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1.
多氯联苯对我国土壤微生物的生态毒理效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
作为持久性有机污染物(POPs),多氯联苯(PCBs)一旦进入土壤将长期存留并对土栖生物产生潜在危害。土壤微生物是土壤生态系统重要组成部分,研究外源PCBs对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应,筛选出指示PCBs污染的敏感指标并获取可靠的生态毒理数据十分重要。研究以江西红壤和天津潮土为供试土壤,在室内25℃连续培养28 d的条件下进行了生态毒理实验,选择了微生物量碳、呼吸强度、代谢熵、硝化作用、脱氢酶活性、脲酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性为微生物指标。结果显示:1)在28 d培养时间内,多氯联苯(PCBs)的毒性作用随培养时间的延长而增强,且在红壤中的毒性作用强于在潮土中,表明PCBs对土壤微生物的毒性作用存在时间效应并受土壤性质的影响。2)各微生物指标的敏感性不同,微生物量碳、脲酶活性和微生物功能多样性对PCBs污染反应不够敏感,而土壤呼吸强度、代谢熵、硝化作用和脱氢酶活性对PCBs污染反应敏感。3)14 d时,红壤中PCBs对脱氢酶活性、呼吸强度和代谢熵的EC10值分别为1.20、3.18和1.09 mg·kg-1,而在潮土中分别为6.31、4.73和50 mg·kg-1;28 d时,红壤中PCBs对硝化作用、脱氢酶活性、呼吸强度和代谢熵的EC10值分别为2.32、0.77、0.51和0.71mg·kg-1,而在潮土中分别为5.91、1.65、3.00和50 mg·kg-1。综合考虑经济和实际需要等因素,建议将呼吸强度、硝化作用和脱氢酶活性作为PCBs污染土壤生态毒理评价中的首选敏感指标,并建议培养时间设置为28 d。  相似文献   

2.
菲和镉复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15  
以土壤酶活性和微生物数量作为生态毒理指标,通过模拟试验,比较分析多环芳烃菲和重金属镉单一与复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应.结果表明,菲和镉复合污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和脱氢酶均具有协同抑制作用;而对磷酸酶和微生物的数量具有拮抗抑制作用.菲和镉复合污染及菲单一污染对土壤微生物的活性抑制率从大到小依次为:放线菌>真菌>细菌;镉单一污染则为:真菌>细菌>放线菌.  相似文献   

3.
以土壤微生物生化过程与数量、土壤酶活性为指标,通过正交实验,在室内培养条件下探讨了Cd、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应.结果表明,1)Cd、Cu、Pb复合污染可显著降低土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,对土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶则表现出协同抑制或激活效应,不同重金属对土壤酶抑制效应顺序为Cd>Cu>Pb,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性可作为指示土壤Cd、Cu、Pb复合污染程度的预警指标;2)不同微生物对Cd、Cu、Pb复合污染的敏感性为:细菌>放线菌>真菌,对微生物种群数量的影响强度为Cd>Cu>Pb;3)Cd、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物呼吸强度的影响较小,抑制率普遍较低,个别组出现激活作用.  相似文献   

4.
江西红壤生态试验站长期定位试验中不同施肥处理红壤水稻土酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的研究结果表明,不同施肥条件下土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性差异较大,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标。经过20 a施肥管理及水稻种植,土壤酶活性及生物量有很大提高;但是B IOLOGTM生态测试板测定结果显示,施肥使微生物生物群落物种丰富度有所减少,施P土壤酶活性、微生物群落功能多样性均大于未施P土壤,采用秸秆还田处理的群落物种均一性高于未采用秸秆还田处理。  相似文献   

5.
几种典型土壤中铜对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性差异比较研究   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
土壤污染物基础生态毒理数据是开展污染土壤生态风险评价和构建土壤生态筛选基准的重要依据.以湖南红壤、北京潮土、吉林黑土和经济合作与发展组织(OECD)推荐的人工土壤为测试介质,按照国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的测试方法,研究了铜在4种不同土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性和慢性毒性.结果表明,铜在4种不同类型土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性效应差异较大,在湖南红壤、北京潮土、吉林黑土和人工土壤中的半致死浓度(14d LC50)分别为134.4、557.7、715.2和867.0mg·kg-1;赤子爱胜蚓体重对较低浓度铜污染响应相对不敏感,而较高浓度铜污染(接近引起蚯蚓死亡的高浓度)则可导致蚯蚓体重显著降低;铜对赤子爱胜蚓生殖(产茧量)的影响较为明显,其在湖南红壤、北京潮土、吉林黑土和人工土壤中对蚯蚓产茧量产生50%抑制作用的有效中浓度(28d EC50)分别为58.2、140.1、258.9和150.4mg·kg-1,无可见效应浓度(NOECs)分别为50、50、200和100mg·kg-1.鉴于我国土壤类型的多样性十分丰富,不同地区土壤性质差异较大等特点,在制定土壤筛选基准时需考虑污染物在不同土壤中生物有效性与毒性的差异。  相似文献   

6.
土壤的芘污染与土壤酶活性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
选择芘作为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表污染物、敏感土壤酶作为污染物的生态毒理指标,探讨芘暴露下土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:芘的添加浓度>50μg·kg-1时,对土壤脲酶、土壤脱氢酶活性有先抑制、后激活的作用,对土壤磷酸酶活性有激活作用;芘的添加浓度为50~1200μg·kg-1时,对土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有影响。土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶活性有可能作为芘污染土壤的生态毒理指标。  相似文献   

7.
苯并[a]芘累积污染对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文采用低剂量叠加的方式模拟苯并[a]芘(Benzo(a)pyrene,Ba P)在实际土壤中的累积过程,利用Biolog-ECO方法研究Ba P不同污染方式对土壤微生物群落功能的影响,以期揭示Ba P累积污染对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在累积和一次污染方式下,土壤Ba P可提取态和有效态含量随土壤培养时间的延长而降低,前期(1—28 d)下降速率较快,后期(28—56 d)下降速率减缓.土壤微生物代谢活性AWCD值在培养初期(1 d)表现出LCK-YYCK-L的规律,培养7 d表现为YCK-YCK-LL,而后(8—56 d)各处理的AWCD值表现与培养7 d的规律一致.微生物群落物种丰富度指数和常见物种优势度指数的变化趋势与AWCD值变化规律一致.累积污染处理在土壤培养过程中先促进(1 d)后抑制(7—56 d)了土壤微生物群落功能多样性;一次污染处理与之相反,先抑制(1 d)后刺激(7—56 d)了土壤微生物群落功能多样性.累积污染处理的微生物代谢活性和多样性指数与Ba P含量的相关性大于一次污染.累积污染更能反映Ba P在土壤中的真实生物毒性.  相似文献   

8.
pH变化对酸性土壤酶活性的影响   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
采用酸性土壤,以添加酸或碱的方式,研究酸化或碱化对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,培养过程中对照土壤微生物C量(Cmic)变化与土壤pH变化密切相关,Cmic大时pH值相对较低,显示土壤中微生物活动加剧对土壤pH下降的影响.除过氧化物酶外,土壤pH值变化对土壤酶活性影响较大.脲酶、过氧化氧酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶活性大致呈现酸化抑制碱化激活的规律.前期酸碱添加都抑制了酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性,中期酸碱添加都抑制了多酚氧化酶活性,后期酸碱添加都抑制了蛋白酶活性.蔗糖酶活性呈现前期酸化激活碱化抑制,中期酸碱都以激活为主,后期碱化又呈现抑制作用.纤维素酶活性变化没有明显规律性.总体上酸添加对土壤酶活性主要起抑制作用,碱添加主要起激活作用.土壤Cmic变化和酶活性变化之间有着较为密切的关系,存在酸化抑制Cmic碱化激活Cmic的现象,pH变化对微生物活性的影响是造成土壤酶活性变化的主要因素.  相似文献   

9.
新疆盐渍土3种植被类型土壤微生物碳源利用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究了新疆天山以北三工河流域自然生境下梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、琵琶柴(Reaumuriasoongonica)、隐子草(Cleistogenes chinensis)3种植被群落的土壤微生物碳源利用差异,分析了土壤理化性质与微生物总体活性、功能多样性的相关关系.采用BIOLOG生态板检测了各微生物群落对31种单一碳源的利用情况,结果表明,3种群落的微生物总体活性(AWCD)(F=41.877,P<0.001)、功能多样性(Shannon指数)(F=164.680,P<0.001)、丰富度(R值)(F=20.818,P=0.02)差异显著,其中梭梭植被下微生物群落的AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、R值明显高于其他两种植被的微生物群落.土壤pH(相关系数=0.958,P<0.001)、土壤总碳相对含量(相关系数=0.718,P<0.05)与微生物总体活性(AWCD)呈显著相关,对微生物碳源利用有重要影响,而土壤可溶盐总量、含水率则与AWCD相关性不显著,微生物群落碳源利用功能多样性和丰富度与土壤理化性质均无显著相关关系.对于所研究的31种单一碳源,梭梭植被下微生物群落的利用情况也好于其他两种植被类型,对11种单一碳源利用情况较好,而琵琶柴、隐子草植被微生物群落分别则仅能对其中6种和5种碳源有较好的利用能力.  相似文献   

10.
杉木连栽林土壤微生物碳源利用比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在测定土壤理化性质的基础上,应用Biolog-ECO技术,分析杉木1代(FCF)、连栽2代(SCF)、连栽3代(TCF)人工林和楠木人工林(PBP,对照)4种林分类型土壤微生物群落总碳源利用动力学特性、微生物多样性指数及多样性指数与土壤理化性质的相关关系.结果显示:4种林分类型的土壤微生物丰富度(Shannon指数)、优势度(Simpson指数)、均匀度(Mc Intosh指数)均达到了显著差异(P0.05);PBP土壤微生物总体活性(AWCD)、Shannon指数、Simpson指数及Mc Intosh指数值均高于其他3种类型;土壤微生物生物量碳(C)含量、氮(N)含量、Shannon指数、Simpson指数与AWCD值的相关性达到了显著水平(P0.05);其中AWCD值、土壤p H、全C、全N、土壤微生物生物量C、N的大小顺序为PBPFCFSCFTCF.本研究表明,随着杉木连栽代数的增加,土壤微生物群落总体活性逐代下降.(图1表7参32)  相似文献   

11.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

12.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

13.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

14.
Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.  相似文献   

15.
Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.  相似文献   

17.
The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.  相似文献   

18.
An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.  相似文献   

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Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.  相似文献   

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