邻硝基苯酚在有机改性凹凸棒土上的吸附行为

应用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)、溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)、四乙基溴化铵(TEA)和四丁基溴化铵(TBA)分别对凹凸棒石原土进行改性,研究有机改性凹凸棒土对水中邻硝基苯酚的吸附作用.结果表明,四种改性土对水中邻硝基苯酚的吸附在较短的时间内即基本达到平衡,且对水中邻硝基苯酚的吸附去除率与改性土的有机碳含量呈明显的正相关,同样条件下其去除能力大小的顺序是CPB改性土＞HDTMA改性土＞TBA改性土＞TEA改性土;当体系pH值大于邻硝基苯酚的pKa时,CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附能力明显增强; CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附过程更适合用Henry吸附等温线进行描述,该吸附过程的主要机制是分配作用;CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附过程是吸热反应,该吸附过程中无化学键力和配位基交换力等强作用力;阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的存在抑制了CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附.     

pH值对有机蒙脱土吸附苯酚的影响

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性的蒙脱土来处理含酚废水，了解pH值对有机蒙脱土吸附苯酚的影响．结果表明：不论是酸性还是碱性含酚水溶液，加入有机蒙脱土后其pH值都趋向中性，因此，有机蒙脱土对酸碱具有良好的缓冲能力．在相同pH条件下，吸附在有机蒙脱土上苯酚的数量随着其改性量的提高而增加．在碱性条件下，被有机蒙脱土吸附的苯酚可以发生解吸，pH值愈高，有机蒙脱土吸附的苯酚数量愈少，因此，吸附在有机蒙脱上上的苯酚在碱性条件下是不稳定的．通过碱再生有机蒙脱土又能吸附水溶液中的苯酚，但是其吸附苯酚的能力有所下降．     

对硝基苯酚在阴-阳离子有机膨润土/水间的界面行为研究

用阴、阳离子表面活性剂改性制得一系列阴-阳离子有机膨润土,表征了有机膨润土的结构特征,研究了对硝基苯酚在阴-阳离子有机膨润土/水间的界面行为,并探讨了其吸附机理.结果表明:阴-阳离子有机膨润土的层间距和有机碳含量与改性时阴、阳离子表面活性剂的组成和配比有关;阴-阳离子表面活性剂在有机膨润土中形成了增溶(分配)作用较强的有机相,在一定配比下对水中有机污染物产生协同效应.     

有机物在水/有机膨润土界面的化学行为

研究了苯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯酚等极性或可离子化有机物在不／有机膨润土界面的化学行为，定量描述了表面吸附和分配作用对双阳离子有机膨润土吸附作用的相对贡献率及影响因素。结果表明，表面吸附和分配作用的相对贡献率大小与改性时加入的双阳离子表面活性剂的组成与配比有关。双阳离子有机膨润土40TMAB／60DTAB和40TMAB／200TMAB对苯酚的吸附，在低浓度时以表面吸附为主，在高浓度时以分配作用为主。     

有机沸石对富里酸的静态吸附性能

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性制备的有机沸石(SMZ)，在HDTMA理论负载量为120％时，对富里酸的吸附去除效果最佳，在酸性条件下更有利于SMZ对富里酸的吸附去除．水中K^ 和Na^ 等金属离子对SMZ吸附富里酸的行为不产生影响，Ca^2 和Mg^2 等金属离子强化了SMZ对富里酸的吸附效能，苯酚和五氯苯酚减弱了SMZ对富里酸的吸附效果．     

改性土壤对模拟含硝基苯废水的吸附

研究了季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子（TMA）和十六烷基三甲基铵离子（HDTMA）改性的土壤（黑土、黄棕壤、红壤）对水中硝基苯的吸附作用。结果表明：改性土壤和改性土壤均能吸附水中的硝基苯。但改性土壤对水中硝基苯的吸附能力明显高于未改性土壤。改必土壤吸附硝基苯能力的顺序为1CEC－HDTMA黑土＞1CEC－HDTMA黄棕壤＞0．7 CEC－HDTMA黄棕壤＞1 CEC－HDTMA红壤＞0．7 CEC－HDTMA红壤＞1 CEC－TMA黄棕壤＞1 CEC－TMA红壤。未改性土壤和HDTMA改性土壤对硝基苯的吸附通过分配来进行，吸附等温线可用Henry方程表示，其lgKSOM为2．27，lgKHDTMA为2．87。     

有机-无机复合改性蒙脱石同时吸附水中苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)

以钠基蒙脱石(Na-MMT)为原料,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)预先改性,然后进行羟基铝柱撑改性,以制备不同CTMAB含量的有机-无机复合蒙脱石(CTMAB-Al-MMT),用于同时对水中苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)的吸附.采用XRD、FTIR表征复合改性蒙脱石.研究结果表明,CTMAB和羟基铝阳离子有效进入蒙脱石层间,且层间距随CTMAB加载量增大而增加.吸附时间、溶液pH和投剂量等因素对吸附率的影响显著,在混合溶液的苯酚、铬(Ⅵ)初始浓度均为30 mg·L-1,投剂量0.6 g/50 mL,pH=6,以及吸附时间2 h时,苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)吸附去除率分别达85.0%和94.7%,表明制备的复合改性蒙脱石具有能有效同时吸附水中苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)的良好性能.复合改性蒙脱石对苯酚、铬(Ⅵ)的等温吸附可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来拟合,对苯酚的吸附符合Freundlich方程,相关系数为0.9946,对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Langmuir方程,相关系数为0.9989.     

镧和阳离子表面活性剂联合改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附作用

采用镧(La)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(HDTMA-Cl)对活性炭进行联合改性,并考察了La和HDTMA联合改性活性炭(La-HDTMA改性活性炭)对水中磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附性能.实验结果表明,La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐和硝酸盐具备一定的吸附去除能力.La-HDTMA改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐和硝酸盐最大吸附量分别为4.15 mg·g-1和11.2 mg·g-1.当p H值由4增加到8时,La-HDTMA改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力增加;当p H值超过8时,对磷酸盐的吸附能力则下降.LaHDTMA改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力随p H值的增加而下降.水中共存的Cl-、HCO-3和SO2-4等阴离子会抑制La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附.水中共存的硝酸盐会抑制La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐的吸附,共存的磷酸盐亦会抑制La-HDTMA改性活性炭对硝酸盐的吸附.采用1 mol·L-1Na OH溶液可以使71%吸附剂上的磷酸盐解吸下来,采用1 mol·L-1的Na Cl溶液可以使97%吸附剂上的硝酸盐解吸下来.La-HDTMA改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐的吸附机制主要是阴离子交换、静电吸引、配位体交换作用和路易斯酸碱反应,对硝酸盐的吸附机制主要是阴离子交换和静电吸引作用.     

有机改性蒙脱石负载纳米零价铁去除水体新兴污染物双氯芬酸

双氯芬酸(DFC)作为一种典型的新兴污染物,进入环境中难以被生物降解和转化,给人类健康造成潜在危害.本研究采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)改性的蒙脱石(Mt)负载自制的纳米零价铁(nZVI),得到有机改性蒙脱石负载纳米零价铁(H-Mt+nZVI)复合材料,用于去除水中的DFC.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积分析仪(BET)对复合材料进行了表征.结果表明,在XRD图谱中2θ=44.6°附近出现了对应于Fe~0的衍射峰,证明nZVI被成功负载于Mt上;在0.5 CEC、1 CEC、2 CEC改性的Mt比表面积由49.40 m~2·g~(-1)下降到20.86、21.27、26.06 m~2·g~(-1),且Mt的孔径由8.01 nm增大到10.93、11.60、12.40 nm,主要由于nZVI负载到Mt表面或层间,扩充了部分吸附孔洞.同时,采用批次吸附实验比较了Mt、nZVI和H-Mt+nZVI复合材料对DFC的去除效果,研究结果表明,Mt和nZVI对DFC的去除率均低于20%,复合材料对DFC的去除率明显增大,可达90%以上.复合材料对DFC的吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型,吸附动力学更满足准一级动力学模型.在采用1倍阳离子交换量改性蒙脱石负载纳米零价铁(1 CEC Mt+nZVI)吸附DFC时,饱和吸附量可达1922.78 mg·kg~(-1),吸附平衡时间为30 min.说明H-Mt+nZVI复合材料可应用于水体新兴污染物DFC的快速去除.     

对硝苯苯酚在阴—阳离子有机膨胀润土／水间的界面行为研究

用阴、阳离子表面活性剂改性制得一系列阴－阳离子有机膨润土，表征了有机膨润土的结构特征，研究了对硝基苯酚在阴－阳离子有机膨润土／水间的界面行为，并探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明：阴－阳离子有机膨润土的层间距和有机碳含量与改性时阴、阳离子表面活性剂的组成和配比有关；阴－阳离子表面活性剂在有机膨润土中形成了增溶作用较强的有机相，在一定配比下对水中有机污染物产生协同效应。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.