四川白河自然保护区大熊猫对生境的利用

利用路线法在野外调查了四川九寨沟县白河自然保护区：109个样点的大熊猫粪便等痕迹及其所处生境的特征，共发现有29个大熊猫活动样点，其中，大熊猫粪便样点27个、食迹样点2个．把各样点的各种生境特征作为因素，把每一因素的不同情况设置为水平，进行独立性检验．检验的结果表明白河的大熊猫：1)主要在halt2600～3120m取食；2)偏好在有水源的生境活动；3)对坡向有明显的选择性；4)对华西箭竹有明显的偏好，且在生长良好、盖度较高的生境活动频繁；5)明显回避有挖药活动的生境，偏好在没有人类干扰的生境活动。     

大熊猫人工育幼研究

１９９４年，成都大熊猫繁育研究基地的雌性大熊猫“成成”产下１胎２仔，因母兽病及奶头特大，１仔人工喂养，另１仔由母兽喂养，母兽喂养的１仔仅存活了５７ｈ０３ｍｉｎ人工喂养的１仔存活至今已达２ａ有余，１９９５年，雌性大熊猫“冰冰”又产１胎２仔，其中１仔照１９９４年的方法人工喂养，幼仔生长发育正常，活泼健壮，母兽喂养的仔仅存活了２５ｈ，本文对人工喂养大熊猫初生幼幼存活的饲喂方法，以及幼仔的生长发育规律等进     

大熊猫肌肉氨基酸含量的初步研究

测定了３只大熊猫的头部、背部和腿部等１０个肌肉样品中１７种氨基酸（ＡＡ）含量,并分析了各样品ＡＡ与Ｌｙｓ含量的比值．结果表明：对同一只大熊猫,不同部位的肌肉样品中各ＡＡ含量无明显差异;对同一个肌肉样品,１７种ＡＡ含量比较,Ｇｌｕ含量最高,Ａｓｐ、Ａｒｇ、Ｌｙｓ、Ｌｅｕ、Ａｌａ、Ｇｌｙ、Ｖａｌ、Ｐｒｏ、Ｔｈｒ、Ｐｈｅ等含量较高;不同年龄大熊猫肌肉ＡＡ含量有差异,除极少数ＡＡ外,未成熟雄性大熊猫肌肉ＡＡ含量高于成熟和老龄雌性大熊猫,且有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）;成熟雌性大熊猫肌肉中,除Ｐｒｏ外,其余所有ＡＡ含量与其年龄无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;除极少数ＡＡ外,不同年龄、性别大熊猫肌肉样品中各ＡＡ与Ｌｙｓ含量的比值无明显差异     

大熊猫乳汁水解氨基酸含量的测定分析

收集了一只16岁圈养大熊猫产后d 2,d 3,d 5~9,d 11,d 12和d 17的乳汁样品各1个共计10个,并测定了其17种水解氨基酸(AA)的含量.结果表明,所有样品中G lu的含量最高,其次是Leu、Pro、Asp、Ser等,G ly含量最低.产后d 2~d 6的乳汁样品中AA含量稍有波动,除G ly和Cys外,其余含量从d 7~d 17呈逐渐升高的趋势;除Thr和G ly外,d 12或d 17乳汁样品中其余AA(d 12乳样中Asp除外)的含量都高于d 2的含量.d 2~d 6乳汁中Thr、G ly、Phe和Asp与总AA的比值极显著和显著高于d 7~d 17的(P<0.01和P<0.05),而G lu、Pro和A la(都为非必需氨基酸)比值极显著和显著低于d 7~d 17的(P<0.01和P<0.05).乳汁中非必需氨基酸与必需氨基酸比值(NEAA/EAA)平均值为1.55±0.05.NEAA和EAA都有随泌乳天数延长而逐步升高的趋势.图1表4参11     

大熊猫肠道噬菌体的多样性

噬菌体在维持宿主肠道微环境中起着重要作用.运用宏基因组学方法全面探究大熊猫肠道噬菌体的多样性.共注释到548种噬菌体,主要来自11个科38个属548个种.大多数噬菌体主要来自长尾病毒科Siphoviridae、肌尾噬菌体科Myoviridae和短尾噬菌体科Podoviridae,所占比例分别为41.7％、27.6％和1...     

佛坪三官庙地区大熊猫种群数量的DNA指纹分析

应用同位素标记大熊猫基因指纹探针Ｆ２ＺＧＰ９６０６０８０１，以秦岭南坡中段佛坪国家级大熊猫自然保护区三官庙范围内采集的大熊猫粪便样品作材料，进行了ＤＮＡ指纹检测．（１）在相同或不同时间、领域采得的粪便样品，显现出相同或不同的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱，达到个体认定的目的，进一步表明了大熊猫的尽量新鲜的粪便，可以作为ＤＮＡ指纹分析材料，进行野生种群数量调查．（２）根据检测２１个粪便样品的结果，无误地认定了三官庙地区有１３只大熊猫个体．其中有３个家系．（３）大熊猫粪便样品的ＤＮＡ指纹图，通过微机识别的个体数，准确可靠，能获得大熊猫在野外的真实个体数量．     

圈养大熊猫排泄的粘液成分分析

收集并测定了8只圈养大熊猫的12个粘液样品的营养成分含量,包括水分、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、6种维生素(VA、VE、VD、VB1、VB2和VB6)以及4种微量元素(Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn).结果表明,大熊猫排泄的粘液营养物质含量丰富,尤其是含有很高的蛋白质、丰富的维生素和微量元素.粘液排泄频繁和排泄量大的大熊猫将从粘液排泄中损失很多的营养物质.因此,一方面必须给粘液排泄频繁和排泄量大的大熊猫补充营养,另一方面有必要采取切实可行的措施降低大熊猫的粘液排泄量及其频率.表4参5     

中国苦荞麦原生境保存可行性的民族植物学调查

报导了在我国凉山彝族自治州进行 苦荞麦原生境保存可行性的民族植物学调查结果。调查主该州９个县的农业主管部门、部分农业技术人员、一些加工单位、１０个农贸市场和２８家苦荞麦种植农户。     

野生大熊猫与放牧家畜利用生境的特征比较

为了探讨放牧家畜影响野生大熊猫及其栖息地、主食竹资源的内在驱动因素,以便为大熊猫国家公园建设和管理提供依据。根据大熊猫国家公园卧龙片区野生大熊猫与放牧家畜的随机样地调查资料,从植物群落结构和物种组成方面,分析了它们利用生境的异同。结果表明：从植物群落特征来看,乔木层物种丰度、灌木层盖度、主食竹的种群特征(盖度、密度、地径和株高)等指标,野生大熊猫与放牧家畜之间具有显著性或极显著性差异,野生大熊猫利用生境的乔木层物种丰度17.38株,灌木层盖度75.31%,主食竹的盖度为56.32%、种群密度48.87 culms·m^-2、地径6.03 mm和株高143.48 cm,放牧家畜利用生境的乔木层物种丰度29株,灌木层盖度93.20%,主食竹的盖度为89.20%、种群密度66.54 culms·m^-2、地径3.82 mm和株高59.68 cm,而其余指标没有明显的统计学意义。就木本植物的物种组成特征而言,大熊猫利用生境的乔木层和灌木层的科属种数量都多于放牧家畜生境,前者为乔木层17科25属41种、灌木层29科49属91种,后者乔木层9科10属14种、...     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性V:不同竹林的物种多样性

采用α-多样性、β-多样性和植物区系等参数,分析了卧龙自然保护区野生大熊猫栖息地主食竹种各竹林的物种多样性特征.结果表明,物种丰富度、物种优势度、物种均匀度和植物区系成分在3种竹林中都有着显著性差异(P＜0.05).物种丰富度和优势度的排序是拐棍竹林＞冷箭竹林＞短锥玉山竹林;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现出拐棍竹林＞短锥玉山竹林＞冷箭竹林的变化格局;Simpson多样性指数为冷箭竹林大于拐棍竹林和短锥玉山竹林,而拐棍竹林与短锥玉山竹林相差不大;群落均匀度两指数(Jsw和Jsi)均表现为短锥玉山竹林＞拐棍竹林＞冷箭竹林.不同竹林各层次的α-多样性.无论是乔木层、灌木层,还是草本植物层,在3种竹林之间均具有不同的变化.拐棍竹林、冷箭竹林和短锥玉山竹林的植物科属地理分布格局较为相似(P＞0.05),都以温带地理成分为主,具有与卧龙自然保护区整体植物区系地理成分的相同模式,但就植物种类而言,3种竹林的差异极其显著(P＜0.05);同时,各竹林中乔木层优势树木的重要值、灌木层植物的平均数量,以及草本层植物的平均盖度之间也具有明显的差异(P＜0.05).3种竹林之间的相似性系数(β-多样性)很低,具有各自的组成物种和群落结构(P＜0.05),这与不同竹种的生物学特性、海拔分布范围和生长发育阶段密切相关.本研究结果可为竹林分布的制图、退化生境的恢复、地震灾害受损柄息地的重建以及圈养大熊猫食物基地的建设等提供参考资料.图3表5参32     

野化培训大熊猫在特定时期采食半枯竹的原因分析

对首次发现的一只野化培训大熊猫“祥祥”采食半枯竹的现象及原因进行研究.作者用4只圈养大熊猫为对照进行试验,从行为观察、营养成分及适口因子、环境气候条件等方面进行了研究.研究发现,圈养大熊猫中也存在采食半枯竹的现象,而且在采食的时间段上和祥祥一致;相对于新鲜竹子,半枯竹中葡萄糖含量有所增加,单宁含量明显降低,并且具有特殊的香甜味,使在一定时期内的半枯竹营养增加,适口性得到改善,这是大熊猫在特定时期更愿意采食半枯竹而不采食新鲜竹子的重要原因;7~9月是全年温湿度最高月份,对引起半枯竹成分中适口因子的改变可能有诱发作用.图3表4参9     

Fragments as Islands: a Synthesis of Faunal Responses to Habitat Patchiness

Abstract:  Scientific interest in the impact of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is increasing, but our understanding of fragmentation is clouded by a lack of appreciation for fundamental similarities and differences across studies representing a wide range of taxa and landscape types. In an effort to synthesize data describing ecological responses of animals to fragmentation across two classes of independent variables (taxonomic group and landscape), we sampled 148 studies of five major faunal groups from the primary literature and analyzed data on 13 variables extracted from those studies. We focused our analyses on three classes of dependent variables (effects of area and isolation on species richness, z values, and nestedness and species composition). Area ranged over more orders of magnitude than isolation and tended to explain more variation in species richness than isolation. There were few matrix or taxon effects on the patterns we investigated, although we did find that sky islands tended to manifest isolation effects on both species richness and nestedness more frequently than other patch types. Sky islands may offer insight into the future of habitat patches fragmented by contemporary habitat loss, and because they show a stronger effect of isolation than other patch types, we suggest that isolation will play an increasing role in the biology of habitat fragments. We use multiple lines of evidence to suggest that our understanding of the role of isolation on community assembly in fragmented landscapes is inadequate. Finally, our observation that consistent taxonomic differences in community patterns were minimal suggests that conservation actions intended to mitigate the negative effects of extinction may have far-reaching effects across taxonomic groups.     

Reproductive Investment of a Lacertid Lizard in Fragmented Habitat

Abstract:  We studied the effect of habitat fragmentation on female reproductive investment in a widespread lacertid lizard (  Psammodromus algirus ) in a mixed-forest archipelago of deciduous and evergreen oak woods in northern Spain. We captured gravid females in fragments (≤10 ha) and forests (≥ 200 ha) and brought them to the laboratory, where they laid their eggs. We incubated the eggs and released the first cohort of juveniles into the wild to monitor their survival. Females from fragments produced a smaller clutch mass and laid fewer eggs (relative to mean egg mass) than females of similar body size from forests. Lizards did not trade larger clutches for larger offspring, however, because females from fragments did not lay larger eggs (relative to their number) than females from forests. Among the first cohort of juveniles, larger egg mass and body size increased the probability of recapture the next year. Thus, fragmentation decreased the relative fecundity of lizards without increasing the quality of their offspring. Reduced energy availability, increased predation risk, and demographic stochasticity could decrease the fitness of lizards in fragmented habitats, which could contribute to the regional scarcity of this species in agricultural areas sprinkled with small patches of otherwise suitable forest. Our results show that predictable reduction of reproductive output with decreasing size of habitat patches can be added to the already known processes that cause inverse density dependence at low population numbers.     

Proposed Conservation Landscape for Giant Pandas in the Minshan Mountains,China

Abstract: The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), is one of the world's most endangered species. Habitat loss and fragmentation have reduced its numbers, shrunk its distribution, and separated the population into isolated subpopulations. Such isolated, small populations are in danger of extinction due to random demographic factors and inbreeding. We used least‐cost modeling as a systematic approach to incorporate satellite imagery and data on ecological and behavioral parameters of the giant panda collected during more than 10 years of field research to design a conservation landscape for giant pandas in the Minshan Mountains. We identified 8 core habitats and 4 potential linkages that would link core habitats CH3, CH4, and CH5 with core habitats CH6, CH7, and CH8. Establishing and integrating the identified habitats with existing reserves would create an efficient reserve network for giant panda conservation. The core habitats had an average density of 4.9 pandas/100 km² and contained approximately 76.6% of the giant panda population. About 45% of the core habitat (3245.4 km²) existed outside the current nature reserves network. Total estimated core habitat decreased between 30.4 and 44.5% with the addition of residential areas and road networks factored into the model. A conservation area for giant panda in the Minshan Mountains should aim to ensure habitat retention and connectivity, improve dispersal potential of corridors, and maintain the evolutionary potential of giant pandas in the face of future environmental changes.     

Conservation Implications of Drastic Reductions in the Smallest and Most Isolated Populations of Giant Pandas

Abstract: In conservation biology, understanding the causes of endangerment is a key step to devising effective conservation strategies. We used molecular evidence (coalescent simulations of population changes from microsatellite data) and historical information (habitat and human population changes) to investigate how the most‐isolated populations of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the Xiaoxiangling Mountains became highly endangered. These populations experienced a strong, recent demographic reduction (60‐fold), starting approximately 250 years BP. Explosion of the human population and use of non‐native crop species at the peak of the Qing Empire resulted in land‐use changes, deforestation, and habitat fragmentation, which are likely to have led to the drastic reduction of the most‐isolated populations of giant pandas. We predict that demographic, genetic, and environmental factors will lead to extinction of giant pandas in the Xiaoxiangling Mountains in the future if the population remains isolated. Therefore, a targeted conservation action—translocation—has been proposed and is being implemented by the Chinese goverment.     

Response of a Group of Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys to Commercial Logging in the Qinling Mountains, China

Abstract:  Habitat destruction is one of the greatest threats to primates worldwide. To understand the impact of forest logging on the habitat use of primates in temperate mixed forest, we compared the range, habitat used, population size, and diet of a troop (ERT) of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana ) in the Qinling Mountains before (1989), during (1997), and after (2002–2003) commercial logging. Logging significantly changed the composition of the forest and the food supply for the troop. Some areas were heavily logged and formed patches in the forest that lacked canopy cover. The troop moved 7 km away from their original range when logging took place and returned to their original range after logging stopped, but they avoided heavily logged areas that lacked canopy cover. Their movement indicated some degree of site fidelity in this species. Diet and home range changed after logging, but the population size remained stable, which suggests that this species has some ability to adapt to habitat changes. Our results may reflect a natural flexibility in primates to adapt to the changing food resources in temperate areas with marked seasonal variations in food availability and distribution. This flexibility may have contributed to their higher degree of resilience to habitat alterations caused by human activities compared with tropical forest primates that have a more specialized diet. Our findings provide important baseline information that will help decision makers in their efforts to conserve primates, especially in temperate regions, and to sustainably manage primate habitat.     

The Contribution of Habitat Loss to Changes in Body Size, Allometry, and Bilateral Asymmetry in Two Eleutherodactylus Frogs from Puerto Rico

Abstract:  Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide and the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. We examined environmentally induced phenotypic changes that may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals and therefore their ability to persist in increasingly changing landscapes. Specifically, we evaluated the contribution of habitat loss on the size, allometry, and levels of fluctuating asymmetry of Eleutherodactylus antillensis and E. coqui , 2 common species that are endemic to Puerto Rico. We x-rayed frogs collected at 9 sites that differed in the amount of forest cover and measured their snout-vent, radio-ulna, femur, and tibio-fibula lengths. E. antillensis and E. coqui were smaller in the highly disturbed (≤20% forest cover) than in the intermediately (20–70% forest cover) and little-disturbed (≥70% forest cover) landscapes. In E. antillensis but not in E. coqui , the slope and intercept of the curves relating snout-vent length with the length of the 3 bones differed with degree of forest cover, suggesting an effect of habitat loss on body shape. In E. antillensis and E. coqui , differences between right and left sides corresponded to true fluctuating asymmetry; however, only the radio-ulna length of E. coqui showed a trend toward an increase in fluctuating asymmetry with habitat loss. Because body size scales with a variety of physiological, life history, and ecological traits, conservation programs aimed at monitoring morphological changes in amphibians may help in understanding the mechanisms that contribute to their persistence in changing environments.     

Behavioral Assumptions of Conservation Policy: Conserving Oak Habitat on Family-Forest Land in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

Abstract:  Designing policies that harness the motivations of landowners is essential for conserving threatened habitats on private lands. Our goal was to understand how to apply ethnographic information about family-forest owners to the design of conservation policy for Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon (U.S.A.). We examined owners' knowledge, beliefs, values, and socioeconomic contexts through in-depth individual and focus-group interviews to understand their motivations to conserve oak. We then used Schneider and Ingram's (1990) policy analysis framework to compare owners' motivations to the logic of policy. Owners had complex motivations for conserving oak. Despite this complexity, all 5 categories of policy that Schneider and Ingram describe hold promise. Policies that use symbolism to inspire behavior and policies that build capacity can harness owners' stewardship ethics and moral obligations. Policies that offer tangible rewards can build on owners' utilitarian motives. Policies that permit and prohibit behavior can tap owners' concerns about rule violations. Policies that promote voluntary, collaborative efforts can accommodate owners' need for autonomy and flexibility.