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Sebastian U. Senger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2000,12(3):152-156
The UN ECE Göteborg Protocol from 1. December 1999 (c.f.http://www.unece.org und SENGER, 2000) to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone demands distinct reductions of air pollutants in different countries. In this contribution the reduction of different components of air pollutants between the years 1990 and 2010 were estimated for the German federal states of Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia. The estimated reduction for NOx, SO2 and NM-VOC, and CO meet the demands set up by the UN ECE Göteborg Protocol. For O3 a reduction could only be predicted for rural areas and, for CO2, a steady increase in its global concentration has to be assumed. 相似文献
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This study is based on the theses that
- early diagnosis is indispensable in the context of precautionary policy for the management of environmental problems, which have the character of a “creeping disaster”; and that
- the public must play the active role that is adequate within a democratic society. In the context of the study, three existing advisory committees for environmental policy as well as two concepts which have not been put into effect are investigated.
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This study is based on the theses that
- early diagnosis is indispensable in the context of precautionary policy for the management of environmental problems which have the character of a “creeping disaster”, and that
- the public must play the active role that is adequate within a democratic society.
5.
This study is based on the theses that
- early diagnosis is indispensable in the context of precautionary policy for the management of environmental problems which have the character of a “creeping disaster” and that
- the public must play the active role that is adequate within a democratic society. In the context of the study, three existing advisory committees for environmental policy as well as two concepts which have not been put into effect are investigated.
6.
This study is based on the theses that
- early diagnosis is indispensable for the management of environmental problems in the context of precautionary policy, which have the character of a “creeping disaster” and that
- the public must play the active role that is adequate within a democratic society.
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Tobias Türcke Stefan Norra Doris Stüben Zsolt Berner Markus Leosson 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(3):127-133
Different sources of traffic immissions (tyres, soot, oil, asphalt, plastic, paint) were analysed for stable carbon and sulphur isotope ratios. The aim of this study is to investigate whether these isotope ratios can be used to evaluate the environmental impact of traffic immitted harmful substances in roadside soils. The δ13C values of technical materials are between -30‰ and -18‰ (PDB). They can be distinguished by their δ13C value because of specific production methods. The δ13C value of asphalt is between -23 and -18‰, soot shows values from -27 to-22‰ Moreover, soot of different fuel have different carbon isotope ratios. Plastic, paint and oil have similar δ13C from -30 to -27‰ Carbon isotope ratios of automobile tyres are around -26‰ Traffic impact on the carbon isotope composition is reflected in δ13C values of various carbon spezies found in street sediments and road side soils. These δ13C values correlate to concentrations of lead and platinum. Although δ34S values of technical materials are between -6 and +8‰ it was not possible to characterise samples according to their Sulphur isotopic compostion. 相似文献
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Winfried Schröder Inga Hornsmann Roland Pesch Gunther Schmidt Stefan Fränzle Simone Wünschmann Heike Heidenreich Bernd Markert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2008,20(1):62-74
Goal, Scope and Background
The study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the regional variability of nitrogen (N) and metal accumulations in terrestrial ecosystems are due to historical and recent ways of land use. To this end, in two regions of Central Europe the metal and N accumulations in both regions should be examined by comparative moss analysis. The regions should be of quantitatively specified representativity for selected ecological characteristics of Europe. Within both regions these characteristics should be covered by the sites where the moss samples were collected. The number of samples should allow for geostatistical estimation of the measured nitrogen and metal loads.Methods
The two regions of investigation were selected according to an ecological land classification of Europe which was computed by classification trees. Within each of both research areas the sampling points were localized according to the areas occupied by the ecologically defined land classes. The sampling and chemical analysis of mosses was conducted in accordance with an appropriate UNECE guideline by means of ICP-MS (metals) and combustion analysis (N). The quality of measurements was assured using certified reference materials. The differences of deposition loads were tested for statistical significance with regard to time and space. Variogram analysis was used to examine and model the spatial autocorrelation function of the measurements. Ordinary kriging was then applied for surface estimations.Results
By use of the ecological regionalisation of Europe the Weser-Ems Region (WER) and the Euro Region Nissa (ERN) were selected for investigation. The sampling sites represent quite well the natural landscapes and the land use categories of both regions. The measurement values corroborate the decline of metal accumulation observed since the beginning of the European Mosses Monitoring Survey in 1990. The metal loads of the mosses in the ERN exceed those in the WER significantly. The opposite holds true for the N concentrations: those in the WER are significantly higher than those in the ERN.Discussion
The decrease of heavy metal emissions is correlated with lowered deposition and accumulation rates in terrestrial ecosystems. The accumulation of nitrogen in the biosphere is not following this trend.Conclusions
The technique of moss analysis is adequate for spatially valid biomonitoring of spatial and temporal trends of metals and nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. By this, it enables to prove the efficiency of environmental policies.Recommendations and Perspectives
The accumulation of N in ecosystems is still a serious environmental problem. Related ecological impacts are the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems like ground waters, lakes, rivers and oceans as well as the biocoenotic changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, a statistically valid exposure analysis must encompass both, accumulation of metals and N bioaccumulation. Further, the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants should be monitored. Finally, environmental biomonitoring should be conducted in much closer contact with human health aspects. 相似文献9.
H. Hollert K. Bluhm S. Keiter M. Böttcher S. Grund N. Seitz J. Otte T. Braunbeck M. Hecker E. Higley J. Giesy H. Takner B. van Bavel M. Engwall G. Reifferscheid W. Manz L. Erdinger T. Schulze U. Luebcke-van Varel W. Brack U. Kammann R. Schöneberger M. Suter U. Strähle 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2009,21(3):260-263
Background and aim Despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality since the 1970s, fish populations, especially those of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the upper Danube River (Germany). In order to assess 1) possible links between molecular/biochemical responses and ecologically relevant effects, and 2) if ecotoxicological effects might be related to the decline in fish catches in the upper Danube river, sediment samples and fish were collected at different locations and analyzed using a weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach with several lines of evidence. The objective of the presentation is to introduce the conceptual framework and to review results of the ongoing study. As previously addressed by Chapman and Hollert (2006) a variety of lines of evidence can be used in WOE studies. Briefly, 1) a comprehensive battery of acute and mechanism-specific bioassays was used to characterize the ecotoxicological hazard potential. 2) Histopathological investigations and the micronucleus assay with erythrocytes were applied, analyzing in situ parameters. 3) Diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and fish as well as 4) persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupting substances, limnochemical parameters and the concentration of heavy metals were recorded. To identify organic contaminants a spotential causes of sediment toxicity assays, 5) effect directed analysis was applied. 相似文献
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Ludwig Weißflog Wolfgang Rolle Klaus-Dieter Wenzel Ralph Kühne Gerrit Schüürmann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1994,6(3):135-138
The deposition of heavy metals bound to air dust and their ecological effects depend, to a large degree, on particle size, which influences the transport processes in the environment. To estimate the size range of the particles mainly taken up by the pine needles, concentration gradients along a sector leeward of Leipzig were modelled according toGauss plume calculations. The results show that the aerodynamic size is between 1 and 10 μm. Particles of this size range can be taken up by lungs and, thus, have a particular toxicological relevance. 相似文献
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Ludwig Weißflog Klaus Wienhold Klaus-Dieter Wenzel Gerrit Schüürmann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1994,6(2):75-80
Air pollution in the region Leipzig-Halle was investigated using two-year-old pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) at 39 sites of a biomonitoring net covering an area of ca. 7 500 km2. The concentration values of Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb and V characterize the immission patterns of the period 1990/91. The method is less suited for Cu, Ni and Zn due to the transfer route soil-pine, and for Cd due to the small total content. There are significant spatial and element-specific variations which require distinct evaluation of the pollution situation. The city of Leipzig itself is a significant source for Pb, Cr, Fe and V emission. Mainly as far as the centre of the region is concerned, the Pb concentration values are beyond those of heavily contaminated reference sites. The bioindication system is also applicable for comparable regions in Eastern Europe where the pine is the dominating conifer type. Immission trends can be monitored over ecologically relevant periods of time. 相似文献
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Bettina Matzdorf 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2004,16(2):125-133
Background and Objectives
As an instrument of agro-environmental economic policy, remuneration to farmers for implementing ecologically sound practices are often identified as beingthe alternative to inefficient or unpopular legal instruments. This paper shows that such an approach assumes to be an idealized conception of the way in which economic instruments work. Only result-oriented payment is capable of matching such an idealized conception; hence, the conditions are accordingly ambitious.Key aspects
Starting from a definition of result-oriented remuneration for ecological benefits, this approach is systematically contrasted by action-oriented payments. Either is examined in respect to its comparative efficiency enabling assessment of the potential of both instruments. In the second section, the limits of the approach using result-oriented payments are discussed in relation to the corresponding prerequisites set down for them.Results
The key criterion for distinguishing between result-oriented payments on the one hand and action-oriented payments and legal instruments on the other is the number of options available to the farmer when he/she chooses to take advantage of the payments. On the basis of this criterion, the following advantages emerge from the economic (rewards-based) approach: it promotes self-interest, increases innovative potential, reduces informational asymmetries, promotes continuity, promotes co-operative practice, promotes intrinsic motivation and, finally, it achieves a distribution of risks between farmers and society. However, one essential requirement for applying such instruments are indicators attached to payment. The attempt to develop such indicators reveal three central problems: the complexity of cause-and-effect relations, the diversity of environmental objectives and the normativity of the process by which indicators are devised. These problems simultaneously define the limits of the instrument of result-oriented payments for ecological benefits.Conclusions
No general statements can be made about whether result-oriented payments are preferable to other instruments, as this depends on the concrete circumstances and, in particular, on the specific environmental issues involved, along with the possibilities of developing environmental indicators. However, from the economic point of view, the benefits of result-oriented payments are obvious, as long as the prerequisites for the application of this instrument can be met.Further Research and Recommendations
Given the persuasive benefits of result-oriented payment from an economic point of view, more efforts should in future be made to test the practicability of such instruments. Two examples of result-oriented payment are discussed in this paper. 相似文献14.
Gerrit Schüürmann Klaus-Dieter Wenzel Ludwig Weißflog Klaus Wienhold Eckhard Müller 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1994,6(5):265-270
The spatial variation of the immission patterns of Cr, Fe, Pb and V in the region Leipzig-Halle is dicussed in terms of similarities as well as dissimilarities. The representation by isopleths enables the identification of areas with high and low air pollution. The immission patterns can be used as criteria to select areas suitable for in-field testing so that possible effects on fauna und flora and xenobiotic fluxes can be studied at representative sites. The comparison with literature data yields a first characterization of the ecotoxic potential of the heavy-metal immission for the region. By the principal component analysis a comparative evaluation of the spatial structure of all element contents is performed, which leads to conclusions about emission sources and the physicochemical behaviour of the elements. 相似文献
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Manuela Baumgarten Rainer Matyssek Christian Huber Hans-Peter Dietrich 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2010,22(5):579-595
Background, aim, and scope Increasing background concentrations of ground-level tropospheric ozone and more frequent and prolonged summer drought incidences due to climate change are supposed to increase the stress on Bavarian forests. For such scenarios growth reduction and yield losses are predicted. Sustainable forest management in Bavaria aims to significantly increase the proportion of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) because of its broad ecological amplitude. In our regional study different approaches for calculating ozone impact were used to estimate the risks for Bavarian forests in the average climatic, rather moist year 2002 and the extremely dry year 2003.Materials and methods Measurements were conducted for eleven forest ecosystem sites and two forest research sites representing typical Bavarian forest stands under different climatic conditions and situated in different altitudes. For risk assessment currently used approaches were applied either based on the calculation of the cumulative ozone exposure (external dose; MPOC maximal permitted ozone concentration; critical level AOT40phen? accumulated ozone exposure over a threshold of 40 nl [O3] l–1, for the effective phenolgy of beech) or based on the calculation of the phytomedically relevant ozone flux into the stomata (internal dose, critical level AFst>1,6, accumulated stomatal flux above a flux threshold of 1.6 nmol O3?m–2 PLA; PLA = projected leaf area). For calculations continuously recorded ozone concentrations and meteorological and phenological data from nearby rural open field background measuring stations from the national air pollution control and from forested sites were used. Additionally ozone induced leaf symptoms were assessed.Results The exposure-based indices AOT40phen and MPOC as well as the flux-based index AFst>1.6suggest that Bavarian forests are at risk from O3 during a rather moist average year concerning climate conditions (2002) as well as in an extreme dry year (2003). Thus, growth reductions of 5?% are predicted when thresholds are exceeded. Threshold exceedance occurred in both years at all plots, mostly already at the beginning of the growing season and often even many times over. Ozone induced leaf symptoms could be detected only on a few plots in a very slight occurrence.Discussion The results for the applied critical level indices differed depending on climatic conditions during the growing seasons: Regarding exposure-based indices, the highest degree of threshold exceedance occurred in the dry year of 2003 at all plots; the flux-based approach indicated the highest stomatal ozone uptake and thus an increased risk at moist sites or during humid years, whereas the risk was decreasing at dry sites with prolonged water limitation. Hence, soil and accordingly plant water availability was the decisive factor for the flux-modelled internal ozone uptake via stomata. Drought and increased ozone impact can generate synergistic, but also antagonistic effects for forest trees. At water limited rather dry forest sites restricted transpiration and thus production, but concurrently lower ozone uptake and reduced risk for damage can be expected.Conclusions, recommendations, and perspectives For realistic site-specific risk assessment in forest stands the determination of the internal ozone dose via modeling flux based internal stomatal ozone uptake is more appropriate than the calculation of the external ozone dose. The predicted 5?% growth reductions are in discrepancy with the frequently observed increment increase during the last decades in forest stands. Comprehensive and significant statistical verification for ozone induced forest growth reduction as well as the systematic validation of thresholds for ozone in the field is still lacking. However, a multiplicity of different specific new and retrospective growth analysis data should allow closing the gap. Moreover, the determination of canopy transpiration with sap flow measurements is a novel approach to provide cause-effect related, site specific results for the effective internal ozone dose as well as for canopy water supply and consecutively for regional risk estimation. A further future objective is the refinement of O3 flux modelling by further consideration of soil/water budget characteristics and the above mentioned improved estimations of crown and canopy transpiration. Further, the introduction of threshold ranges for forest trees in view of their specific regional climatic conditions and their validation in real forest stands is necessary for developing meaningful ozone risk predictions for forests. 相似文献
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Hans Ch. Huber Ursula Ritter Walter Huber Wolfgang Mücke 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1994,6(5):251-253
Two test methods are presented to assess the cytotoxicity of chemicals. On one hand the protozoonTetrahymena pyriformis and on the other the bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa is cultured in defined media containing the test chemicals. Test parameter is the quantity of living cells surviving exposure. The conversion of the tetrazolium salt MTT into formazan is equivalent to cell viability. A mixture of detergent and isopropanol is used to dissolve the blue formazan which is not soluble in water, prior to photometric measurement. For cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, potassium dichromate, 4-toluenesulfonic acid sodium salt, and 4-nitrophenol the EC50-values (mol/l) in theTetrahymena pyriformis- (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) test system were: 10?5,81 (10?5,08); 10?4,68) (10?3,80; 10?4,50 (10?4,14); 10?3,97 (10?5,11); 10?2,71 (10?2,50) and 10?4,00 (10?3,64). — With the assays described here it is possible to measure a large number of samples by quick and simple means. 相似文献
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Der Fischrückgang in der oberen Donau 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
S. Keiter M. Böttcher S. Grund N. Seitz T. Braunbeck H. Hollert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2009,21(2):186-196
Background During the last years, a decrease in fish populations has been documented for several river systems in Europe and North America. Since more than 20 years, similar developments have been documented for the upper Danube River between Sigmaringen and Ulm. The grayling (Thymallus thymallus) represents one of the most affected fish species in the upper Danube, and notable decrease has also been recorded for other species such as the European barbel (Barbus barbus). Despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality along the Danube since the 1970s, this negative development of fish populations could not be stopped. Aim This article has been designed to give an overview on various investigations into the decline of fish in the upper Danube River. The major focus of this paper is on the presentation of a weight-of-evidence study carried out since 2003 at the Department of Zoology at the University of Heidelberg. Results and discussion During the 1920s, major parts of the upper Danube River were corrected, thus causing dramatic changes in the hydromorphology of the river. The macrozoobenthos, which represents an important source of nutrition for several fish species, depends on the morphological conditions of a river; recent investigations, however, could not show any dramatic changes in macrozoobenthos composition. Earlier investigations of the Danube River primarily focused on water quality, which has, indeed, been continuously improved by extensive modernization of wastewater treatment plants. Contamination by priority organic pollutants in sediments was not given any attention until the mid 1990s, when a clear decline of, e.?g., PAH concentrations were documented. However, results of more recent analyses showed very high PAH concentrations in two sediment samples (Schwarzach Σ 16 PAHs = 26 mg/kg; Öpfingen Σ 16 PAHs = 5 mg/kg). In 2002, the first ecotoxicological investigations were performed at the upper Danube River. The results of a pilot study showed a high ecotoxicological burden for selected sampling sites. As a conclusion of this study, a weight-of-evidence investigation was initiated to make an attempt to identify major pollutants and possible causes for the fish decline. In addition to, e.?g., liver ultrastructure analyses in barbel, the micronucleus test was used as a definite mutagenicity test using erythrocytes and liver samples. The results of the different in vitro tests showed very good correlation well with in situ parameters. Outlook The investigations within this weight-of-evidence study showed that the pollution situation of the Danube is, indeed, significant enough to potentially affect fish populations. However, further investigations are needed to clarify the specific causes for the fish decline. A bioassay-directed fractionation study is underway to identify specific pollutants as well as their sources. This study will also assess the endocrine disrupting potential of Danube sediments via histopathological analyses of gonads of field fish in combination with different in vitro tests. Furthermore, in the planned joint project COMPSEARCH, comparative investigations will evaluate the ecotoxicological hazard potential of different pollution sources and consequences of changes in land use. 相似文献
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Petra Marth Karl-Werner Schramm Bernhard Henkelmann Alexander Wolf Konstantin Oxynos Johannes Schmitzer Antonius Kettrup 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(2):89-97
For precautinary environmental protection the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has been successfully established as a permanent environmental surveillance tool in Germany. The presented monitoring results on chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) show very clearly the effects of political decisions and can be used for the identification of pollutant sources. The CHC burden of breams (Abramis brama) from five German rivers (Elbe, Rhein, Saar, Mulde, Saale) gives an current overview of the pollution situation of different limnic ecosystems in Germany. A calculation model about the distribution of organic pollutants between different tissues offers the possibility to predict concentrations in liver and muscle of breams. Legislative emission restrictions have led to a significant decrease of dioxin levels in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs between 1988–1996. 相似文献