花生壳吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为生物吸附剂,通过序批式实验研究了吸附剂投量、吸附时间、金属离子初始质量浓度、吸附温度对吸附金属离子的影响,探讨了花生壳吸附的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述花生壳对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地描述花生壳对5种重金属离子的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型拟合的线性更好。Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Cd2＋、Ni2＋5种金属离子的最大吸附量分别是32.25、7.09、3.82、2.95、2.22 mg.g-1,花生壳可用于处理低质量浓度多种重金属混合的废水。热力学研究表明,花生壳对5种金属离子的吸附具有自发、吸热和熵增的特性。     

改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb^2＋的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡一加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的去除。考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除Pb^2＋的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对Pb^2＋的吸附动力学及吸附特征。结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中Pb^2＋均有显著影响。适宜的吸附条件为pH5．3-6．5,吸附时间1．5h,吸附剂用量10g·L^-1,Pb^2＋初始质量浓度100mg·L^-1,温度30℃。在该条件下,废水中Pb^2＋去除率在90％以上。柚子皮吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述。     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350~500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg(6 g.L-1)时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2+的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2+的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

不同部位梧桐生物质炭对水溶液中镉吸附的机理

为了探究梧桐不同部位废弃物所制备的生物质炭(皮、枝、叶)对Cd²⁺的吸附效率和稳定修复的机理,以此为园林废弃物炭化利用在重金属污染修复方面的应用提供科学依据.利用实验室模拟法,通过高温煅烧法制备梧桐不同部位生物质炭,采用元素分析仪、比表面积及孔隙分析(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜/能谱(SEM/EDS)及衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-IR)等技术研究不同反应时间、重金属浓度和溶液初始pH条件下生物质炭对Cd²⁺吸附效果的影响,并运用四步萃取法和脱附实验分析生物质炭上Cd²⁺的吸附形态和稳定性.3种生物质炭都在8 h左右达到吸附平衡,最终吸附量依次为树皮炭>枝条炭>叶片炭;溶液初始浓度为0.5—2 g·L^-1时Cd²⁺的吸附量呈增长趋势,在2.5—3g·L^-1时逐渐平缓;生物质炭Cd²⁺吸附量均随着pH的升高而升高,但在pH值为5—8时,吸附的趋势逐渐平稳;树皮炭的酸溶态和非生物利用态的稳定Cd形态要高于枝条炭和叶片炭;比表面积不是影响梧桐生物质炭吸附Cd²⁺的主要影响因素,吸附动力学,ATR,XRD和重金属形态萃取均证实Cd碳酸盐类矿物生成是主导吸附机理;3种生物质炭的脱附量在4 h后逐渐趋于平衡,其中脱附量最大为叶片炭,最小为树皮炭.梧桐不同部位的初始性质对生物质炭吸附Cd²⁺具有明显的影响,其中梧桐皮具备更高的吸附量和重金属稳定形态,并且相比其他种类生物质炭有明显优势.因此,从吸附效果和生产成本的角度,本研究建议以梧桐皮为主,枝条和叶片为辅的生物质炭对重金属Cd进行修复治理.     

改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中pb2+的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡-加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中pb2+的去除.考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pb2+初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除pb2+的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对pb2+的吸附动力学及吸附特征.结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pb2+初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中pb2+均有显著影响.适宜的吸附条件为pH5.3～6.5,吸附时间1.5h,吸附剂用量10g· L-1,pb2初始质量浓度100 mg·L-1,温度30℃.在该条件下,废水中pb2+去除率在90％以上.柚子皮吸附剂对废水中pb2+的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述.     

铅、镉污染废水树皮类吸附材料的筛选

近年来,水体重金属污染日趋严重,筛选出绿色高效处理重金属污染废水的吸附材料迫在眉睫.本文采用振荡吸附法研究了10种树皮类生物质吸附材料在不同投加量、初始浓度、pH和吸附时间下对模拟污染废水中Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附效率.结果表明,在25℃和180 r·min~(-1)恒温振荡条件下,10种树皮对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附效率存在明显差异(P0.05).它们对模拟废水Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附量和吸附率,分别随初始浓度的增加呈递增和递减趋势;在0—120 min内随吸附时间的延长而提高;在pH 2.0—4.0范围内,随pH的增大而明显提升.红外光谱分析表明,羟基和羧基参与了Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附.在投加量0.5 g·L~(-1)、模拟废水初始浓度50 mg·g~(-1)、pH 5.50和吸附时间120 min条件下,侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)皮、核桃树(Juglans regia)皮和构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)皮对Pb~(2+)的吸附量可达71.77—83.61 mg·g~(-1),对Cd~(2+)的吸附量达到64.69—70.33 mg·g~(-1),对实际污染废水具有较高的吸附率,最高可达98.21%.因此,侧柏皮、核桃树皮和构树皮可能是是吸附复合污染废水中铅镉的潜在材料.     

Fe(Ⅲ)改性生物质炭对水相Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附试验

为考察Fe(Ⅲ)改性对生物质炭吸附水相中Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,采用吸附平衡试验结合Zeta电位、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射法(XRD)等方法研究了Fe(Ⅲ)改性秸秆生物质炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附作用及机制。结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)通过与生物质炭表面官能团形成络合物及氢氧化铁表面沉淀的物理覆盖作用降低生物质炭表面负电荷,增加表面正电荷,从而促进生物质炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。Fe(Ⅲ)改性对花生秸秆炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的促进作用大于稻草炭,pH值为5.0时Fe(Ⅲ)改性分别使花生秸秆炭和稻草炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量提高79%和26%。在pH值为4.0~6.5范围内,生物质炭和改性生物质炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量均随悬液pH值升高而降低,Fe(Ⅲ)改性对生物质炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的促进作用也呈相似的变化趋势。改性生物质炭的表面负电荷随pH值升高而增加是Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量减小的主要原因。Cr(Ⅵ)可在改性生物质炭表面的同时发生静电吸附和专性吸附,Cr(Ⅵ)的专性吸附量也随pH值升高而减小。因此,改性秸秆生物质炭在酸性条件下对Cr(Ⅵ)有较高的吸附容量,可用于酸性废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附和去除。     

泥炭对溶液中铬的吸附及其在制革废水处理中的应用

经初步处理的泥炭可通过吸附去除制革废水中的Cr(Ⅲ ) ,在不同的振荡时间、Cr(Ⅲ )浓度、吸附剂用量和不同的pH条件下 ,泥炭吸附和去除Cr(Ⅲ )的效果有很大差异 .Cr(Ⅲ )在 1 0— 40mg·l- 1 范围内 ,最大去除率为 73 5 %— 88 2 % ,对应的吸附剂用量为 6 6—8 0g·l- 1 .铬液的初始pH <4 5时 ,Cr(Ⅲ )的去除为吸附过程 ,pH3 6时达到最高值 ;pH >4 5后 ,为沉淀过程 .废铬液中的杂质成分与Cr(Ⅲ )产生竞争吸附 ,使去除率略有降低 .经二次吸附后 ,废水可达到排放标准 .但Cr(Ⅲ )吸附的复杂性 ,使泥炭解吸率较低 .     

花生壳对刚果红的吸附性能

采用静态吸附法研究了花生壳用量、粒径,刚果红溶液pH值、初始浓度,吸附时间,温度6个因素对花生壳吸附刚果红的影响.结果表明,花生壳对刚果红的吸附能力随其粒径的减小而增加;随着吸附时间的延长,花生壳对刚果红的去除率增加,90 min时基本达到吸附平衡;在常温下,溶液pH为7.54时,花生壳对刚果红的吸附去除率可达91.2%;花生壳对刚果红的等温吸附较符合Freundlich方程.花生壳可作为吸附去除刚果红的理想功能材料.     

Removal of Novacron Golden Yellow dye from aqueous solutions by low-cost agricultural waste: Batch and fixed bed study

The present work describes the removal of Novacron Golden Yellow (NGY) dye from aqueous solutions using peanut hulls. The experiments were performed with native, pretreated and immobilised forms of peanut hulls. The effect of various operational parameters (pH, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature etc.) was explored during batch study. NGY showed maximum removal at low pH and low biosorbent dose. High initial dye concentration facilitated the biosorption process. Maximum dye removal with native, pretreated and immobilised biomass was found to be 35.7, 36.4 and 15.02 mg/g respectively. The experimental data were subjected to different kinetic and equilibrium models. The kinetic data confirmed the fitness of pseudo-second-order rate law for NGY biosorption. The equilibrium modelling was carried out by Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models. The isothermal data of NGY removal were best described by Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Negative values of Free energy change (Δ G⁰) for NGY with native and pretreated biomass depicted the spontaneous nature of biosorption process. In column mode, the effects of bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentrations were optimised. Maximum NGY biosorption (7.28 mg/g) was observed with high bed height, low flow rate and high initial concentration in continuous mode. Bohart–Adams model best fitted to the data obtained from column studies. The results indicated that the peanut hulls could be used effectively for the removal of dyes containing wastewater.     

Adsorptive removal of Drimarine Red HF-3D dye from aqueous solution using low-cost agricultural waste: batch and column study

This study involves the utilisation of peanut husk for the removal of Drimarine Red HF-3D dye from aqueous solutions. Batch study experiments were conducted with native, HNO₃-treated and Na-alginate-immobilised peanut husk biomass. Maximum dye removal (95.24 mg/g) was obtained with HNO₃-treated biomass. The experimental data were successfully explained with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all types of biosorbents. The equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. A thermodynamic study was also carried out to check the nature of the adsorption process. A fixed-bed column study for Drimarine Red HF-3D was carried out to optimise the effect of bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentration using peanut husk biomass. The column study showed that biosorption capacity increased with the increase in initial dye concentration and bed height, but decreased with increased flow rate. Data for Drimarine Red HF-3D were in very good agreement with the bed depth service time model. Fourier transform infrared analysis demonstrated the involvement of different functional groups in dye biosorption. These results showed that peanut husk biomass possessed good potential for the removal of Drimarine Red HF-3D from aqueous solution.     

Removal of heavy metals by biosorption

Industrialization and urbanization have resulted in increased releases of toxic heavy metals into the natural environment comprising soils, lakes, rivers, groundwaters and oceans. Research on biosorption of heavy metals has led to the identification of a number of microbial biomass types that are extremely effective in bioconcentrating metals. Biosorption is the binding and concentration of adsorbate from aqueous solutions by certain types of inactive and dead microbial biomass. The novel types of biosorbents presently reviewed are grouped under fungal biomass, biomass of non-living, dried brown marine algae, agricultural wastes and residues, composite chitosan biosorbent prepared by coating chitosan, cellulose-based sorbents and bacterial strains. The reports discussed in this review collectively suggest the promise of biosorption as a novel and green bioremediation technique for heavy metal pollutants from contaminated natural waters and wastewaters.     

重金属-柠檬酸-针铁矿三元体系的表面络合模型研究

根际环境产生的柠檬酸等小分子有机酸可能影响重金属的溶出效应.本文研究了4种重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni及柠檬酸在针铁矿表面的三元体系吸附行为,结果发现柠檬酸促进了4种重金属酸性条件下在针铁矿表面的吸附量,而Cu、Ni促进了柠檬酸碱性条件下的吸附.结合红外光谱图发现,重金属-柠檬酸-针铁矿主要存在以下2种三元体系形态,即以柠檬酸为"桥键"的≡Fe2CitMe形态和以重金属为"桥键"的(≡FeOH)2MeCit形态.采用电荷分配-多位点表面配合(CD-MUSIC)模型成功预测了的三元体系重金属及柠檬酸在针铁矿表面的吸附行为,模型结果发现柠檬酸的存在显著改变了重金属的吸附形态,其中≡Fe2CitMe为Cd、Pb、Ni三元体系中酸性条件下的主要形态,(≡FeOH)2CuCit为Cu的主要形态.研究补充完善了根际环境的土壤形态模型数据库,为预测重金属的溶出及生物有效性的模型研究提供了基础数据.     

贵、重金属的生物吸附

采矿业和工业废水中常含有大量的重金属离子 ,严重污染环境 ,危害人类健康 .因此 ,治理重金属污染的技术受到极大重视 .贵金属是指钌 (Ｒｕ)、铑 (Ｒｈ)、钯 (Ｐｄ)、银 (Ａｇ)、锇 (Ｏｓ)、铱(Ｉｒ)、铂 (Ｐｔ)、金 (Ａｕ)等 8种金属 ,由于其特殊性能 ,广泛应用于航天航空、电子和石油化工等工业 .随着工业的发展 ,贵金属的应用愈加广泛 ,但贵金属资源稀少 ,冶炼困难 .因此 ,从含贵金属的废料、废液和废水等“二次资源”中回收贵金属具有重要的经济和社会意义 .从废液、废水中去除重金属或回收贵金属 ,传统的方法有化学沉淀法、电解法、离…     

间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属含量与分布的影响

以单作茶园和杉木—茶间作茶园为研究对象，测定间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属元素含量及分布的影响。结果表明：（1）间作杉木可降低茶园土壤Pb、Ni、Mn、Zn元素含量，尤其对Mn有较强吸收能力，其次为Ni、Pb、Zn；（2）间作茶园茶树叶片Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于单作茶园，说明间作杉木对减少茶叶中4种重金属含量，改善茶叶品质可起到明显作用。     

Heavy metals uptake from aqueous solutions using marine algae (Colpomenia sinuosa): kinetics and isotherms

The adsorption of copper, zinc, cobalt, lead and cadmium ions onto Colpomenia sinuosa was studied as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and initial pH. In addition, desorption studies were performed. Characterisation of this adsorbent was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Batch adsorption experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Raduschkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherms. The results indicated that the biosorption equilibrium was well described by both the Freudlich and D–R isotherms. Moreover, sorption kinetics was performed and it was observed that equilibrium was reached in<60 min, which could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all heavy metals. The sorption of heavy metals onto the biomass was largely dependent on the initial solution pH. The elution efficiency for heavy metal ions desorption from C. sinuosa was determined for 0.1 M HCl, 1.0 M HCl and 1.0 M HNO₃. Desorption efficiency and also adsorption capacity were highest for Pb(II). The results indicate that C. sinuosa has great potential for the removal of heavy metals in an ecofriendly process.     

Biosorption of low level Cd~（2＋） in water by Aspergillus sojae

以酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）为吸附剂,对水溶液中微量Cd2＋进行了吸附研究.实验考察了预处理方法、菌体用量、pH、温度和吸附时间对吸附的影响,同时分析了其吸附动力学和吸附等温线特性,并对酱油曲霉菌体吸附Cd2＋的可能作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,碱预处理的菌体吸附效果最好.在菌体用量为0.08 g时,对Cd2＋的吸附量达到最大,为0.095 mg.g-1.pH值在3.4—8之间,酱油曲霉菌体对Cd2＋的吸附效果比较稳定,其最大吸附率出现在pH 3.4.温度在15℃—30℃之间时,菌体对Cd2＋的吸附率差异很小,吸附率在88.3%—94.4%之间.二级动力学方程能很好地表征酱油曲霉吸附微量Cd2＋的过程,R2在0.99以上,其吸附平衡时间大约2.5 h,线性模型更适于描述该吸附平衡过程.SEM、FTIR分析得出,Cd2＋可能是与酱油曲霉菌体表面的羟基、酰胺基、羧基、磷酸基和胺基等基团相络合而被吸附,也可能是形成颗粒沉淀而附着在菌丝上.     

Biosorption of chromium(VI), nickel(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions using Pithophora algae

The biosorption of heavy metals is considered to be one of the best alternatives for the treatment of wastewater. The metal binding capacity of algae and acid-treated algae is investigated to find out the removal characteristics of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from single metal solutions. Batch experiments are conducted and the study is extended to investigate the effect of pH, amount of adsorbent and adsorbate concentration on the extent of biosorption. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of algae depends strongly on pH. The maximum adsorption of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) occurs at pH values of 2, 7 and 4.3, respectively. The adsorption process follows first-order kinetic equation. The data obtained are correlated with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.