大气污染物排放清单的建立及不确定性

本文在调研国内外大气污染物排放清单的基础上,总结了清单编制的基本程序,介绍大气污染物排放清单的建立,包括技术路线和计算方法,以及清单的管理、改善及质量保证与控制计划。不确定性分析是完善清单的重要方面,本文阐述了清单不确定性的来源及定量、定性的评价方法。     

我国燃油式火化机的大气污染物排放特征

正2010年我国实施新的《燃油式火化机大气污染物排放限值》(GB 13801—2009)标准,该标准规定了燃油式火化机大气污染物排放物的浓度限值、总量限值、烟气黑度限值、等级划分及其监测方法.新标准在GB13801—1992的基础上增加了氯化氢、汞和二英等3种污染物的排放浓度和总量限值.新标准实施以来,我国燃油式火化机产生的大气污染现状还不清楚.为此,本实验于2010年对燃油式火化机排放的污染物进行了监测,获得了我国燃油式火化机大气污染物排放现状基础数据,为评估我国火葬造成的大气污染奠定了基础.     

中国盆地城市人为源大气污染物排放清单及空间分布特征——以晋城市为例

为厘清晋城盆地大气污染来源特征,基于实地调研所获取的人为污染源活动水平数据,采用排放因子与物料衡算相结合的方法构建2020年晋城盆地人为源排放清单,利用ArcGIS进行1 km×1 km空间网格分配、Monte Carlo模拟量化各污染物排放量的不确定性。结果表明,晋城市6种大气污染物年排放量分别为：SO₂ 43736.24 t、NO_x 54522.10 t、CO 494967.08 t、VOCs 35912.37 t、PM₁₀ 46275.92 t和PM_2.5 24314.39 t。其中,电厂和工业锅炉等燃料燃烧活动贡献了79.8%的SO₂;化石燃料燃烧和移动源分别贡献46.7%和29.7%的NO_x;CO大部分来源于以钢铁冶金和铸件制造为主的工艺过程源,VOCs主要来自移动源,这两类源分别贡献CO和VOCs总排放量的53.8%和31.3%;工艺过程源贡献了32.5%的PM₁₀和35.3%的PM_2.5,扬尘源贡献了37.5%的PM₁₀和20.0%的PM_2.5。盆地较弱的污染物扩散能力和低海拔地区密集的污染源导致晋城市大气污染物空间分布特征差异显著,在285—750 m的低海拔地区污染物排放量高,而盆地边缘750—2200 m的中高海拔地区排放量较低,污染物主要集中在城区、泽州北部、阳城西部、高平中部和南部。Monte Carlo模拟结果表明,在95%的置信区间内,各污染物排放量的不确定性范围处于−27.31%—26.77%,其中CO的不确定性最低为−15.59%—15.52%,VOCs的不确定性最高为−27.31%—26.77%。     

焦作市大气颗粒物中水溶性砷的分布特征

利用原子荧光法对焦作市春、夏、秋、冬四季不同粒径大气颗粒物中水溶性重金属砷的分布特征及时空变化进行分析研究。研究表明：焦作市水溶性砷主要富集在PM2.1中,且颗粒物粒径越小,其富集砷的能力就越强,各级颗粒物中4级、5级、6级（0.41～2.1μm）范围内砷的含量最高,其总含量约为5.71～19.96 ng/m3,三者在不同月份所占比例高达73%～86%;由于形成机制与影响条件不同,不同粒径大气颗粒物中砷表现出明显的季节变化特征,总体趋势为冬季〉秋季〉夏季〉春季,主要原因为冬、夏季燃煤量增加,春季大气污染源减少,地表植被覆盖密集,空气环境质量较好;燃煤是焦作大气中砷的主要来源之一,且其对大气细颗粒物（粒径≤2.1μm）中砷的贡献最明显。     

基于统计的石嘴山市工业园区大气污染物及其重金属分布特征

位于西北地区的宁夏石嘴山市是一座新型的以煤炭开采为支柱产业的工业化城市,近年来,在煤炭资源的大力支撑下,石嘴山市工业迅猛发展,大气环境受到不同程度的污染,因西北地区科学技术较为落后,对该地区的大气污染一直停留在基础性监测水平,对于其进一步的研究,如溯源分析、颗粒物中重金属含量水平及危害程度研究较为鲜见[1-2].本研究在石嘴山某工业园区展开,通过对大气颗粒物PM10、SO2和NO2进行了连续7 d验收监测,从而研究该工业园区大气颗粒物PM10、SO2、NO2及PM10中5种重金属的空间分布特征,以期对了解石嘴山市工业化过程中工业园区大气环     

美国大气污染物排放标准体系综述

介绍了美国大气固定源排放标准的体系、标准内容、标准制定程序与标准实施的有关规定。并分析了其特点。     

青岛市区大气降尘重金属的特征和来源分析

取青岛市区大气降尘、土壤样品各159件,并对样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O的含量进行分析.运用富集因子、因子分析和聚类分析等统计学方法对大气降尘重金属的特征和来源进行研究.分析结果表明,青岛市区大气降尘重金属含量的变异程度较大,空间分布极不均匀.除城区大气降尘Hg均值低于相应土壤均值外,其他均高于土壤.此外,除城郊大气降尘As受人为因素影响较轻,主要来源于土壤扬尘外,其他重金属均主要来源于人为源.其中城区大气降尘样品的分析结果表明As、Cu、Cr、Zn为一类,主要受燃煤和工业污染的影响;Cd、Pb为一类,主要受交通活动的影响;Ni、Hg各为一类,可能受海洋、工业污染的影响.而城郊大气降尘样品的分析结果表明,Cr、Ni为一类,主要受工业污染的影响;Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg各为一类,主要受工业、燃煤和交通活动的影响.     

京津冀火葬场烟气的污染物排放特征及减排潜力分析

京津冀人口基数大,年死亡人数多,相应遗体火化量和遗物祭品焚烧量较大,且由于火葬场排放的污染控制程度较低,其排放对周边环境和人体健康产生影响.为进一步探明京津冀火葬场的污染排放特征,本研究对区域内19家火葬场的19台遗体火化机和6台遗物祭品焚烧炉开展实地排放监测,获取火化机和遗物祭品焚烧烟气的颗粒物及化学组分、挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）及其化学组分和其他气态污染物的排放水平,识别了火葬场源谱的特征,并核算得到京津冀火葬场烟气污染物的本地化排放因子.结合活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了京津冀火葬场烟气污染物排放清单,并分析了其减排潜力.结果表明,京津冀地区火葬场烟气中TSP、CO平均排放浓度分别是国家标准限值的4.9倍和1.3倍,烟气净化装置对污染物的去除效果显著.火化机烟气细颗粒物占比较大,PM_2.5/TSP=0.73;PM_2.5化学组分中有机物含量较高,其中OC平均占比为25.3%.火化机烟气VOCs组分中苯及苯系物、烯烃、烷烃含量较高,平均占比88.7%,可能会对暴露人群产生健康风险.根据排放清单,2016年京津冀火葬场TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO的排放量相比2007年分别下降了47.8%、47.8%、47.9%、26.1%.目前京津冀火葬场安装净化装置比例并不高,且遗物祭品焚烧烟气直排现象普遍,其减排空间较大.     

成都市大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和PM10中重金属含量及分布特征

大气颗粒物中的重金属污染物具有不可降解性,它通过干湿沉降可转移到地表土壤和地表水体中,并通过一定的生物化学作用,转移到动植物体内,导致各种人体机能障碍,身体发育迟缓,甚至引起各种癌症和心脏病.本文以成都市大气总悬浮物颗粒物TSP以及可吸入颗粒物PM10为研究对象,研究了成都市大气颗粒物中重金属的含量和时空分布特征.     

作物地上部氨排放及对大气氮沉降的吸收

为研究作物地上部分氨排放以及对大气氮沉淀的吸收情况,以水稻(Oryza saliva L.)品种武运粳7号和小麦(Triticumaestivum L.)品种扬麦15为例.在盆栽条件下,利用~15N同位素示踪技术,采用探索性的研究方法,初步分析了水稻成熟期植株NH_3排放和小麦植株直接吸收的大气沉降氮.结果表明,土培的水稻品种武运粳7号地上部植株成熟期排放氨氮(NH_3-N)量约占当季总施氮(N)量的(0.50±0.21)%;收获后水稻植株不同部位~(15)N丰度值以根部最高,茎叶次之,籽粒最低,这与植株体内养分的运移顺序变化一致;贫化~(15)N小麦砂培试验测定的包括植株直接吸收在内的大气氮沉降数量为N(14.8±4.3)kg·hm~(-2),低于国外类似方法以其它作物作为研究对象的测定结果.     

Contamination status of arsenic,lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters

The present investigation was conducted to determine the contamination status of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the wetland waters of Bhaluka in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from 15 selected wetlands of Bhaluka region and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Estimated results of three metals detected were As (7–80?µg?L^?1), Pb (0–86?µg?L^?1) and Cd (0–70?µg?L^?1) in water samples in all wetlands. The level of As in all investigated wetlands (93%) was higher than that of WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water except Alanga wetland. However, As levels were higher than that recommended for livestock water quality levels. Eighty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands showed lower content of Pb than WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water, but two wetland waters (Dohuria-1 and Chowdhuri) were polluted with higher Pb levels. Sixty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands displayed higher levels of Cd than WHO recommended permissible limit in drinking water. Dissolved organic material showed no significant difference among the 15 investigated wetlands water, but total dissolved solids was significantly greater. The condition of the water of all wetlands was basic pH. All water samples were applied to linear regression equation and correlation coefficients where values showed no significant differences. Data demonstrate that the estimated high metal concentrations of these ponds may contribute to bioaccumulation within plants, food grains and shrimp.     

Determination of trace elements in total suspended particles at the Southwest of Mexico City from 2003 to 2004

The purpose of the present study is to describe the relationships of eight elements analysed in total suspended particles collected in Mexico City, during 2003 and 2004. Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V were analysed in to the atmospheric samples and the results were treated by Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis trying to identify the possible sources of aerosols in the sampling site. Factor analysis calculations allowed the elements classification, related to their source on oil combustion, crustal and urban dust, smelting industries and motor vehicle emissions. A further statistical analysis of chemical results from the atmospheric samples was also performed, in order to see what environmental concentrations of those elements have been affected by industrial and mining activities. The eight elements analysed were arranged into two groups that presents high and positive Pearson r values suggesting common emission sources.     

甲烷排放通量及上海市排放量估算

本文介绍了甲烷主要人为排放源及各排放源的排放通量,甲烷在大气中的浓度及对温室效应的贡献,估算了上海市各人为排放源的甲烷排放通量。     

Integrated biogeochemical modelling of nitrogen load from anthropogenic and natural sources in Japan

This study proposed an integrated biogeochemical modelling of nitrogen loads from anthropogenic and natural sources in Japan. Firstly, the nitrogen load (NL) from different sources such as crop, livestock, industrial plant, urban and rural resident was calculated by using datasets of fertilizer utilization, population distribution, land use map, and social census. Then, the nitrate leaching from soil layers in farmland, grassland and natural conditions was calculated by using a terrestrial nitrogen cycle model (TNCM). The Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) was used to transport nitrogen from natural and anthropogenic sources through river channels, as well as collect and route nitrogen to the river mouths. The forcing meteorological and hydrological data is a 30-year (1976–2005) dataset for Japan which were obtained by the land surface model, Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO). For the model validation, we collected total nitrogen (TN) concentration data from 59 rivers in Japan. As a comparison result, calculated TN concentration values were in good agreement with the observed ones, which shows the reliability of the proposed model. Finally, the TN loads from point and nonpoint sources were summarized and evaluated for 59 river basins in Japan. The proposed modelling framework can be used as a tool for quantitative evaluation of nitrogen load in terrestrial ecosystems at a national scale. The connection to land use and climate data provides a possibility to use this model for analysis of climate change and land use change impacts on hydrology and water quality.     

Concentrations of cadmium,manganese, copper,zinc, and lead in the tissues of the oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) obtained from Setiu Lagoon,Terengganu, Malaysia

Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environments is a major problem contributing to human health issues. The study of these pollutants through bioindicators such as the oyster Crassostrea iredalei is important for (1) determining the levels and sources and (2) regulating the quantity of pollutants. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in tissues of C. iredalei, sediment and surrounding water was measured, and data was analyzed to determine the relationship between sampling periods and between oyster tissue, sediment, and water. The highest concentration of metals in oyster tissue was Zn, followed by Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum level allowed according to the Malaysian Food Act of 1983, which is equivalent to the WHO recommended levels of heavy metals in organisms used for consumption. The highest metal concentration in sediment was Mn followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of heavy metals in surrounding water were Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Cd. There was no correlation between metal concentration in oyster tissue and in sediment for all five metals.