大气氟污染的树木监测与评价

本文介绍了采用植物监测与化学静态监测相结合方法,对上海某厂周围大气氟浓度和树叶含氟量进行测定,得出两者相关关系,确定悬铃木生长初期树叶含氟量划分大气氟污染等级指标,并运用生物学办法对影响区进行评价和浓度分区.     

天津市环境监测中心水和生态监测部

水和生态监测部是天津市环境监测中心骨干业务部门之一,业务主要涉及地表水和地下水、近岸海域、土壤与生态环境质量的监测评价、项目验收、遥感解译及规划编制等,同时承担天津市水环境自动监测站的运行维护和数据分析工作。     

稻田氮、磷损失与过程监测方法研究进展

水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一。水稻生产过程中土壤和肥料中的部分氮磷元素以溶质或颗粒形态通过淋溶、径流迁移至周围水体,造成地下水污染和水体富营养化。稻田土壤中氨挥发产生的氨气和反硝化反应产生的氧化亚氮气体进入大气,加剧了温室效应。笔者围绕稻田氮磷的气体挥发、径流和淋溶3个流失途径介绍了国内外常用的监测方法,并进一步讨论了针对径流和淋溶这2种流失途径的监测指标、监测频率和监测深度等问题,总结了2种流失途径的主要氮磷流失形态,根据产流特征和施肥时间确定监测时间节点,综合考虑植物吸收和地下水深度确定淋溶监测深度,以期为稻田氮磷流失监测提供相关技术支持和科学依据。     

浑河冲洪积平原土壤及浅层地下水中铅的分布特征

为探讨浑河冲洪积扇土壤及浅层地下水中铅的含量、来源及其分布特征,对研究区50个土壤样品、5个地表水样品和22个浅层地下水样品进行了铅含量分析.结果表明,研究区土壤、地表水和浅层地下水均受到了一定程度的铅污染.表层土壤铅含量较高,在17.72—114.46 mg.kg-1之间,受人为污染影响较大;随土壤深度的增加铅含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,其迁移规律与铬、砷、铜等重金属密切相关,受土壤性质和有机质含量的影响较大,为研究区土壤和浅层地下水环境风险评价及污染防治提供了科学依据.     

湘中某矿区地下水重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

以湘中某矿区地下水为研究对象,对矿区14口监测井15项重金属指标开展监测分析。结果表明,矿区地下水中As、Sb、Co、Fe和Mn 5项重金属指标超标,超标率分别为14. 3%、64. 3%、50. 0%、10. 7%和14. 3%;最大超标倍数分别为5. 4、30. 4、0. 9、34. 0和18. 3,地下水中Sb污染最严重。污染评价结果表明研究区地下水在平水期极重污染占比达到78. 5%,丰水期污染相对较轻,极重污染占比为50%。研究区地下水污染健康风险评估确定的主要健康风险指标为As、Sb、Co,主要污染途径为饮用水。由地下水健康风险评估模型得到研究区地下水As致癌风险最大,风险值为1. 08×10-3~2. 89×10-3,远超最大可接受致癌风险限值; As、Sb和Co的最大非致癌危害商分别为1. 48×102、89. 2和69. 0,均超过可接受水平,研究区地下水饮用水途径对当地敏感人群的健康构成危害。     

利用紫露草微核技术监测滇池水质污染

以蒸馏水和自来水处理作阴性对照，以不同浓度的ＮａＮ３，ＨｇＣｌ２处理作阳性对照，用紫露同核监测法对滇池１１个样点的水样进行了监测评价；结果表明：滇池１１个样点的水样均使使紫露草四分体微核率增加；紫露草微核监测与化学监测结果是基本一致的；将１１个样点的水质污染分为三种程度，重污染，中污染和轻污染。     

广州市某生活垃圾填埋场空气及地下水污染状况分析

本文以广州市某生活垃圾填埋场为实例,通过监测场区、周边敏感点的空气和地下水的相关指标,依据现行生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准,以及环境空气和地下水质量标准,分析了空气和地下水的污染状况.监测结果表明,风向是影响周边空气污染状况的主要因素,下风向监测点硫化氢和臭气指标超标状况比上风向监测点严重,温度高、湿度大、风速小的季节空气污染较严重;渗滤液及地下水流向是周边地下水污染状况的最主要影响因素,地下水上游位置的监测井地下水相关指标未超标,布置于地下水下游的4个监测井的总大肠杆菌、氨氮、锰、亚硝酸盐、耗氧量均超出《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值,已达到重度污染的程度,且各污染监测井之间高度相关,相关系数均达0.99以上,而与背景井相关性很小,说明监测井的污染由渗滤液造成.主成分分析表明,污染因子主要来自3种不同的污染源,铅和锰、亚硝酸盐和大肠杆菌、氨氮和耗氧量分别来自不同的污染源,地下水污染因子超标特点可能与填埋垃圾成分有关.     

贵阳中心区土壤重金属污染及其环境影响

利用1∶25万贵州省多目标区域地球化学调查(贵阳中心区)成果,采用单因子和尼梅罗综合指数法对贵阳中心区表层土壤(0—20 cm)重金属污染及其环境影响进行评价和研究.结果表明,重金属污染程度依次为CdAsHgZnNiCuCrPb.As、Cd、Hg、Zn等元素出现污染,其中Cd最重,污染区占总面积的6.15%,且72%的土壤为警戒区,其次是As,污染区占5.31%,Hg、Zn主要为轻微点状污染,Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb等元素土壤环境质量以清洁和安全区为主,未对土壤造成污染.尼梅罗综合污染指数为0.58—26.72,平均值2.27,表明研究区土壤整体污染已达警戒级别,且区域内污染程度变化范围较大;贵阳中心区表层土壤重金属污染比较严重,清洁区仅占总面积的3.5%,安全区占48.6%,警戒区占32.9%,污染区占15%,近50%土壤不适宜种植农作物.生态环境影响调查结果表明,土壤重金属元素异常区农作物已遭到一定程度的重金属污染,地下水也存在Pb2+超标现象.     

欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目及其对我国农用地质量监测的启示

＂十二五＂期间,我国国土资源调查评价的重点任务之一是建立农用地质量监测体系。当前我国农用地质量变化监测技术仍然处于研究探索阶段,欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目是较为成熟的监测项目,可为中国农用地质量监测工作提供借鉴。文章分别就欧盟土壤环境评价监测的相关研究和国内学者对农用地质量监测的研究进行了综述,认为欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目在指标选取、监测网络建立、数据更新技术等方面建立了较为成功的机制。未来中国农用地质量监测工作可在关注土壤环境质量、分类土壤退化原因、针对性地选取指标、应用DPSIR模型、确定监测点的方法、充分利用原有监测网络和监测数据等方面借鉴欧盟经验。     

农药在土壤中迁移的研究方法

农药对地下水的污染已日益为人们密切关注，本文详细介绍了用土壤柱和土壤薄层层析法研究农药在土壤迁移行为用于预测或评价农药对地下水污染程度的研究方法。     

Comparative growth response of two varieties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna radiata</Emphasis> L. (var. PDM 54 and var. NM 1) grown on different tannery sludge applications: effects of treated wastewater and ground water used for irrigation

This study evaluates the possibility of using contaminated soil by treated tannery wastewater and the use of tannery sludge in agriculture. The plants of Vigna radiata var. PDM 54 grown on contaminated soil and irrigated with ground water have not shown the translocation of toxic metal (Cr) in the upper part. The biomass of the plant increased when irrigated with treated tannery wastewater compared to ground water, whereas no significant change was observed in chlorophyll and protein contents. In both the varieties (var. PDM 54 and var. NM 1) of V. radiata grown on tannery sludge amendments, the growth parameters exhibited a pronounced positive growth response up to 35% tannery sludge amendments compared with the plants grown on garden soil. Despite the Cr accumulation at lower amendments, no toxicity symptoms were observed in both the varieties of the plants. Higher amendments affected various growth parameters, NR activity, and carbohydrate content of the plants. The results suggest that the plants of V. radiata (var. PDM 54) may be grown on contaminated soil or lower sludge amendments and irrigated with ground water. No translocation of toxic metal Cr was found in the seeds of the plants grown in up to 25% tannery sludge. However, periodical monitoring is required before the consumption of seeds. Overall, the results showed that plant growth patterns were influenced to some extent by the level of soil contamination and the water used for irrigation.     

Geochemical and Geophysical Monitoring of Salinewater Intrusion in Korean Paddy Fields

The saline water intruded zone in paddy fields near the seashore can be diagnosed accurately by joint exploration with geophysical and geochemical methods. Using the electromagnetic (EM) sounding technique, the weakly consolidated zone which introduces saline water into such an area of near seashore paddy fields in Korea was detected from the variation of electrical conductivity distribution following field irrigation. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) with Schlumberger array and chemical analysis of top soils, and groundwater in the study area verified the intruded zone near the surface. The VES results showed that the intrusion of seawater occurred in the form of a channel down to 30 m below sea level. Geochemical analysis of the top soil samples for the six major elements found in seawater indicated that the region showing high concentrations is concordant with the weakly consolidated zone near the surface. The degree of contamination in the study area was investigated by comparing the soil data with those from a nearby old reclamation field. If remediation work is not done for this intrusion zone, the sodicity degree in the paddy soil is expected to increase compared with the reference site data.     

An ecological model for heavy metal contamination of crops and ground water

A model for heavy metal contamination of crops and ground water was set up and tested. It was found possible to use the model to predict the heavy metal concentration in crops.The model indicates that Pb is limiting the use of sludge as a soil conditioner, and that in most cases, contamination of crops seems to be a greater danger than contamination of ground water. However, when soil with a high humus or clay content is used at a pH close to 7.00, municipal sludge can be used in considerable quantities without danger.     

BTEX在河流渗滤系统中的降解行为实验模拟研究

河流渗滤是一种自然净化过程,污染河水通过该过程在河流沉积层中发生各种物理、化学和生物作用,使得污染物浓度降低,河水水质得到净化,从而达到增加地下水开采量的目的。本项研究通过淋滤实验,利用自行设计的土柱实验装置和人工配制的淋滤液,模拟了BTEX污染河水在下渗通过河流渗滤系统的过程中发生的降解行为。实验历时48 d,获得了该过程中BTEX各组分和电子受体的质量浓度变化历时曲线,得出的结论包括：污染河水中的BTEX在通过河流渗滤系统时将发生两种环境行为—吸附和降解。其中,吸附作用对于BTEX的净化效果较为有限,当吸附达到饱和之后,在存在电子受体的情况下,BTEX能够发生厌氧微生物降解,降解作用能够更有效的去除BTEX污染物。其中去除效率最高的是间二甲苯,在以NO3-为电子受体的情况下平均去除率为85.5%,在以SO42-为电子受体的情况下平均去除率为82.4%,其次是乙苯、甲苯,去除率最差的是苯,在两种电子受体的系统中平均去除率分别为68.5%和63.5%。由于吸附作用的影响,微生物降解相对于BTEX浓度变化存在一个滞后期,BTEX各组分的土壤-水吸附分配系数Kd越大,总的降解效率也就越低。通过河流渗滤系统这一自然净化过程,可以有效地去除浓度较高的BTEX混合污染,各组分平均去除效率都超过了60%,最高去除率均超过了80%。对于持续不断入渗的污染河水,当土壤吸附达到饱和、微生物活性受到抑制,去除效率会大大降低,从而使BTEX穿透河流沉积层进入含水层,对地下水产生危害。     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物的重金属环境行为

通过理化分析、盆栽生物试验及土壤淋溶试验，探讨了脱硫副产物的重金属农业环境行为。结果表明：燃煤烟气脱硫副产物中的总Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Se、Ni、Cu等指标，基本上都低于国标最高容许量和土壤环境质量二级标准，符合国家控制标准，但普遍高于土壤自然背景值含量。8～10g／kg土的供试物量处理，花生、萝卜、甘蔗和水稻的可食部分重金属均无超常累积现象，未导致农产品重金属的富集残留污染，不影响农产品安全品质。在表土层供试物量达到40g／kg条件下，土壤淋溶试验结果表明，施脱硫副产物未导致土壤淋滤液重金属污染，不可能通过降雨淋溶过程，渗透过1m左右的土层而污染地下水源。     

Potential fluoride contamination in the drinking water of Marks Nagar,Unnao district,Uttar Pradesh,India

This study was conducted in the summer season (May, 2007). The fluoride concentration along with other physico-chemical parameters in ground water samples was determined in Marks Nagar of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh (India), since it is the only source of drinking water for the villagers. The fluoride concentration in the water varied from 0.8 to 13.9 mgl⁻¹ with a mean of 4.02 mgl⁻¹. The correlation analysis revealed that fluoride had a positive correlation with pH, CO₃, HCO₃, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), whereas a negative correlation with Ca and Mg was found. A soil profile was also dug in the area to assess depth-wise fluoride content in the soil. The soil samples and underneath calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) concretion were analyzed for fluoride content. The percent of soluble fluoride to total fluoride in the soil varied from 25.15 to 4.76% down the soil profile. The soluble fluoride was found to decrease with the increase in the clay content in the soil. The total leachable fluoride in CaCO₃ concretions was found to be 6.08%. It was inferred from this study that the soil and underneath layer of CaCO₃ concretions may be the potential source of fluoride contamination in the shallow drinking water sources of the area.     

Environmental geochemistry studies in the area of Idrija mercury mine, Slovenia

Five centuries of mining and processing of mercury ore in the Idrija area have resulted in widespread contamination of different environmental compartments. Environmental impacts on a regional and local scale, caused by atmospheric emissions from the Idrija ore roasting plant, were established in the investigations of mercury spatial distribution in soil and attic dust in 160 km(2) area. Very high values were determined in the Idrijca River valley, and they decrease exponentially with the distance from Idrija. Mercury concentrations in attic dust are higher than in surrounding soils and the attic dust/soil ratio changes with distance. Measurements of mercury in the air confirmed widespread dispersion of mercury and showed highly elevated mercury concentrations around roasting plant and mine ventilation shaft. Beside, systematic monitoring of mercury contents in the stream sediments has demonstrated that huge amounts of mercury are stored in areas where ancient overbank sediments were deposited, and there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active sediments during the last 15 years. Recently, interesting and extremely polluted locations of historical small-scale roasting sites in the Idrija surroundings were discovered. Ongoing geochemical study aims to determine the extreme pollution and significance of these sites for wider contamination of soils and aquatic systems. Presented studies have shown that Hg mining in Idrija caused intense pollution of local and regional environment including the aquatic systems in the Gulf of Trieste, which is seen as the final sink of a major part of the Hg stored in soils and river sediments in the Idrija area.     

Effect of Diesel Fuel on Growth of Selected Plant Species

Diesel oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an average carbon number of C8–C26. The majority of components consist of alkanes, both straight chained and branched and aromatic compounds including mono-, di- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Regardless of this complexity, diesel oil can be readily degraded by a number of soil microorganisms making it a likely candidate for bioremediation. The concept of using plants to enhance bioremediation, termed phytoremediation, is a relatively new area of scientific interest. It is particularly applicable to diesel oil contamination as diesel oil generally contaminates the top few metres of soil (surface soil) and contamination is not uniform throughout the site. By encouraging plants to grow on diesel oil contaminated soil, conditions are improved for the microbial degradation of the contaminant. During this study, establishing plants on diesel oil contaminated soil proved difficult. Diesel oil is phytotoxic to plants at relatively low concentrations. At concentrations below this phytotoxic level, the development of plants grown in diesel oil contaminated soil differs greatly from plants grown in uncontaminated soil. Tolerance of plants to diesel oil and ability to germinate in diesel oil contaminated soil varied greatly between plant species as well as within plant species. The broadest differences in germination were seen within the grasses with certain species thriving in low levels of contamination (e.g. Creeping bent) while others were intolerant of diesel oil contamination (e.g. Rough meadow grass). The herbs, legumes and commercial crops screened appeared to be largely unaffected by low levels of diesel oil contamination (25g dieselkg^–1). At the higher level of contamination (50g dieselkg^–1), half of the twenty two plants species screened failed to reach a germination rate equal to 50% of the control rate. Two species of grass failed to germinate at all at this contamination level. Plant species that successfully germinated and grew were studied further to determine the effect of diesel oil contamination on the later stages of plant development. This work investigates the effect of diesel oil on plant growth and development.     

Ecological properties of soil water and effects on forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau

In the Loess Plateau of China, soil water has three ecological properties: high infiltration capacity, high storage capacity and availability to deep plant roots. Soil desiccation is the most serious problem for forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau. Arid soils are the result of intensified soil desiccation caused by disturbances in plant succession, which constitute the ecological foundation of soil water. The negative effects of the arid soil layer on surface water infiltration for recharging underground water are discussed in terms of ecological hydrology. The arid soil layer disrupts the link between surface water and underground water and prevents vertical precipitation infiltration from supplementing underground water. Forest vegetation has a significant runoff-retaining efficiency that reduces total runoff from forest areas leading to low surface and ground runoff which affect the water cycle on a watershed scale.     

塔克拉玛干绿洲外围胡杨林的水分特征研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘地区年均降水量不足50mm,胡杨在这一地区绿洲外围自然植被中占有重要地位.对塔克拉玛干沙漠绿洲外围胡杨林水分特征的研究表明,在生境地下水含量较稳定的条件下,胡杨林受到的水分胁迫程度不大,干旱胁迫未对胡杨林的持续存在构成主要威胁.胡杨的水分生理特点显示植物更加依靠稳定的水分供应来应对极端干旱的环境条件,并且在蒸腾作用中形成了细胞水平上的生理适应策略.因此,保持地下水的稳定是维持绿洲前沿天然胡杨林持续存在的关键因素.