邹城市水资源承载力研究

本文明确了水资源综合承载力的定义和研究意义。研究中按照可持续发展的思路,根据邹城市水资源条件和开发状况,建立由供水系统和需水系统及其组成或承载对象构成的评价指标体系;利用人口与经济组成的多目标评价模型研究邹城市水资源的承载力,计算确定出2015年邹城市在人口增长速度不高于5%的情况下,水资源能够承载的经济最佳增长速度在9%左右。     

城市水资源合理利用分析与水资源承载力研究—以本溪市为例

本文以辽宁省重工业城市本溪市为例，运用指数评价模型，进行城市工业用水变化情况分析；同时采用系统动力学模型，预测城市水资源系统发展趋势。在此基础上，探讨水资源承载力的定量表示，提出可比较的区域不同策略的水资源承载力，从而为制定水资源的经济发展决策提供理论依据。     

中国特大城市水资源消费及其与经济和气候的关系——以北京、上海和广州为例

选取了北京、上海、广州三个不同地理纬度、经济较为发达的代表性城市作为研究对象,应用多项式模型把气候耗水量从水资源消费总量中分离出来,用统计分析的方法探讨三个城市水资源消费变化及其与经济和气候的关系。研究表明:城市万元GDP用水量与经济水平有明显的对数相关关系,一般都随经济水平的提高而不断下降,三个城市中,上海的水资源利用率最高,广州居中,北京最低。温度是影响城市气候耗水量的主要气候因子,在1986—1991年,三个城市的气候耗水量与温度的相关性不明显,自1992年以来,气候耗水量与温度距平值的波动趋势愈来愈密切,这说明随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,城市水资源消费与温度的关系越来越密切。     

甘肃河西走廊城市化与水资源的协调发展

在分析城市化与水资源交互胁迫关系的基础上,借助于系统科学理论建立了城市化与水资源协调发展的动态耦合模型,对甘肃河西走廊城市化与水资源协调发展的动态耦合规律进行了初步探讨。结果表明：自1985年以来,河西走廊城市化水平在曲折发展中呈现出明显升高的变化趋势;水资源压力不断增大,并呈现出对城市化具有一定影响的特征。目前河西走廊正处于城市化与水资源的协调发展阶段,然而随着城市化的推进,水资源压力不断增长,二者的耦合状态有不断减弱的趋势。这也进一步说明,在干旱区,水资源压力随城市化的推进呈现出一定的变化规律,城市化的发展往往是需要一定的水资源压力为代价的,然而随着城市化的发展,城市化与水资源的关系不断得以磨合,最终将朝着协调共生的方向发展。     

工业节水:清洁生产的方法

莱茵-默兹河水管局的主要任务是协助控制法国东部的天然水资源。通过对全体用水户征税取得财政收入,再将这些收入通过技术活动和金融活动的方式资助供水系统的所有者,旨在保护环境免受各种污染,以及保证需要用水的用户能将水用于各种目的。这项政策要求确定在尽可能短的时间内所要达到的河水质量目标。     

基于生态足迹法的区域水资源生态承载力计算与评价——以珠海市为例

研究了人类社会对水资源的消耗、对自然生态环境的影响以及该影响的量化方法和量化指标,将生态足迹法引入区域水资源承载力系统,构建珠海市水资源生态承载力计算模型,分析计算水资源供给对区域经济社会发展的生态承载力,并对该地区的水资源生态承载力进行生态盈亏和敏感性评价.结果表明,总体上珠海市水资源系统呈现生态亏损,亏损率为37%,水资源生态承载呈现超载现象,珠海市城市化进程中流动人口增长对区域水资源的生态承载压力较大.研究结果还表明,将生态足迹模型运用到地区水资源承载力中具有较高的可信度,对地方尺度具有适用性.     

水污染对扬州市水资源存量的影响评价

将水资源分成水资源的流量和存量两部分，估算了扬州市的水资源存量，提出了评价水污染对水资源存量影响的评价方法，并利用这种方法对扬州市水污染对水资源存量的影响进行了评价，得出了扬州市的水资源存量不足，而水污染又对水资源存量产生了较大的影响的结论。     

广东省水资源问题及可持续利用对策

论述了广东省的水资源状况和水资源利用中存在的主要问题，提出了水资源可持续利用的对策。认为水质性缺水、水利工程老化失修、水资源浪费严重、管理体制不健全是水资源利用中存在的主要问题；应加强水污染的防治，健全防洪防旱体系，建立健全水资源统一管理运作饥制，提高全民节水观念，发展节水农业，走兴林治水之路，使水资源可持续利用。     

天津城市化发展趋向与水资源可持续利用

分析了新时期天津城市化发展趋向，从城市人口增长、城市工业结构、城市化进程等诸方面，探讨了城市化进程与水资源利用之间的关系，提出了适应城市化发展的水资源可持续利用战略。     

北京市地表水污染原因分析与防治对策

分析了北京市地表水污染的主要原因,提出了解决措施,对合理利用紧缺的水资源问题,有一定的指导意义。北京地区严重缺水,且地表水污染严重。主要原因有以下4方面:水资源量逐年减少,生活污染源影响严重,城市中心区污水截流河道地表雨水径流污染逐年凸显,农业面源污染增加。提出如下控制措施:保证地表水生态流量,建设双水源(清水和再生水)供水系统;科学核算地表水环境容量,把污染物排放总量控制与改善水环境质量紧密结合起来,是改善地表水环境质量的重要措施;加强城市地表径流污染研究与控制,尤其是初期雨水污染控制;引入循环经济,建设生态农业,改善养殖方式,控制农村面源污染。     

寒冷地区流域水污染防治问题

我国寒冷地区河流冰封期最长可达180天,其间水体自净功能差,加之城镇污水处理水平低于全国平均水平,工业点源污染负荷沉重,流域水污染问题显得格外突出,水环境压力巨大.因此,有针对性地解决寒冷地区流域水环境问题已经成为协调资源供求、经济发展与环境保护的核心问题.通过分析寒冷地区流域水污染特点及成因,提出了建立流域水污染防治...     

Life cycle assessment and environmental improvement of residential and drinking water supply systems in Hanoi,Vietnam

In many Asian cities the public water supply is characterised by low pressure, frequent interruptions and occasional contamination. Hence, private households have to store water and increase pressure individually to ensure an uninterrupted supply at sufficient pressure and water for drinking has to be boiled or supplied separately in bottles. In this study the present water supply system in Hanoi and a number of modification options were analysed from an environmental point of view through life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to identify the most sustainable solutions for future water supply. It was found that the boiling of water for drinking was the largest source of impacts in the present system. Impacts could be reduced significantly if the public supply network was improved and private pumping and storage could be avoided and if the water could be used directly for drinking. It was also found that impacts could be reduced if consumers used bottled water for drinking instead of boiling tap water. Finally, it was demonstrated that even if drinking water cannot be supplied directly through the public network, a reliable public water supply at high pressure is environmentally advantageous. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the conclusions of this study are likely to be applicable to other cities with similar water supply systems.     

天津市水资源供求平衡战略

天津市国土规划提出了2030年经济社会发展目标,水资源的极度匮乏已成为制约天津经济增长的主要瓶颈。在传统开源节流措施的基础上,针对天津市水资源供需矛盾和分配不合理两大问题,提出了水资源供求平衡的市场化战略和需求整合战略,并对可行的政府行为进行了探讨。     

Sustainable development strategies for China's Du Jiang Yan Water Resources Project

China's Du Jiang Yan Irrigation Project, dating back to 256 BC, is one of the world's earliest water resources projects. Although it has been benefiting the Sichuan Basin area for over 2000 years, it is facing increasing problems due to ecological deterioration, over-exploitation from local industries and agriculture, suboptimal resource allocation arising from supply and demand mismatches, and an aging infrastructure. The traditional water resources development model is no longer appropriate for current and future needs of the area. Therefore, a sustainable development framework is envisioned in which population, economy and environment coexist in harmony. Within this framework, major strategies, such as construction and renovation of infrastructure, promotion of water conserving irrigation through non-engineering measures, pollution control and ecological improvements, restructuring of management entities and exploration of new funding sources, are proposed. An evaluation system is also introduced to assess the degree of sustainability and to monitor progress towards a high level of sustainable development.     

Wasser – elementare und strategische Ressource des 21. Jahrhunderts

Background and aim The combination of increasing freshwater demand, limited or regionally decreasing water resources as a consequence of the climate change, and an increasing qualitative burden, lead more and more to the question as to whether the population of particular regions, whole continents or even the entire world will be confronted with a shortage of available water resources in the future. Discussion The resident-specific regenerative water resources of the continents are being quantitatively rated on the basis of an analysis of the three globally relevant water cycles (the marine one, the terrestrial one and the one which is linking both of them). The available amount of water is limited by technical-economical restrictions. This amount is compared with human demands, and the outstanding relevance of the production of biomass (to be used as food, animal feed, primary product or energy carrier) regarding the worldwide water need is discussed. Results From a global point of view there is no water shortage. Scarcities occur only regionally or seasonally. A large portion of the water employed worldwide is used for the production of biomass. Therefore, this sector provides a considerable key to the strategic handling of water. The so-called ‘green water’ is crucial for the production of biomass. However, the common way of balancing water supply and demand often overlooks the importance of the green water on the supply side and thus indicates shortages which de facto do not exist. As to the whole usage of water by humans, in our opinion, the stated quantity of freshwater which is being regenerated every year all over the world has to be corrected considerably. The figure of 40,000?km³ which is often quoted in current literature has to be raised to more than 100,000?km³. Conclusions and perspectives Water shortage is often not a result of limited resources or technologies but is a consequence of missing awareness, failing political volition or insufficient socio-economic potentials. On the basis of a comprehensive water supply/demand balance, which includes all forms of water usage, national and international potentials for the fulfilment of the demand should be analysed in order to be able to develop necessary supply scenarios.     

建筑给水排水节水节能方法探讨

建筑给水排水工程的节水节能不容忽视．因节约用水能给社会带来环境效益、经济效益和社会效益．本文从建筑给排水系统的设计、建筑污水处理回用等角度,研究探讨了建筑给水排水节水应采取的途征和方法,以获得最大的节水效果,表1,参4．     

A hybrid Wavelet-CNN-LSTM deep learning model for short-term urban water demand forecasting

● A novel deep learning framework for short-term water demand forecasting. ● Model prediction accuracy outperforms other traditional deep learning models. ● Wavelet multi-resolution analysis automatically extracts key water demand features. ● An analysis is performed to explain the improved mechanism of the proposed method. Short-term water demand forecasting provides guidance on real-time water allocation in the water supply network, which help water utilities reduce energy cost and avoid potential accidents. Although a variety of methods have been proposed to improve forecast accuracy, it is still difficult for statistical models to learn the periodic patterns due to the chaotic nature of the water demand data with high temporal resolution. To overcome this issue from the perspective of improving data predictability, we proposed a hybrid Wavelet-CNN-LSTM model, that combines time-frequency decomposition characteristics of Wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) and implement it into an advanced deep learning model, CNN-LSTM. Four models - ANN, Conv1D, LSTM, GRUN - are used to compare with Wavelet-CNN-LSTM, and the results show that Wavelet-CNN-LSTM outperforms the other models both in single-step and multi-steps prediction. Besides, further mechanistic analysis revealed that MRA produce significant effect on improving model accuracy.     

Water shortages and countermeasures for sustainable utilisation in the context of climate change in the Yellow River Delta region,China

With an increasing population and rapid development of the economy and society of the Yellow River Basin region, the Yellow River is at crisis point. The discrepancy between supply and demand of water resources is a key issue. In 2000–2006, the mean annual discharge of the Yellow River entering the delta was 13.2 billion m³, a reduction of 18.6 billion m³ compared with the 1980s, and 9 billion m³ less than in the 1990s. The water requirements of various sectors are increasing. Large amounts of water essential to maintain the health of the delta ecosystem have been diverted for other users. The lower river channel is shrinking and the threat of flooding is becoming severe. Moreover, water pollution is increasing to a serious level; the river mouth ecosystem is subject to degradation. Due to overall decreased flow into the delta, and almost no flow into the delta for much of the year except in wet periods, biodiversity is threatened and there has been degradation of the ecological environment. In view of the water scarcity and variation in water supply, particularly in the context of climate change, measures need to be taken to realise sustainable water use in the Yellow River Delta region. In view of the lack of a complete index system for sustainable utilisation of regional water resources in China, this paper examines the major countermeasures for sustainable water use in the region. A rational adjustment mechanism for water prices is needed. Adjustment of agricultural infrastructure and water saving need to be directed by water prices, and thus the reasonable exploitation of groundwater must also be directed by water prices. Participation of the public is to be encouraged, with the development of a water user association that will become involved in formulating water rights, water allocation and water prices. Decision-making, management and supervision of this association will be done in a democratic way to promote the social management of water saving.     

开花前后变水条件对春小麦的补偿效应

在防雨棚内的盆栽实验条件下，研究了4种梯度的10种不分组合对红芒麦和宁春10号产量及耗水量等的影响。结果表明，试验期间充分灌水，轻度，中度，重度干旱处理，随着干旱程度的加剧，株高，干物质积累，产量，耗水量都逐渐减少；红芒麦灌浆期不同程度的,匀有利于产量的形成，促进物质运输，提高千粒重，同时减少水分消耗，提高WUE；孕穗期干旱处理后，灌浆期复水，会造成减产，和灌浆期相比，孕穗期是水分的敏感的时期，而灌浆期对水分亏缺不敏感，两种小麦相比较，宁春10号耗水量大，产量低，抗旱性较强，图2表2参7