微生物也能通过去甲基化作用使甲基汞转变为无机汞.然而,目前国内外研究主要集中在汞的甲基化机理及影响因素,对汞的微生物去甲基化研究甚少.本文综述了汞的微生物甲基化、去甲基化研究史,以及微生物的主要作用机理,并对相关研究进行了展望,指出微生物酶促甲基化与氧化去甲基化机理研究将是以后工作的重点.     

农田土壤中汞的吸附分配行为研究

汞是环境中毒性最强的重金属之一,由于具有持久性、长距离迁移性和生物累积性被列为全球性污染物。土壤是汞重要的源和汇,在汞的生物地球化学循环中发挥关键作用,其理化性质可以显著影响汞的吸附分配行为。本文基于采自全国各地的131份农业土壤样品考察了汞(Hg2+)在土壤中的吸附分配行为,测定了Hg2+的固液分配系数(Kd),并探讨其与p H、有机质(OM)、粒度组成、溶解性有机质(DOM)和总硫等土壤理化性质的关系。利用逐步多元线性回归的方法分析发现旱地土壤对汞Kd的主要影响因素是DOM和土壤粒度,而水田的主要影响因素是总硫。通过淹水实验,进一步探究了土壤氧化还原对Hg2+分配的影响。研究发现,旱地土壤中,大部分土壤在淹水30 d后Kd呈明显增大趋势,继续淹水至60 d的Kd表现为稳定或下降的趋势;大部分水田土壤在淹水条件下Kd未表现出增大的趋势,且随淹水时间呈稳定或下降的趋势。     

利用GC-ICP-MS分析生物组织中的汞形态

汞的形态对于其对生物的毒性具有非常重要的影响.本文利用气相色谱仪与ICP-MS进行联用,对海产品中的汞形态进行精确分离和定量,并给出了优化后的接口条件、色谱条件等仪器参数.     

人工纳米颗粒的植物毒性及其在植物中的吸收和累积

人工纳米颗粒(engineered nanoparticles,ENPs)在被广泛应用的同时,其潜在的环境风险和对健康的影响引起国内外的广泛重视。植物是人们的主要食物来源,ENPs可能被植物吸收并累积在可食部分,随食物链进入人体而引起健康风险。因此,ENPs的植物毒性及其在植物中的吸收和累积受到越来越多的关注。总结了ENPs的植物毒性及植物对ENPs的吸收、运输和累积,讨论了可能的致毒机制、影响其毒性的因素以及植物的解毒机制,并对未来应该注重开展的研究进行了展望。     

上海市香樟树叶总汞含量时空分布及影响因素

2014年8月至2015年5月对上海市26个公园绿地中香樟树叶进行采集,共获取104份样品进行总汞含量测定.结果表明,上海市叶汞平均含量为64.8±26.6ug·kg~(-1),范围为16.6—132.6ug·kg~(-1).叶汞含量随生长周期不断累积,季节变化表现为春季冬季秋季夏季,而叶汞累积量均值按季节表现为秋季冬季春季.叶片总汞含量空间差异明显,呈由城市西北向东南逐渐递减的趋势,叶汞累积量在工业园区与中心城区具有较高的值,城市东南沿海地区与远郊区叶汞累积量较低,在局地气象因子影响下,不同季节略有不同.叶汞累积量高值区域主要出现在污染源的下风向,并且风速越大,叶汞累积量高值区域的范围越大,而海洋气团下风向的累积量较小;年降水量越大的区域叶汞含量越低,春秋季节叶汞累积量与降水量呈显著负相关(P0.05);臭氧浓度与叶汞累积量的变化趋势暗示着臭氧浓度是影响叶汞累积量的一个重要因素.     

汞的环境光化学

作为一种全球污染物,汞在水体、底泥、土壤、大气等介质中以各种不同形态存在.各种汞形态具有不同的理化特性及毒性.汞形态的转化对于汞的迁移、毒性、食物链富集放大效应等具有重要影响.光照在汞的形态转化中起着重要作用,主要涉及光氧化、光还原、甲基汞的光降解以及无机汞的光化学甲基化等四个方面.本文对不同环境介质中汞的光化学转化过...     

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) uptake by marine phytoplankton

The time-courses of uptake for 2,4,5,2,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB) by 11 marine phytoplankton species were measured and found to be rapid, with equilibration occurring within 0.5 to 2.0 h. These data were described with the empirical Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The relationship between cell density and accumulation of PCBs was also investigated. Concentration factors on a volume per volume basis ranged from 1.23x10⁴ to 2.41x10⁶ for the 11 algal species examined. These values are comparable in magnitude to factors reported previously for phytoplankton in natural marine systems.     

环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱(液相色谱、气相色谱)和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱(紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等)的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

Albatross species demonstrate regional differences in North Pacific marine contamination.

Recent concern about negative effects on human health from elevated organochlorine and mercury concentrations in marine foods has highlighted the need to understand temporal and spatial patterns of marine pollution. Seabirds, long-lived pelagic predators with wide foraging ranges, can be used as indicators of regional contaminant patterns across large temporal and spatial scales. Here we evaluate contaminant levels, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, and satellite telemetry data from two sympatrically breeding North Pacific albatross species to demonstrate that (1) organochlorine and mercury contaminant levels are significantly higher in the California Current compared to levels in the high-latitude North Pacific and (2) levels of organochlorine contaminants in the North Pacific are increasing over time. Black-footed Albatrosses (Phoebastria nigripes) had 370-460% higher organochlorine (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes [DDTs]) and mercury body burdens than a closely related species, the Laysan Albatross (P. immutabilis), primarily due to regional segregation of their North Pacific foraging areas. PCBs (the sum of the individual PCB congeners analyzed) and DDE concentrations in both albatross species were 130-360% higher than concentrations measured a decade ago. Our results demonstrate dramatically high and increasing contaminant concentrations in the eastern North Pacific Ocean, a finding relevant to other marine predators, including humans.     

Effect of Polymeric Coatings On Phytoplankton Standing Crop

Some polymeric marine coatings based on vinylcopolymer and linseed oil have been prepared in the laboratory and their efffect on phytoplankton standing crop was tested. the coating is prepared either from vinylcopolymer or linseed oil or a mixture of both binders with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios in the presence or absence of a soluble resin. the coatings were applied to glass slides and tested in a sea water medium. Also, correlations between the weight of the coating film and numbers of phytoplankton species were calculated. the results showed no correlation between the weight of films of either vinylite or oil binders and the total number of all phytoplankton species, but significant correlation was found for some phytoplankton species, such as Thalassiosira decipiens. the weight of the film coating of vinylcopolymer in the presence of soluble resin with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios is significantly correlated to the total number of phytoplankton and some other dominant species. Formulations of linseed oil and a soluble resin with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios are correlated to the numbers of Chaetoceros affinis, Bellorochea malleus and Skeletonema costatum.     

Spring phenological responses of marine and freshwater plankton to changing temperature and light conditions

Shifts in the timing and magnitude of the spring plankton bloom in response to climate change have been observed across a wide range of aquatic systems. We used meta-analysis to investigate phenological responses of marine and freshwater plankton communities in mesocosms subjected to experimental manipulations of temperature and light intensity. Systems differed with respect to the dominant mesozooplankton (copepods in seawater and daphnids in freshwater). Higher water temperatures advanced the bloom timing of most functional plankton groups in both marine and freshwater systems. In contrast to timing, responses of bloom magnitudes were more variable among taxa and systems and were influenced by light intensity and trophic interactions. Increased light levels increased the magnitude of the spring peaks of most phytoplankton taxa and of total phytoplankton biomass. Intensified size-selective grazing of copepods in warming scenarios affected phytoplankton size structure and lowered intermediate (20–200?μm)-sized phytoplankton in marine systems. In contrast, plankton peak magnitudes in freshwater systems were unaffected by temperature, but decreased at lower light intensities, suggesting that filter feeding daphnids are sensitive to changes in algal carrying capacity as mediated by light supply. Our analysis confirms the general shift toward earlier blooms at increased temperature in both marine and freshwater systems and supports predictions that effects of climate change on plankton production will vary among sites, depending on resource limitation and species composition.     

Phytoplankton food quality determines time windows for successful zooplankton reproductive pulses

Recruitment success at the early life stages is a critical process for zooplankton demography. Copepods often dominate the zooplankton in marine coastal zones and are prey of the majority of fish larvae. Hypotheses interpreting variations of copepod recruitment are based on the concepts of "naupliar predation," "nutritional deficiency," and "toxic effect" of diatom diets. Contradictory laboratory and field studies have reached opposite conclusions on the effects of diatoms on copepod reproductive success, blurring our view of marine food-web energy flow from diatoms to higher consumers by means of copepods. Here we report estimates of copepod feeding selectivity and reproduction in response to seasonally changing phytoplankton characteristics measured in a highly productive coastal upwelling area off the coast of central Chile. The variable phytoplankton diversity and changing food quality had a strong and highly significant impact on the feeding selectivity, reproduction, and larval survival of three indigenous copepod species. Seasonal changes in copepod feeding behavior were related to the alternating protozoan-diatom diets, mostly based on dinoflagellates and ciliates during winter and autumn (low highly unsaturated fatty acids [HUFA]/polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] availability), but switched to a diet of centric and chain-forming diatoms (high HUFA/PUFA availability) during the spring/summer upwelling period. Ingestion of diatom cells induced a positive effect on egg production. However, a negative relationship was found between egg hatching success, naupliar survival, and diatom ingestion. Depending on the phytoplankton species, diets had different effects on copepod reproduction and recruitment. In consequence, it seems that the classical marine food web model does not apply to some coastal upwelling systems.     

Evidence for a three-way trade-off between nitrogen and phosphorus competitive abilities and cell size in phytoplankton

Trade-offs among functional traits are essential for explaining community structure and species coexistence. While two-way trade-offs have been investigated in many systems, higher-dimensional trade-offs remain largely hypothetical. Here we demonstrate a three-way trade-off between cell size and competitive abilities for nitrogen and phosphorus in marine and freshwater phytoplankton. At a given cell size, competitive abilities for N and P are negatively correlated, but as cell size increases, competitive ability decreases for both nutrients. The relative importance of the two trade-off axes appears to be environment dependent, suggesting different selective pressures: freshwater phytoplankton separate more along the N vs. P competition axis, and marine phytoplankton separate more along the nutrient competition vs. cell size axis. Our results demonstrate the multidimensional nature of key trade-offs among traits and suggest that such trade-offs may drive species interactions and structure ecological communities.