野化培训大熊猫在特定时期采食半枯竹的原因分析

对首次发现的一只野化培训大熊猫“祥祥”采食半枯竹的现象及原因进行研究.作者用4只圈养大熊猫为对照进行试验,从行为观察、营养成分及适口因子、环境气候条件等方面进行了研究.研究发现,圈养大熊猫中也存在采食半枯竹的现象,而且在采食的时间段上和祥祥一致;相对于新鲜竹子,半枯竹中葡萄糖含量有所增加,单宁含量明显降低,并且具有特殊的香甜味,使在一定时期内的半枯竹营养增加,适口性得到改善,这是大熊猫在特定时期更愿意采食半枯竹而不采食新鲜竹子的重要原因;7~9月是全年温湿度最高月份,对引起半枯竹成分中适口因子的改变可能有诱发作用.图3表4参9     

圈养大熊猫母乳营养成分及其变化规律

收集并分析了5只大熊猫产后d 1～ 180的94个母乳样品的干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),乳糖(Lac),乙醚浸出物(EE),粗灰分(CA), 17种氨基酸(AA)和14种矿物元素的含量.结果表明,大熊猫母乳中DM、 CP和EE分别为13.66%～34.97%, 6.29%～7.92%和4.92%～14.09%,而且都随泌乳日期的延长而升高. Lac的含量为1.2% ～ 0.3875%,且随泌乳日期的延长而降低. CA的含量在1%左右(平均为1.04%).根据乳汁中CP、 Lac、无氮浸出物和EE的含量,计算出母乳中总能的含量为3.56～10.19 kJ/kg.绝大多数AA含量随大熊猫母兽泌乳日期的延长而升高,而矿物元素的含量没有明显的变化趋势.结果显示,大熊猫母乳中的营养成分含量在产后的不同阶段有显著差异(P<0.01),而且其含量和变化趋势与常见动物乳及人乳有不同程度的差异.     

野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量的影响

采用固定样方法和定位观察法连续测定了2003～2007年间卧龙自然保护区大熊猫野化培训圈内及其附近区域的拐棍竹无性系种群数量和生长发育特性等参数,运用收获法与非破坏性重量估测法建立了不同龄级和残桩的竹子种群和分株生物量估测模型,进而利用最佳模型计算并评估了野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量和植株个体生物量的影响.结果表明:在环境条件、种群密度、生长发育特征和种群生物量等基本相似的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐不仅降低实验期间的竹子生物生产力,而且影响到后期阶段实验种群的恢复与发展.大熊猫采食样方中的竹子种群生物量虽然较对照样方低,就竹笋生物量而言,约为对照的57.79%,这与野化培训圈的面积较小、竹种单一而使采食比重(67.07%)较大有关,但其各龄级植株个体生物量均能达到大熊猫的取食利用标准(仅2004年生竹除外),具有持续供给大熊猫食物资源的潜力;而人为砍伐措施与大熊猫采食相比,影响效果极为强烈,它严重降低了拐棍竹无性系的种群生物量,尤其是竹笋重量更是如此,仅为对照样方的14.69%,且植株个体鲜重远低于大熊猫的觅食条件.因此,竹笋和无性系植株的生物量是大熊猫采食标准的主要因素.     

基于GIS的卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境选择与利用

在ArcGIS 10.2的支持下,分析卧龙自然保护区大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)在地形因子(海拔、坡度和坡向)和生物因子(植被、竹林类型)上的生境选择(动物利用某种生境类型面积占其家域的比例)与利用(动物家域内某生境类型面积与保护区的这一类型面积的比例)特征进行了定量研究。结果表明,(1)地形因子:卧龙大熊猫在生境选择过程中,生境利用率较高的海拔区间为1 5 00~3 000 m,平均利用率达到了55.93%,而生境选择的主要海拔区间为2 000~3 500 m,占空间利用面积的89.64%;大熊猫生境利用在坡度上相对均匀,而生境选择的主要坡度区间为20°~50°,占空间利用面积的85.56%;生境利用率最高的坡向区间为270°~315°,占比达到了31.88%。(2)生物因子:大熊猫生境利用率较高的植被类型区域为亚高山针叶林与常绿落叶阔叶林,利用率分别为51.04%和70.20%;而生境选择的主要植被类型区域为针叶林与针阔混交林,占空间利用面积的90.23%;生境利用率最高的竹林类型区域为冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)林,利用率达到了51.63%,而生境选择的主要竹林类型为拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)和冷箭竹,二者占空间利用面积的95.20%。研究结果揭示了在不同地形和生物因子分异区间(类型)大熊猫的生境面积分布和空间利用模式特征,丰富了大熊猫生境选择与利用特征的研究手段。     

四川喇叭河自然保护区大熊猫及其伴生动物种群分布变化

通过样线与样方法,分别于2010年4月15日至6月18日、2010年10月12日至11月18日以及2011年5月6日至6月16日对四川喇叭河自然保护区大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)及其伴生动物进行调查,结果表明:(1)该地区大熊猫常活动于坡度45°、郁闭度0.4的温性针阔混交林和温性针叶林中,活动区域海拔范围为1 885~2 821 m,主要食物为冷箭竹。(2)调查期间大熊猫主要分布在鹿子沟—长河坝、黑悬沟、小两河口(左)和关房沟4个区域,其中黑悬沟痕迹点最多,小两河口(左)区域遇见率最高,同时大熊猫痕迹点和遇见率随时间变化呈升高趋势。(3)保护区内大熊猫主要伴生动物有15种,其中水鹿、羚牛、藏酋猴和林麝为最主要伴生动物,数量较多,分布较广;其中有9种动物位点数呈下降趋势,羚牛下降最明显;水鹿、斑羚、毛冠鹿、小熊猫和苏门羚5种动物位点数则呈上升趋势,其中水鹿增长最明显;而黑熊位点数则有升有降,但整体变化稳定。该研究可为保护区更加有效地保护大熊猫及其伴生动物,以及为栖息地建设和保护区相关管理决策提供科学依据。     

大金山岛常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林中小型土壤动物群落特征

于2017年秋季(10月)和冬季(12月)及2018年春季(3月)和夏季(6月)分别对大金山岛8个植物群落中小型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获5门14纲23个类群土壤动物8 506只,优势类群分别为线虫纲(66.06%)、蜱螨亚纲(17.95%)和弹尾纲(11.15%),其余为稀有类群(4.84%)。常绿阔叶林中小型土壤动物4季平均密度和类群数均高于落叶阔叶林,且2种林型间类群数差异显著(P0.05),而这2种植被类型夏季中小型土壤动物密度均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);常绿阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物类群数显著高于春、冬2季(P0.05),而落叶阔叶林表现为秋季显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。在垂直分布上,2种植被类型中小型土壤动物密度均表现出明显的表聚型,其0～5 cm土层密度分别占0～20 cm土层总密度的68.68%和66.94%。常绿阔叶林Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均高于落叶阔叶林,且常绿阔叶林秋季这2个指数均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);落叶阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物Margalef丰富度指数显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。由Pearson相关性分析可知,中小型土壤动物总密度以及线虫纲、蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲密度均与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相关。     

大熊猫幼仔口腔分泌物中检出聚团肠杆菌和微球菌

大熊猫在圈养条件下 ,配种难、受孕难、幼仔成活更难已众所周知[1,2 ] .本文报告了一只患病大熊猫幼仔的静脉血、尿液和粪便的常规检测和细菌学分离、鉴定 ,并从该幼仔口腔分泌物中检出聚团肠杆菌和微球菌的结果 .以为大熊猫幼仔疾病的检测、诊断和治疗积累基础资料 .1　实验室检查大熊猫幼仔一只 ,1998年 9月出生于成都大熊猫繁育研究基地 ,初生重 110 ｇ左右 ,出生第 3天 ,出现体温间隙性增高 ,拉血便 ,食欲减少 ,烦躁不安 ,精神状态较差 .1.1　常规检查用卡介苗注射用的针头采集颈静脉血作血常规检验 ,其结果 :白细胞总数 :2 3.6× 10 9/…     

圈养大熊猫排泄的粘液成分分析

收集并测定了8只圈养大熊猫的12个粘液样品的营养成分含量,包括水分、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、6种维生素(VA、VE、VD、VB1、VB2和VB6)以及4种微量元素(Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn).结果表明,大熊猫排泄的粘液营养物质含量丰富,尤其是含有很高的蛋白质、丰富的维生素和微量元素.粘液排泄频繁和排泄量大的大熊猫将从粘液排泄中损失很多的营养物质.因此,一方面必须给粘液排泄频繁和排泄量大的大熊猫补充营养,另一方面有必要采取切实可行的措施降低大熊猫的粘液排泄量及其频率.表4参5     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性V:不同竹林的物种多样性

采用α-多样性、β-多样性和植物区系等参数,分析了卧龙自然保护区野生大熊猫栖息地主食竹种各竹林的物种多样性特征.结果表明,物种丰富度、物种优势度、物种均匀度和植物区系成分在3种竹林中都有着显著性差异(P＜0.05).物种丰富度和优势度的排序是拐棍竹林＞冷箭竹林＞短锥玉山竹林;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现出拐棍竹林＞短锥玉山竹林＞冷箭竹林的变化格局;Simpson多样性指数为冷箭竹林大于拐棍竹林和短锥玉山竹林,而拐棍竹林与短锥玉山竹林相差不大;群落均匀度两指数(Jsw和Jsi)均表现为短锥玉山竹林＞拐棍竹林＞冷箭竹林.不同竹林各层次的α-多样性.无论是乔木层、灌木层,还是草本植物层,在3种竹林之间均具有不同的变化.拐棍竹林、冷箭竹林和短锥玉山竹林的植物科属地理分布格局较为相似(P＞0.05),都以温带地理成分为主,具有与卧龙自然保护区整体植物区系地理成分的相同模式,但就植物种类而言,3种竹林的差异极其显著(P＜0.05);同时,各竹林中乔木层优势树木的重要值、灌木层植物的平均数量,以及草本层植物的平均盖度之间也具有明显的差异(P＜0.05).3种竹林之间的相似性系数(β-多样性)很低,具有各自的组成物种和群落结构(P＜0.05),这与不同竹种的生物学特性、海拔分布范围和生长发育阶段密切相关.本研究结果可为竹林分布的制图、退化生境的恢复、地震灾害受损柄息地的重建以及圈养大熊猫食物基地的建设等提供参考资料.图3表5参32     

使用冷藏精液进行大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）人工授精

使用在4℃冷藏24 h和48 h的精液对5岁的雌性大熊猫妃妃进行了人工授精,以保持圈养大熊猫的遗传多样性. 供精者乐乐是一只患皮肤癌的雄性大熊猫,睾丸体积为(386.1±214) cm3,在2000-02-23～05-11期间,4次人工采精刺激电压5～8 V,射精电压5～8 V,每次采精量(3.2±1.2) mL,精子密度为(1 208.5±564.9)×106/mL-1,每次精子总量(3 908.3±2 546.6)×106,精液平均活力为84.8%±4.1%,活率为87.8%±5.2%,运动状态为2.9±0.25,畸形率为28.3%±11.1%,平均顶体正常率为96%±1%,pH值为7.9±0.3.乐乐的精液用TEST稀释后,在4℃冷藏24 h、48 h和72 h后,精子活力分别是65%,58%和47%,精子的活率分别为73%,73%和68%.用酶免法对雌兽妃妃尿液中雌激素的检测,发现妃妃的雌激素在发情前期开始增加,在发情前期的最后一天达到最大峰值,在发情期(4月3日～5日)迅速下降到正常值,进行人工授精的最佳时间是在雌兽尿液中的雌激素达到最大峰值后的48～72 h之间.妃妃在2000-08-10顺利地产下一仔,雌性,妊娠期127 d,初生幼仔179.3 g. 图1 表3 参19     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.