Fenton试剂氧化降解微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了Fenton试剂氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,在H2O2浓度1.5mmol·l-1,Fe2 浓度0.10 mmol·l-1,反应温度为25±1℃,pH值为4.18及反应时间为30min的条件下,浓度为0.41mg·l-1的MC-LR去除率可以达到92.4%,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学.Fenton试剂氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR,特别是在紫外光的照射下,MC-LR的降解速率得到大幅度提高.紫外光能促进Fe3 还原为Fe2 ,所以光助Fenton试剂氧化反应中可以使用Fe3 代替Fe2 .     

臭氧灭活水中枯草芽孢杆菌的动力学

以枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC6633)的孢子作为难灭活微生物的代表,研究了消毒剂浓度和反应时间的乘积值(CT值)、pH值、温度对臭氧灭活水中芽孢效果的影响,并探讨了相关灭活反应的动力学特征.结果表明,臭氧灭活芽孢的过程可分为延滞期和灭活期,其灭活反应符合Chick-Watson延迟反应动力学模型.在半连续流反应模式下,当臭氧浓度在0.42—4.00 mg·L~(-1),反应时间0—20 min,pH值6—8,温度1—30℃范围内时,臭氧对芽孢的灭活效果与臭氧的CT值显著相关,与单独的臭氧浓度无关,CT值越高,所能达到的灭活率也越高.同时,温度对反应速率常数k影响较大,即随着温度的升高,灭活反应的延滞期CT_(lag)显著减小,反应速率常数k增大,臭氧对芽孢的灭活能力增强;而反应速率常数k在各pH值下基本不变,pH值对芽孢的灭活影响甚微.     

Al~0-O_2体系降解活性黄3RS溶液

酸性条件下,采用Al0-O2体系对活性黄3RS染料溶液进行降解,考察了活性黄3RS的初始浓度,p H、Al0的浓度、温度、Fe2+浓度等因素对其降解率的影响.结果表明,在p H=2和Al0浓度为1 g·L-1时,对50 mg·L-1活性黄3RS的降解率最高,反应150 min时最高可获得92%的降解率;降解后其COD值由126.35 mg·L-1降至49.44 mg·L-1;温度升高,活性黄3RS的降解率提高,其表观反应活化能为108.262 k J·mol-1;动力学分析表明该过程为一级反应,反应速率常数kobs=1.2×10-2s-1;当向体系中加入Fe2+时,其降解速率加快.     

高岭土界面Fe(Ⅱ)吸附与邻硝基苯酚还原转化的交互反应研究

研究了高岭土界面亚铁吸附与邻硝基苯酚(2-nitrophenol,2-NP)还原转化的交互作用.考察了反应pH值、界面吸附铁密度、反应温度(T)对2-NP的还原动力学的影响.结果表明,吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)为2-NP还原转化的关键物种,高龄土界面Fe(Ⅱ)吸附能明显提高还原反应的反应速率.2-NP的还原转化速率常数(k)随着反应pH值的升高、吸附铁密度的增加、反应温度的升高而增大,ln k与pH、吸附铁密度、1/T都具有明显的线性关系.2-NP还原转化的活化能为87.15 kJ·mol-1,吸附反应的活化能为18.5 kJ·mol-1.该研究可为土壤矿物界面物理化学与氧化还原的交互反应过程研究提供借鉴.     

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾降解吲哚美辛的动力学分析

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾(Fe(Ⅵ))对吲哚美辛(IDM)的降解,考察了Fe(Ⅵ)投加量、IDM初始浓度、溶液pH值、温度等因素对IDM降解速率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe(Ⅵ)可以有效地去除饮用水中的IDM,当Fe(Ⅵ)投加量为0.3 mmol·L~(-1),溶液pH值为7,温度为25℃时,反应20 min后IDM的去除率达到95%,其反应过程符合准一级反应动力学模型;准一级动力学常数与Fe(Ⅵ)的投加量正相关,与IDM的初始浓度负相关;pH值升高会降低反应速率,温度升高会加快反应的进行.将不同温度条件下反应速率常数进行线性拟合,推算出了Fe(Ⅵ)与IDM反应的热力学参数Ea、ΔH和ΔS的值分别为15.79 J·mol~(-1)、13.27 J·mol~(-1)、-183.76 J·mol-1·K~(-1),说明该反应是吸热反应,同时活化能较低也说明了该反应在常规饮用水消毒条件下即可进行.TOC测定实验表明,Fe(Ⅵ)对IDM的矿化效率较低,大部分IDM转化成其它大分子有机物.     

氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯的还原脱氯研究

通过批量实验研究了在氧化锌-Fe(Ⅱ)混合体系中,束缚在氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯的还原脱氯作用。结果表明,这种束缚在氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯有一定的还原脱氯作用,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程。与均质溶液中的Fe(Ⅱ)相比,束缚在氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯有更强的还原脱氯作用。实验还发现三氯乙烯在氧化锌-Fe(Ⅱ)混合体系中的还原脱氯速率受pH值和Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的影响。Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为1mmol·L-1,在pH值5.0～9.0范围内,还原脱氯反应速率常数kobs及三氯乙烯去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。维持pH值7.0不变,在Fe(Ⅱ)浓度1～4mmol·L-1范围内,kobs及三氯乙烯去除率随Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的增大而增大,但是Fe(Ⅱ)浓度进一步升高,kobs及三氯乙烯去除率反而降低。当Fe(Ⅱ)初始浓度为4mmol·L-1、pH=7.0时,三氯乙烯在氧化锌-Fe(Ⅱ)混合体系中的kobs及三氯乙烯去除率均达到最大值,分别为0.260h-1、71.7%。     

水体中二氧化钛(P25)光催化降解甲芬那酸的机理

本文研究了甲芬那酸(MEF)在UV-P25光催化降解下的行为和产物.结果表明,在紫外光照下P25能够快速催化降解MEF,实验浓度下很好地符合准一级动力学模型,速率常数为0.338 min~(-1).碱性溶液有利于MEF的降解,随着p H值从5.0增加到10.0,速率常数从0.271 min~(-1)增加到了0.388 min~(-1).采用硝基苯作为分子探针鉴定了P25光催化降解MEF过程中生成的羟基稳态浓度为0.58×10~(-1)2mmol·L~(-1),通过异丙醇猝灭计算出羟基自由基贡献率为95.7%,由此推算MEF与羟基的实际二级反应速率常数为1.04×1010L·(mol·s)~(-1).采用UPLC/MS/MS鉴定了MEF降解产物,推测MEF的光催化降解途径主要涉及脱氢反应、羟基化反应和酮化反应.发光菌急性毒性试验评价MEF降解过程中中间产物的毒性变化表明,UV-P25是一种有效降低MEF毒性的方法.     

环糊精的Fenton氧化特性及产物分析

环糊精因其具有包合增溶特性,单独或与高级氧化技术(如Fenton氧化)耦合可应用于有机污染物的土壤污染修复,然而环糊精的稳定性不清楚.本研究考察了环糊精在Fenton体系中的降解动力学及转化产物,评估了环糊精的稳定性.结果表明,β-环糊精(β-CD)在Fenton体系中反应速率随着过氧化氢浓度的升高而线性增加,符合二级动力学过程.环糊精与羟基自由基反应的绝对速率常数在酸性条件下(p H=3)分别为3.9×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(β-CD和甲基β环糊精),6.5×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(羟丙基β环糊精),7.2×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(γ-环糊精),中性条件下(p H=7)为2.9×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(β-CD),3.1×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(MCD),3.2×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(HPCD),3.3×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)(γ-CD),显示环糊精在酸性条件下降解加快,且绝对速率常数的种类差别较大,而在中性条件下比较稳定,且种类之间差别不大.产物质谱分析表明,环糊精空腔骨架上的羟基被氧化,生成了含有醛基和羧基氧化产物;反应前后总有机碳含量无明显差别,表明环糊精及产物的空腔结构稳定,未被开环破坏.     

离子交换树脂对甲基叔丁基醚的催化水解

研究了D008离子交换树脂对甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的吸附作用,以及H-D008树脂对MTBE水解的催化作用,结果表明,Na-D008及H-D008树脂对MTBE都具有较强的吸附作用,吸附等温线呈直线型.H-D008树脂催化MTBE的水解反应符合一级反应动力学.初始浓度增大,表观一级速率常数基本不变;温度升高,表观一级速率常数增大,当温度为25℃,30℃和35℃时,表观一级速率常数分别为0.067 d-1,0.216 d-1和0.343 d-1.H-D008催化水解MTBE反应的活化能为124.8 kJ·mol-1.     

双氯芬酸在水环境中光降解的初步研究

考察了在模拟太阳光照射下,双氯芬酸初始浓度、pH值、光强、温度、丙酮和双氧水对双氯芬酸光解的影响,并通过淬灭实验初步探讨了双氯芬酸光解.结果表明,双氯芬酸的光降解过程符合准一级动力学方程.光解速率随着双氯芬酸初始浓度的降低、光强的增强以及温度的升高而增大.当pH值从3变化到5时,反应速率常数变大;pH值从5变到8时,反应速率常数变小,再继续增大pH值,反应速率常数增大.水环境中存在的双氧水和丙酮对双氯芬酸的光解具有促进作用.最后,通过淬灭实验表明双氯芬酸的光解过程包括直接光解以及通过活性氧物种进行的自敏化光解.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。