城市污水厂（A／O工艺）微生物群落结构及其动态变化

为了研究城市污水厂(A/O工艺)活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其动态变化,分别在运行不同时期从曝气池中提取活性污泥,通过细胞裂解直接提取活性污泥中的细菌基因组DNA,以细菌16S rDNA通用引物F357/R518,对活性污泥中提取的细菌基因组进行扩增,长约230 bp的扩增产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分离,获得微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱.结果显示,城市污水厂(A/O工艺)活性污泥中的微生物群落非常丰富,在不同时期存在一些各自的特有种属和共有种属,细菌群落结构的演替与系统负荷存在一定的相关性.整体来说,微生物群落演替不明显,微生物群落相似性较高,群落结构较为稳定.     

小试膜生物反应器(MBR)中活性污泥微生物种群结构的演变

以膜生物反应器中的活性污泥为研究对象,考察接种驯化至膜污染时期的微生物群落结构的特征和演变过程.在试验运行中,定期采集样品提取DNA,并应用PCR-DGGE技术探究微生物菌群的变化.结果表明,在反应器运行接种5 d后,微生物群落结构已发生较大改变,与接种污泥相似性指数下降到47.8%;在运行的整个过程中,微生物种群多样性都要低于接种污泥,随着处理工艺运行,种群间进行逐步有序的演替.在运行后期,跨膜压力增速提高,此时占优势地位的菌种是Enterococcus faecalis、Comamonas sp.、不可培养的Fusobacterium sp.,可能是导致膜污染的主要菌种.     

化学-生物絮凝污水处理工艺中微生物群落结构变化分析

利用分子生物学技术，直接从化学-生物絮凝工艺的活性污泥样品中提取DNA，对16S rDNA V3区进行PCR扩增，结合DGGE（变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳），分析了活性污泥中微生物群落结构，并对Shannon多样性指数进行分析讨论，通过研究指出系统中细菌数量的增加或减少．测定了活性污泥中部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列，通过NCBI（美国国立生物技术信息中心）基因库比对，初步确定细菌的属．结果表明，PCR—DGGE结合测序技术是一种完全可行的快速进行环境样品微生物研究的分析方法．图3表4参13     

基于PCR-DGGE的重金属污染土壤微生物种群指纹分析

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析方法,研究沈阳市细河沿岸重金属污染土壤中微生物结构多样性、种群丰富度及种群结构的动态变化规律。结果表明：直接从土壤中抽提总DNA,对16SrRNAV3可变区序列进行扩增,DGGE指纹图谱分析,微生物种群结构和变化规律明显,同时也表现为重金属污染程度越重,多样性指数越低;其中细河底泥重金属含量严重超标,多样性指数最低。经方差分析,重金属污染情况与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈负相关,其中重金属污染对微生物的均匀度指数影响最显著,并且锌污染对其影响最大为-0.985。表明PCR-DGGE技术可以用于污染环境下微生物多样性研究,也为污染环境下土壤微生物多样性研究提供了新的实验方法与依据。     

SMBBR工艺处理生活污水脱氮效能及其微生物多样性

微生物是生物膜法处理技术的核心,微生物多样性的研究对于生物膜法去除污染物的机理探讨具有重要意义.采用特异性流化床生物膜反应器(Special Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor,SMBBR)处理城市生活用水,并利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序技术对各反应器的微生物分布以及菌群与环境因子的相关性进行研究.结果显示,在水温20-30℃、上清液回流比为150%、DO为4 mg/L、水力停留时间为18 h的条件下,SMBBR对氨氮的去除率高达96.7%;SMBBR的好氧反应器和厌氧反应器的生物膜微生物种群结构组成存在不同,但优势微生物种群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes).在属的水平检测到好氧反硝化菌红细菌(Rhodobacter)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera),以及氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonadales)等.另外,DO是影响微生物群落结构最显著的环境因子.本研究表明环境因子会影响微生物群落替演,好氧反硝化以及氨氧化反应可能是SMBBR工艺中重要的脱氮机制.     

化学解偶联剂和OSA联合工艺对剩余污泥的减量化作用

比较研究了添加化学解偶联剂3,3′,4′,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)的活性污泥工艺、好氧-沉淀-缺氧(OSA)工艺、添加TCS的OSA联合工艺所引起的解偶联代谢对剩余污泥的减量化效果。结果表明,3种工艺的剩余污泥量分别比对照工艺下降33.99%、25.94%和46.90%。和对照相比,COD去除率没有明显影响,总氮去除率下降。TCS影响了污泥的沉降性能,但OSA可使污泥的SVI值下降。污泥中的微生物种群结构在180 d运行后发生了变化。以上结果表明,添加TCS的OSA联合工艺将是一条适宜的污泥减量化技术途径。     

烟区轮作与连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较

采用从土壤中直接提取土壤细菌总DNA,并用细菌16SrDNA特异性引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）的方法,对比研究了贵州福泉烟区轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,每个处理样品3次重复在DGGE图谱中相似性较高,基本聚在一起,从整体证明了试验操作方法较为精确。由DGGE图谱可知,轮作土壤微生物条带数量15-31条不等,平均为23条。连作土壤微生物条带数量从7-25条不等,平均为18条。分别从每条泳道的条带数和光密度值两方面,对细菌群落多样性指标进行了比较。结果表明,轮作处理细菌群落丰富度指数均大于连作处理,轮作Shannon-wiener和辛普森指数（1/D）均大于连作,表明轮作微生物多样性较连作高,轮作方式可以提高植烟土壤细菌群落的多样性。     

小陇山自然保护区华山松群落8个主要种群的生态位研究

小陇山国家级自然保护区是中国华山松的主要分布区之一。在野外大量调查基础上,运用Levins和Shan-non-Wiener生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似比例等指数,对林区华山松群落中8个主要种群生态位特征进行研究。结果表明,生态位宽度值大小依次为华山松、锐齿栎、披针叶忍冬、漆树、甘肃山楂、毛栗、辽东栎和少脉椴。华山松Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度值最大,为0.988 8,其次是锐齿栎,为0.877 6,少脉椴最小,为0.352 9。该群落种群间生态位重叠值普遍较低,表明多数种群间竞争较小。建群种华山松与其他种群间生态位重叠值较大,为0.079 1~0.101 3,而其他种群与华山松间生态位重叠值却较小,为0.015 4~0.069 0,华山松与毛栗的重叠值最大,为0.101 3,华山松与少脉椴的重叠值最小,为0.079 1。生态位相似比例在0.5以上的种群对有4对,占14.28%,分别是华山松-锐齿栎、华山松-披针叶忍冬、锐齿栎-披针叶忍冬和锐齿栎-漆树种群对,在0.5以下的有24对,占85.72%,表明群落中多数种群对资源利用的相似性程度较小。作为中国华山松的分布地之一,秦岭西段小陇山林区具有暖...     

硝化作用微生物的分子生物学研究进展

回顾了硝化作用微生物的分子生物学研究进展 ,主要介绍了硝化作用微生物的种类 ,包括氨氧化菌、亚硝酸氧化菌、异养氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌 .这些微生物的系统发育分析表明亚硝化菌的系统发育相对简单 ,而硝化细菌则要复杂许多 .还介绍了在硝化作用微生物生态学研究中应用的分子生物学技术 ,如PCR、变性梯度胶电泳 (DGGE)、原位荧光杂交 (FISH)等 ,以及不同类群细菌中与硝化作用相关的酶类及其基因 .文章的最后还提出了一些研究展望 .图 3参 35     

不同配气条件下微生物驱油生长代谢规律

氧气是影响油藏内源微生物生长代谢及驱油效果的关键因素.通过理论计算得出微生物生长代谢过程中对氧气的需要量,设计不同配气比实验,利用测定氧化还原电位的方法分析配气量对微生物生长代谢变化过程的影响,通过分子生物学高通量测序方法解析不同配气条件下微生物群落结构特征.结果表明不同液气比条件下微生物群落结构组成存在差异,但随着培养时间的增加(30 d),氧气逐渐消耗,微生物群落趋向一致,微生物群落中主要存在6种驱油功能菌,其比例占到了所有种群的70%以上.物模驱油实验得出液气比为1:5时不同种类的微生物能形成彼此相互稳定的微生物群落构成,驱替效率最高11.08%.本研究明确了微生物驱油过程中适合的氧气配比,可为微生物驱油现场实施配气工艺参数的确定提供理论和数据支撑.     

Mechanism on minimization of excess sludge in oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process

The oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process is a promising wastewater treatment technique for efficiently reducing sludge production and improving the stability of process operation. In this paper, the possible factors of sludge reduction such as sludge decay, uncoupled metabolism, and anaerobic oxidation with low sludge production were discussed in the OSA process. It has been confirmed that sludge decay is the decisive cause in the OSA process, accounting for 66.7% of sludge production reduction. Sludge decay includes hydrolysis and acidogenesis of dead microorganisms and particle organic carbon adsorbed in sludge floc and endogenous metabolism. By batch experiments, it has been proven that there is energetic uncoupling in the OSA system since microorganisms were exposed to alternative anaerobic and aerobic environment. It accounts for about 7.5% of sludge production reduction. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) released from the anaerobic sludge tank in the OSA process was used as the substrate for cryptic growth. The substrate was used for anoxic denitrifying, anaerobic phosphorus release, sulfate reduction, and methane production. These anaerobic reactions in the sludge anaerobic tank have lower sludge production than in the aerobic oxidation when equivalent SCOD is consumed, which may lead to approximately 23% of sludge reduction in the OSA process. It has been concluded that multiple causes resulted in the minimization of excess sludge in the OSA system. The microbial community structure and diversity of sludge samples from the CAS (conventional activated sludge) and OSA systems were investigated by 16 SrDNA PCR-DG-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). DGGE profile and cluster analysis showed more abundant species in the OSA system contrasting to microbial communities in the CAS system.     

Responses of microbial interactions to elevated salinity in activated sludge microbial community

● Salinity led to the elevation of NAR over 99.72%. ● Elevated salinity resulted in a small, complex, and more competitive network. ● Various AOB or denitrifiers responded differently to elevated salinity. ● Putative keystone taxa were dynamic and less abundant among various networks. Biological treatment processes are critical for sewage purification, wherein microbial interactions are tightly associated with treatment performance. Previous studies have focused on assessing how environmental factors (such as salinity) affect the diversity and composition of the microbial community but ignore the connections among microorganisms. Here, we described the microbial interactions in response to elevated salinity in an activated sludge system by performing an association network analysis. It was found that higher salinity resulted in low microbial diversity, and small, complex, more competitive overall networks, leading to poor performance of the treatment process. Subnetworks of major phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi) and functional bacteria (such as AOB, NOB and denitrifiers) differed substantially under elevated salinity process. Compared with subnetworks of Nitrosomonadaceae, Nitrosomonas (AOB) made a greater contribution to nitrification under higher salinity (especially 3%) in the activated sludge system. Denitrifiers established more proportion of cooperative relationships with other bacteria to resist 3% salinity stress. Furthermore, identified keystone species playing crucial roles in maintaining process stability were dynamics and less abundant under salinity disturbance. Knowledge gleaned from this study deepened our understanding of microbial interaction in response to elevated salinity in activated sludge systems.     

长江三角洲地区城市污泥的综合生物毒性研究

运用发光细菌法对我国长江三角洲地区16个城市中54个污泥样品的综合急性生物毒性进行了测定，并以毒性较为稳定的HgCl2作为参比毒物，以发光细菌抑光率、相当标准毒物HgCl2质量浓度及百分数等级比较法毒性划分标准评价城市污泥的毒性。结果表明，供试的不需稀释测定毒性的城市污泥中，有13个是剧毒的，占样品总数30．95％；需稀释测定毒性的城市污泥中，毒性等级为Ⅰ级的8个，占样品总数66．67％。长江三角洲地区城市污泥大部分有较高的综合急性生物毒性，这与含多种高量的有毒重金属有关。城市污泥对发光细菌毒性的大小与城市污泥来源、污水处理工艺及污泥类型等因素有关。上海地区的污泥毒性大于江苏和浙江地区；42个毒性较小的污泥中，大部分氧化沟处理的城市污泥的毒性要大于A^2／O（厌氧-缺氧／好氧）处理的，12个毒性较大的污泥中处理工艺多为活性污泥处理与A^2／O处理；大部分以生活污水和混流污水为主的城市污泥毒性要高于以工业污水为主的城市污泥。     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

pH调节对活性污泥混合液膜过滤性的影响

探讨了用NaOH调节pH值对膜-生物反应器混合液膜过滤性能的影响,并通过分析污泥混合液性质的变化研究其作用机理.试验表明,适当调节pH到碱性,可以使膜过滤性能得到改善.投加碱液使污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)减少,污泥容积指数(SVI)降低,但上清液中总有机碳(TOC)浓度增加.混合液膜过滤性能的改善与污泥SVI的降低密切相关.在碱性条件下,从细胞表面脱落下来的EPS对絮体颗粒的絮凝性有一定促进作用,但效果有限.推测碱液处理使细胞表面的LB-EPS脱落,从而使细胞表面疏水性增加,有利于絮体颗粒之间的絮凝,从而有利于混合液膜过滤性的改善.     

景观人工湿地微生物群落结构的季节变化

采用PCR-DGGE技术对梦清园人工芦苇湿地不同季节的细菌群落变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着水体流动和季节更替,人工湿地中优势细菌一直在变化。测序结果显示芽孢杆菌在系统中较占优势,4个季节里都可以检测出来。恶臭假单胞菌在春夏秋3季比较有优势,而冬天枯草芽孢杆菌比较适合在该芦苇湿地中生存。经湿地处理后,水体细菌群落的多样性下降,相似性升高,部分细菌被淘汰出水体,但适应的细菌生长较快,整体细菌数量上升。对底泥的研究中,随运行时间的增加,进水口与出水口的细菌相似性分别下降,且进水口的相似性下降要明显快于出水口。     

邯郸西污水厂处理工艺的优化控制

由于实际进水水质与设计值有偏差,造成采用改良氧化沟工艺的邯郸市西污水处理厂,运行管理困难且费用较高。针对该厂的实际运行情况,探讨了曝气系统的溶解氧(DO)、混合液污泥浓度(MLSS)、泥龄等运行参数的控制问题,并对各参数进行了分析、优化调整。结果显示:该厂好氧区出水DO控制在2.5~3.5 mg/L,缺氧区DO控制在0.3~0.7 mg/L时,可保证良好的除磷效果;将MLSS控制在5000 mg/L左右,并通过排泥将泥龄控制在16~19 d时,氧化沟系统可在最低运行能耗下获得最优硝化、脱氮效果;避免过多的硝酸盐随回流污泥进入厌氧选择池也是该系统工艺控制的关键,适宜的进水BOD5/TN比值以及稳定可靠的反硝化控制,可进一步提高该系统的处理效果,尤其是脱氮效果。     

The impact of ultrasonic treatment on activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge

Conditions for ultrasonic treatment to achieve partial nitritation are optimized. Ultrasound reduces metabolic activity and releases intracellular metabolites. Mechanical shearing is essential to inhibit nitrite oxidation. The ultrasonic treatment of sludge has been considered as an effective method to facilitate the partial nitritation of municipal sewage. This study aims to reveal the effects of ultrasound on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The impact factors including ultrasonic irradiation time and intensity, sludge concentration, thermal effect and released free radicals were studied. The maximized difference between the changes in AOB and NOB activities were obtained with 10 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L, using 0.9 kJ/mL ultrasonic energy density and 12 h interval time. The increased ultrasonic intensity destroyed the floc structure of activated sludge, increased the microbial death, and decreased the cellular ATP level. Further, the mechanism exploration indicated that the mechanical shearing could be a critical factor in achieving the nitritation with inhibitory effect on nitrite oxidation.