乙烯菌核利在水溶液中的光解动力学

以高压汞灯和太阳光为光源，研究乙烯菌核利在重蒸水、自来水、湖水及pH缓冲液中的光解动力学。高压汞灯下，乙烯菌核利在重蒸水中的光解半衰期约为28min，而在太阳光下为3．86h。自来水和湖水中溶解性物质对乙烯菌核利在高压汞灯下的光解动力学仅有微弱的淬灭效应，但在太阳光下表现出显著的敏化效应，照光3h的敏化效率分别为138％和126％。2种光源下，pH5．0和pH7．0缓冲液对乙烯菌核利的光解均表现为光淬灭效应，高压汞灯照光60min的淬灭效率分别为69％和57％，太阳光照光7h的淬灭效率分别为77％和33％；pH9．0缓冲液则表现出显著的敏化效应，高压汞灯照光20min的敏化效率为58％，而太阳光照光1h的敏化效率则达到了415％。     

三唑酮在水中的光化学降解及其影响因素

以太阳光和高压汞灯为光源,研究了水溶液中三唑酮光化学降解的影响因子。结果表明:在不同光源和透光介质下,三唑酮的降解能力从大到小依次为:石英试管 高压汞灯、玻璃试管 高压汞灯、石英试管 太阳光、玻璃试管 太阳光、暗室;水溶液中三唑酮初始浓度越高,其光降解率越低,呈负相关关系;丙酮对三唑酮在水中的光解有极显著的光敏作用,光敏效率与丙酮添加量有显著相关性;三唑酮的光解实质为光氧化作用,溶解氧含量对三唑酮光解有重大影响。     

克螨特和霸螨灵及其混剂在水中的光降解

研究了克螨特、霸螨灵在几种水体中的光降解以及 2种农药之间的光敏化或光猝灭效应。结果表明 ,在 3 0 0W高压汞灯光照处理时 (试验试管距光源 8cm) ,克螨特和霸螨灵都极易降解 ,克螨特的光解半衰期为 9.0 6min ,霸螨灵的光解半衰期仅为 1 .4 8min。克螨特在不同水体中的光解率为 :重蒸馏水 >鱼塘水 >河水 >井水 ,霸螨灵的光解率为 :井水 >重蒸馏水 >鱼塘水 >河水 ;2种农药在现采水、过滤水、灭菌水中的光解率依次降低。克螨特和霸螨灵混剂在重蒸馏水中互为光猝灭剂 ,在井水、河水和塘水中霸螨灵对克螨特有极显著的光敏化作用 ,而克螨特对霸螨灵有极显著的光猝灭效应。克螨特、霸螨灵在pH 5和 pH 9缓冲液中光解率比之在 pH 7缓冲液中稍快 ,光猝灭效应也较强烈。在重蒸馏水中太阳光照处理时 ,克螨特和霸螨灵互为光敏剂 ,而高压汞灯下则互为光猝灭剂。     

1-丁酰基苯酚在液相中的光化学降解

以太阳光和紫外光为光源 ,对 1 丁酰基苯酚的两个异构体在液相中的光化学行为进行研究 .结果表明 :紫外光下 ,p ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚、o ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚在各种介质中的光解速率遵循一级动力学方程 ,p ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚在各种溶剂中光解迅速 ,o ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚在丙酮中的光解速率远大于其在甲醇、正己烷中的光解速率 .在不同pH缓冲溶液中进行紫外光照 2h ,p ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚在pH =7的缓冲溶液中光解最快 ,o ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚紫外光照 1 6 5h ,在pH =9的缓冲溶液中光解最快 .水中溶解物对p ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚和o ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚的光解均有一定的抑制作用 .太阳光下 ,p ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚在甲醇、正己烷中能稳定存在 ,光照 40h浓度无变化 .在丙酮中光降解显著 ,1 2 9 4mg·l- 1 p ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚的丙酮溶液光照 40h ,光解率为 46 2 % ;o ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚的甲醇、正己烷溶液在太阳光下分别有轻微光解 ,而在丙酮中光解显著 ,1 38 8mg·l- 1 o ( 1 丁酰基 )苯酚的丙酮溶液光照 40h,光解率为 95 1 % .     

模拟太阳光下冰相中壬基酚的光解

本文采用模拟太阳光对比研究了HONO和H2O2体系冰相中壬基酚的降解.考察了模拟太阳光作用下冰相中壬基酚的光转化规律,讨论了壬基酚初始浓度、pH、光照时间对壬基酚去除率的影响.结果表明,初始浓度降低、光照时间延长、pH值升高,壬基酚直接光解时的去除率升高.初始浓度为0.025 mmol·L-1的壬基酚在冰相中直接光解12 h,去除率达36.7%.外加H2O2时,冰相中壬基酚光解受到一定的抑制,且H2O2剂量增加,壬基酚去除率下降.而HONO吸收UV解离出的·OH自由基,促进了冰相中壬基酚的光转化.     

烯啶虫胺的水解与光解行为研究

通过室内模拟实验研究了烯啶虫胺在不同pH值和温度下的水解动态及其在水和有机溶剂中的光解特性和影响因素。结果表明：烯啶虫胺在酸性和中性条件下不易水解,而在碱性条件下水解较快。烯啶虫胺的水解速率随温度升高而增加,平均温度效应系数为2.34。烯啶虫胺水解反应的活化能和活化焓与温度之间无明显相关性,而活化熵与温度表现出较好的相关性。在不同光源照射下,烯啶虫胺在水溶液中的光解速率有显著的差异,在高压汞灯、自然光和氙灯下的光解半衰期分别为42.3 s、6.9 min和55 min;烯啶虫胺在甲醇中的光解速率大于丙酮中的光解速率;烯啶虫胺的光解速率随初始质量浓度的升高而减慢;pH值对烯啶虫胺的光解影响较小。研究结果为烯啶虫胺的环境风险评价提供了科学依据。     

雌二醇在铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐配合物体系中的光降解

以125W高压汞灯为光源,研究了水中雌二醇(E2)在铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐体系中的光降解;考查了初始pH值、铁(Ⅲ)/草酸盐配比、E2初始浓度对E2光降解的影响.结果表明,铁(Ⅲ)/草酸盐体系能引发E2光降解.在pH=3·50,Fe(Ⅲ)/草酸盐配比为10·0/120·0μmol·l-1时,2mg·l-1E2光照160min可降解48·0%.在pH3·0—6·0范围内,pH值为3·0—4·0时E2降解率较高;在2·0—10·0mg·l-1范围内,光降解效率随水溶液中E2初始浓度的增加而降低.     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的降解性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在水体中光解、水解及其在东北黑土、江西红壤和太湖水稻土3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性,结果发现:在光[照]度为2 370 lx、紫外辐[射]照度为13.5μW·cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐较易光解,半衰期为1.73 h;25℃时甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在pH 5.0、7.0条件下较难水解,推测其半衰期大于1a,而在pH 9.0条件下较易水解,半衰期为45.3 d,温度升高能加快其水解速率;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为16.3、91.2和41.5 d,其在土壤中的降解主要为微生物降解,降解速率与土壤有机质含量有关.     

甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的光敏降解研究

本文以高压汞灯和自然阳光为光源，研究了甲基对硫磷对氧氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰茂菊酯在玻片表面光致降解的影响。结果表明：甲基对硫磷与三种拟除虫菊酯农药混合照光处理后，可使拟除虫菊酯农药的光解速度加快。氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯的光解半衰期，在高压汞灯下比其单独照光分别缩短１２．１８、８．４６和７．３３倍，在阳光下则分别缩短４．７３，２．６５，和４．４６倍。甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊酯农药表现出显著的光敏     

不同pH值条件下悬浮载体SBR反应器处理污染河水的试验

研究了不同pH值条件下悬浮载体SBR反应器处理污染河水的脱氮性能和微生物活性。结果表明,初始pH为7.0时,悬浮载体SBR反应器处理污染河水的脱氮性能最好,NH4^＋-N和TN去除率分别为100%和36.6%。在初始pH 7.0时,悬浮相和附着相污泥亚硝化活性均达到最高,分别为6.81 mgNH4＋/（gMLVSS.h）和5.42 mgNH4^＋/（gMLVSS.h） 悬浮相污泥在pH 9.0时硝化性能最好,达到2.31 mgNO2^-/（gMLVSS.h）,而附着相污泥在pH 8.0时硝化性能达到最佳状态,为1.03 mgNO2^-/（gMLVSS.h） 在pH 8.0时,悬浮相和附着相污泥反硝化活性最强,分别到达13.98mg NO3^-/（gMLVSS.h）和12.72 mgNO3^-/（gMLVSS.h）。     

DLL-1菌对甲基对硫磷农药的降解作用及其降解机理

研究了假单胞菌 (DLL - 1)在水溶液介质中降解甲基对硫磷的性能与影响因素及其降解机理。结果表明 ,当菌体浓度为 10 5个·ml-1时 ,即发生快速的降解作用 ,3h时 ,降解率达 88.5 %。在pH为 5 .0、7.0和 9.0条件下 ,DLL - 1菌均产生对甲基对硫磷农药的高效降解作用。采用气相色谱 -质谱联用技术与离子色谱法 ,测定了DLL - 1菌 -甲基对硫磷作用过程产生的中间产物和最终产物 ,表明对硝基苯酚为主要中间产物 ,且DLL - 1菌能将其进一步降解为NO2 -和NO3 -。     

Influence of pH, salt concentration and temperature on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila

The influence of environmental factors on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated Four isolates (AH 37, AH 79, AH 86 and AH 100) were exposed to various environmental factors such as pH, salt concentration and temperature in laboratory condition. All the four isolates showed more or less similar growth at pH 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 at 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C. At pH 5.0, 6.0 and 10.0, the log number of cells was found to be lesser than that of pH 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 at both 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C. The results of the influence of salt concentration on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila revealed that NaCl concentration of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% favored the growth of this organism at both 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C. Increase in the salt concentration resulted in the growth of the decrease of this organism. Three percentages and 4% salt concentration moderately supported the growth of the organisms in the medium whereas at 5.0% NaCl concentration, there was no growth. Moderate growth of A. hydrophila at 5 degrees C is an interesting observation. The ability to grow at salt concentration between 0.5%, 4.0% under acidic and alkaline conditions pose a problem in the preservation of seafoods. These criteria may account for modified preservation techniques.     

Influence of pH on lead uptake, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. and Mentha aquatica L

In the present study, effects of pH (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0) and lead (1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 microg mL(-1)) were investigated on uptake of lead, content of chlorophyll and nitrogen in Nasturtium officinale and Mentha aquatica. Total chlorophyll and nitrogen contents were adversely affected from Pb2+ concentrations dose dependently at each pH. The macrophytes were adversely affected by pH 5.0 or more than 9.0. After 12-days Pb2+ treatment, results showed that lead accumulation of macrophyte tissues was variable. According to the parts of the macrophytes, Pb2+ amounts were generally found at all tested pH levels and the metal concentrations for M. aquatica in the following order: root > stem > leaf and for N. officinale root > leaf > stem. Pb2+ concentrations in plant tissues (root, stem, leaf) in relation to pH were generally found for both macrophytes in following order: 7.0 > 9.0 > 5.0. Despite of the fact that high Pb2+ accumulation was observed in root tissues of the macrophytes, low metal accumulation was measured in the above-ground parts indicating low root-leaf translocation. The study indicated that uptake rate of Pb2+ and its toxicity on Chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in the macrophytes were dependent upon pH value of solutions.     

不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应(The Toxicological Effects of Cr6+ on Chlorella Vulgaris, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Microcystis Aeruginosa at Different pH Values)

目前我国水质量生态基准的研究较为零星、分散.研究了不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应,以期为我国水生态基准的科学制定以及基准的相关研究工作提供参考.选取小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻3种典型的藻种,在pH为7.0,8.0和9.0三个条件下,依据OECD-201藻类生长抑制实验指南,以72h藻生物量为测试终点,计算3种藻的比生长率,以及Cr6+对3种藻产生毒性效应的NOEC、LOEC、EC10和EC20值.结果表明,在本实验条件下,在不同pH条件下藻种生长不同,小球藻的最适pH值为7.0,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的最适pH值为9.0;在不同pH条件下,Cr6+对小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用不同,Cr6+对小球藻在pH=7.0时毒性最小,对斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻在pH=9.0时的毒性最小.在藻最适生长的pH条件下,Cr6+的毒性可以达到最小程度;铜绿微囊藻对Cr6+比斜生栅藻和小球藻更加敏感.     

溴氟菊酯的光解、水解与土壤降解

在实验室测定了溴氟菊酯的光解、不同ｐＨ条件下的水解以及在太湖水稻土、江西红壤与东北黑土等３种不同土壤中的降解。试验结果表明：在３００Ｗ低压汞灯下，溴氟菊酯的水相溶液与其石油醚相济液中的光解均呈二级反应动力学方程，光解半衰期分别为１３．７与９．４ｍｉｎ；在ｐＨ为５，７，９的缓冲溶液中其水解半衰期分别为１５．６，８．３与４．２ｄ；在３种不同土壤中的降解半衰期为４．８～８．８ｄ。     

Removing polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water using Fe/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as fire-retardants. Due to their high production volume, widespread usage, and environmental persistence, PBDEs have become ubiquitous contaminants in various environments.Nanoscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) is an effective reductant for many halogenated organic compounds. To enhance the degradation efficiency, ZVI/Palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (nZVI/Pd) were synthesized in this study to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in water. Approximately 90% of BDE209 was rapidly removed by nZVI/Pd within 80 min, whereas about 25% of BDE209 was removed by nZVI. Degradation of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd fits pseudo-first-order kinetics. An increase in pH led to sharply decrease the rate of BDE209 degradation. The degradation rate constant in the treatment with initial pH at 9.0 was more than 6.8 × higher than that under pH 5.0. The degradation intermediates of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd were identified and the degradation pathways were hypothesized. Results from this study suggest that nZVI/Pd may be an effective tool for treating polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water.