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1.
为了探讨盐酸小檗碱对小鼠的DNA损伤和氧化性损伤。随机选取30只小鼠分成对照组以及7.5,15,30,60与120 mg?kg-1实验组,处理后,应用小鼠脾细胞进行彗星实验与抗氧化酶实验。测定DNA损伤情况以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。对盐酸小檗碱的DNA损伤与氧化性损伤作用进行比较研究。研究结果表明:彗星实验中,随着盐酸小檗碱浓度的增加,尾部DNA含量、尾长与尾矩均增加,与阴性对照组相比差异有统计学意义(p<0.05或p<0.01),且呈剂量-效应关系;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随盐酸小檗碱剂量增加逐渐降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在7.5 mg?kg-1时上升,而后逐渐下降。在60 mg?kg-1和120 mg?kg-1时,有极显著性差异(p<0.01)产生。由此可见,盐酸小檗碱对小鼠脾细胞有一定的损伤作用,能够引起小鼠脾细胞的DNA损伤和氧化性损伤。  相似文献   

2.
王倩  杨扬  李梅 《生态毒理学报》2021,16(1):126-136
有机磷酸酯(OPEs)作为一种新型的阻燃剂和增塑剂,在环境中普遍存在,尤其在土壤中常被检出,因此其环境和健康风险亟待评估.为探究OPEs对土壤生物的毒性效应,选取磷酸三正丁酯(TnBP)作为受试物,以赤子爱胜蚓( Eisenia fetida)为指示生物,采用人工土壤法研究不同浓度TnBP对蚯蚓生长、抗氧化酶系统、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性、体腔细胞DNA损伤及8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)含量的影响.结果表明,TnBP暴露对蚯蚓生长无明显抑制作用,但TnBP胁迫可引起蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶活性增强,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量显著上升,表明蚯蚓受到氧化损伤;彗星试验结果显示,彗尾DNA含量和Olive尾矩均显著上升,表明TnBP暴露能够引起蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤;8-OHdG含量也显著增加,其水平与暴露浓度存在明显的剂量-效应关系,提示TnBP暴露可引起蚯蚓体腔细胞氧化性DNA损伤;AChE活性受到的影响则较为微弱.综上,本研究阐明了TnBP暴露对蚯蚓的毒性效应并为进一步研究OPEs对土壤的生态风险评估提供科学依据.  相似文献   

3.
全氟丁基磺酸钾(PFBSK)作为全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)潜在的替代品,极易溶于水,主要存在于水体中,因而其水生毒性的研究十分重要。采用OECD 201、OECD 202、OECD 203和OECD 211标准试验方法,研究了PFBSK对羊角月牙藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)和中国本土鱼种稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的急性毒性效应以及对大型溞繁殖的影响。组合多终点急慢性水生生物毒性结果:PFBSK的急性毒性终点均大于100 mg·L-1,大型溞繁殖试验的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)为571 mg·L-1,最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为981 mg·L-1。按GHS分类导则,PFBSK未表现出急性毒性和慢性毒性。与之相比,PFOS则对水生生物表现出毒性,黑头软口鲦(Pimephales promelas)为最敏感物种,其96 h-LC50为4.7 mg·L-1;大型溞繁殖试验的NOEC为12 mg·L-1。按GHS分类导则,属于中等毒性物质。可见,PFBSK较PFOS水生毒性明显降低。  相似文献   

4.
四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对两种海洋桡足类动物的毒性效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了研究四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对海洋桡足类的毒性效应,以太平洋真宽水蚤和日本虎斑猛水蚤为受试生物,依据急性毒性实验96 h-LC50值,设置5个浓度组和1个对照组,测定摄食率、滤水率、耗氧率、排氨率和抗氧化防御系统中SOD、GST、GPx活性以及GSH含量。结果显示:BDE-47对太平洋真宽水蚤和日本虎斑猛水蚤的96 h-LC50分别为
57和851 μg·L-1,后者明显高于前者。2种桡足类在BDE-47作用下,其能量摄入和代谢均受到不同程度的诱导或抑制。太平洋真宽水蚤在中浓度(1.425 μg·L-1)下摄食率和排氨率受到促进,高浓度(5.70和11.40 μg·L-1)下耗氧率明显抑制;日本虎斑猛水蚤高浓度下(170.20 μg·L-1)摄食率受到抑制,中浓度(21.28 μg·L-1)下耗氧率受到促进,各个浓度的BDE-47对其排氨率均有明显促进作用。太平洋真宽水蚤SOD活性在BDE-47暴露96 h过程中均低于对照组(P<0.05),受到明显抑制;GST活性随暴露时间延长先升高后降低;GSH含量和GPx活性低浓度(0.7125和1.425 μg·L-1)下随时间先升高后降低,而高浓度(5.70和11.40 μg·L-1)下则相反。日本虎斑猛水蚤SOD活性随BDE-47浓度的升高先降低后升高再降低;GST活性和GSH含量在低浓度(10.64和21.28 μg·L-1)BDE-47中与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),而高浓度(85.10和170.20 μg·L-1)
BDE-47下,GST活性随时间先升高后降低,GSH含量则先降低后升高再降低;GPx活性呈现先降低后升高趋势。由此可见,BDE-47与这2种桡足类的能量摄入、代谢和抗氧化防御系统存在一定时间及剂量效应,并具有明显的物种差异性。  相似文献   

5.
铜暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)抗氧化酶活力的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
通过溶液接触法和人工土壤法,研究了不同暴露环境中Cu对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)SOD酶、CAT酶和GST酶活力的影响.结果显示:溶液接触试验中, Cu显著抑制蚯蚓SOD酶活力(P<0.05),人工土壤试验中Cu则诱导SOD酶活力增加,预示暴露条件影响蚯蚓SOD酶对Cu的生物响应.人工土壤试验中, Cu暴露浓度与蚯蚓CAT酶和GST酶活力的相关系数分别为0.814和0.933,均存在极显著的剂量效应关系(P<0.001).在这两种暴露环境下,赤子爱胜蚓的CAT酶和GST酶活力对Cu浓度响应敏感.  相似文献   

6.
全氟辛烷磺酸短期暴露对不同作物苗期生长的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)作为一种新型持久性有机污染物,目前国内外对其生态毒性研究主要集中在水环境领域,而高等植物的生态毒性数据尚不完善。因此,本研究采用内培养方式,选取小麦、大麦、小白菜、三叶草、绿豆作为供试植物,利用根伸长、芽伸长、地上部分生物量等评价指标,研究了PFOS短期暴露对不同供试作物苗期生长的影响,建立了PFOS和作物苗期生长的剂量-效应关系,并对不同的评价指标进行相关性分析,筛选出表征PFOS生态毒性的敏感植物。结果表明,不同供试作物培育3 d后,PFOS对其于不同毒性终点的最小EC50值为:小麦352 mg·kg-1(根伸长)、大麦434 mg·kg-1(根伸长)、三叶草794 mg·kg-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、小白菜829 mg·kg-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、绿豆>1 000 mg·kg-1,因此敏感程度依次为:小麦>大麦>三叶草>小白菜>绿豆。须根系作物小麦、大麦较直根系作物三叶草、小白菜和绿豆敏感,而须根系作物各评价指标的敏感程度依次为:根伸长>地上部分生物量鲜重>芽伸长>地上部分生物量干重,可见小麦的根伸长对PFOS污染最为敏感。各评价指标间均呈正相关关系,表明PFOS对同种植物的不同评价指标影响趋势一致。  相似文献   

7.
为探讨41%草甘膦水溶液(农达)对雄性生殖细胞的毒性及其作用机制以及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC)的干预效应。以GC-1小鼠精原细胞为受试细胞,设正常对照组、草甘膦染毒组(60、90、120、150、180 mg·L-1)、NAC干预组(10 mmol·L-1 NAC+90 mg·L-1农达)。MTT法检测细胞存活率,Giemsa染色法观察细胞的形态学改变,彗星试验检测细胞DNA损伤,比色法检测细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)以及细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化。结果显示,随着草甘膦染毒浓度增加,细胞存活率逐渐下降(p<0.01),彗星阳性率逐渐升高(p<0.01);与对照组相比,草甘膦染毒组LDH活性增加(p<0.05,60 mg·L-1组除外),MDA生成量增多(p<0.05),GSH含量降低(p<0.05)和SOD活性降低(p<0.05)。抗氧化剂NAC预处理具有相应的拮抗作用。研究表明,60~180 mg·L-1浓度草甘膦对GC-1细胞有明显的损伤作用,其机制可能是草甘膦诱导氧化应激,导致细胞通透性增加和DNA损伤。抗氧化剂NAC对草甘膦的细胞毒性具有一定保护作用。  相似文献   

8.
为评估改性纳米碳黑(modified nano-carbon black,MCB)应用于镉(Cd)污染土壤修复对蚯蚓的毒理效应,通过土壤培养试验和体外毒性试验比较纳米碳黑(nano-carbon black,CB)与MCB、Cd与MCB+Cd/MCB-Cd处理对蚯蚓个体存活率、生理生化指标、体腔细胞存活率和DNA损伤的差异.结果显示:(1)CB本身对蚯蚓个体及体腔细胞毒性较小.(2)与CB相比,施加1.5%MCB显著促进了蚯蚓体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力,降低了还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)比值(P 0.05),且100 mg/L MCB悬浮液比CB悬浮液对体腔细胞的DNA损伤程度更大.(3)土壤Cd含量为5.31 mg/kg时对蚯蚓个体存活率和CAT活力无显著影响,显著增加了乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力,降低了GSH/GSSG值(P 0.05).培养液Cd浓度为2.3 mg/L时对体腔细胞存活率和DNA损伤无显著影响.(4)MCB+Cd处理显著降低了土壤中Cd有效态含量(P 0.05),但没有显著降低蚯蚓对Cd的吸收;MCB+Cd处理与对照相比,蚯蚓个体存活率14 d显著下降32.1%(P 0.05),28 d下降51.9%,与单一Cd处理相比CAT活力显著抑制(P 0.05);MCBCd吸附产物处理组与对照组相比,体腔细胞存活率显著下降16.4%(P 0.05),与Cd处理相比体腔细胞DNA损伤程度显著增加(P 0.05).由于MCB对蚯蚓个体和体腔细胞的生理生化指标影响增强,并且Cd被MCB吸附后对蚯蚓体腔细胞存活率和DNA损伤影响加剧,因此需慎重选择MCB应用于土壤重金属污染修复.(图5表2参33)  相似文献   

9.
十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及消油剂对刺参幼参的急性毒性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探究表面活性剂对海洋棘皮动物的影响,测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和消油剂对刺参(Stichopus japonicas )幼参的急性毒性。结果显示,SDBS对刺参幼参的72 h-LC50和96 h-LC50分别为2.50和1.71 mg·L-1;消油剂对刺参幼参的96 h-LC50为7 498.94 mg·L-1。刺参幼参相对于多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa )和脊尾白虾仔虾(Palaemon carincauda )对SDBS的敏感性较高,相对于安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus annandalei )对SDBS的敏感性则较低,SDBS对刺参幼参的毒性明显大于十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),消油剂的96 h-LC50 远远大于SDBS和SDS,毒性非常小,但这仅是对刺参幼参而言,大多数研究忽视了消油剂自身对生物体存在的影响,因此这方面的研究工作还需要继续开展。  相似文献   

10.
两栖动物蝌蚪急性毒性试验是评价化学品急性毒性的一种方法。以毒死蜱、乙草胺、重铬酸钾和全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)为测试物,比较了我国本土黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)与国际通用种非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)在蝌蚪急性毒性试验中的敏感性。结果发现:2类蝌蚪分别进行的11次试验中,空白对照组黑斑蛙蝌蚪死亡率(0.9%)远低于非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的死亡率(5.8%);重铬酸钾和PFOS对黑斑蛙蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别为34.0 mg·L-1和81.0 mg·L-1,而对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别为51.6 mg·L-1和92.1 mg·L-1,显示黑斑蛙蝌蚪对这2种化学品的敏感性略高于非洲爪蟾蝌蚪;毒死蜱和乙草胺对黑斑蛙蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别为0.41 mg·L-1和4.1 mg·L-1,而对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别为0.12 mg·L-1和3.1 mg·L-1,显示黑斑蛙蝌蚪对这2种化学品的敏感性略低于非洲爪蟾。鉴于2类蝌蚪对化学品的敏感性存在差异,且黑斑蛙蝌蚪的自然死亡率低,材料更易获得,笔者认为黑斑蛙蝌蚪比非洲爪蟾更适合作为蝌蚪急性毒性试验的材料,用于我国化学品环境管理中的毒性评价。  相似文献   

11.
Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified 13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of the four species of conifers and very little difference across beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural roles in host location and discrimination.  相似文献   

12.
Summary. Polyphagous caterpillars of the giant geometer Biston robustum resemble the twigs of their respective food sources in color and shape. Common predatory ants, including Lasius and Formica, were often observed to freely prowl directly on caterpillars bodies, even after antennal contact. This suggests that the cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resemble those of the twigs of the foodplants, so we analyzed both by GC and GC-MS. The chemical compositions differed among caterpillars fed on a cherry, Prunus yedoensis, a chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, and a camellia Camellia japonica. The cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resembled those of their corresponding food sources. When the caterpillar diets were switched from the cherry to camellia or chinquapin at the 4th instars, the caterpillars cuticular chemicals changed after molting to resemble those of their respective foods. Caterpillars also changed their cuticular chemicals when they perched on cherry twigs and fed on camellia or chinquapin leaves, but not when they perched on camellia or chinquapin twigs and fed on cherry leaves. The chemical similarities between the caterpillars and the twigs were due to the digestion of host leaves, which indicates that this is a diet-induced adaptation.  相似文献   

13.
Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.  相似文献   

15.
This work deals with the biodiversity and distribution of benthic macrophytes in the Ghar El Melh lagoon, a Mediterranean coastal lagoon located in the North of Tunisia. An inventory was made of the benthic flora and submerged macrophyte communities were mapped during two successive campaigns (the summer of 1999 and the winter of 2000). The following 24 macrophyte species were identified: seven red algae, two brown algae, 11 green algae, and four marine angiosperms. The results were compared with available data from the literature. Ruppia cirrhosa is the most dominant species. It is found in all lagoon parts, except in the west sector.Ruppia beds are usually associated withCladophora forming heterogeneous communities. During summerRuppia cirrhosa shows a large distribution, covering an area of ca. 21.4 km2, with dense, extensive beds covering 80–100%. In winter, severalCladophora species have a very large distribution as well, covering nearly an area of 28.5 km2 with an average cover of 46%. The green algaeCaulerpa prolifera is confined to the eastern part of the lagoon which is mainly affected by seawater. In comparison with previous situations, many transformations were observed in biodiversity and spatial distribution of the dominant communities. Thus,Cymodocea nodosa andZostera beds, which dominated in the 1970s, were replaced byZostera andCaulerpa prolifera in the 1980s and are currently succeeded byRuppia cirrhosa andCladophora. Restoration of the Ghar El Melh lagoon will enable an increase in the exchange with the open sea and the circulation of water, in particular in the confined zones. This should considerably improve the water quality and would positively influence the phytobenthic communities.  相似文献   

16.
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.  相似文献   

17.
Carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) act as primary nectar thieves in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), piercing corollas laterally to imbibe nectar at basal nectaries. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L) learn to visit these perforations and thus become secondary nectar thieves. We tested the hypothesis that honey bees make this behavioral switch in response to an energetic advantage realized by nectar-robbing flower visits. Nectar volume and sugar quantity were higher in intact than perforated flowers, but bees (robbers) visiting perforated flowers were able to extract a higher percentage of available nectar and sugar so that absolute amount of sugar (mg) removed by one bee visit is the same for each flower type. However, because perforated flowers facilitate higher rates of bee flower visitation and the same or higher rates of nectar ingestion, they are rendered more profitable than intact flowers in temporal terms. Accordingly, net energy (J) gain per second flower handling time was higher for robbers on most days sampled. We conclude that the majority evidence indicates an energetic advantage for honey bees that engage in secondary nectar thievery in V. ashei.Communicated by R. Page  相似文献   

18.
Summary. Male satin moths, Leucoma (Stilpnotia) salicis L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) were attracted only to (3Z,6R,7S,9R,10S)-isomer out of the four (3Z)-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxy-3-henicosenes (leucomalure). This was demonstrated by field trapping test with a bivoltine population in a mixed poplar-willow forest along the flood area of the river Danube at Adony, Hungary.  相似文献   

19.
Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.  相似文献   

20.
Toxicity assays of ladybirds using natural predators   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Nestling blue titsParus caeruleus L. were given diets containing homogenized ladybirds, to assess the effects of their chemical defences. The 2spot, 10spot and water ladybirds produced no apparent toxic effects when small numbers were given at regular intervals.The pine and kidney-spot ladybirds slightly inhibit growth and may be toxic to very young nestlings. The Water ladybird is extremely distasteful to this predator, despite its lack of toxicity. The results are discussed with reference to the proposed Müllerian and Batesian mimetic relationships between the ladybird species.  相似文献   

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