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1.
黄河上中游水体沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附/释放行为   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
研究了黄河上中游8个沉积物磷酸盐的吸附/释放动力学,比较了不同沉积物吸附磷的差别,分析了沉积物磷形态对磷吸附特征的影响.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放均主要在前8 h内完成,在前0.5 h内对磷的吸附和释放速率均最快,在24 h内吸附基本达到平衡;沉积物对磷的等温吸附曲线既符合线性方程和Freundlich模型,同时也较好地符合Langmuir模型.据Langmuir模型计算得出沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量为0.095~0.272 mg·g-1,且最大吸附容量与沉积物总磷、可交换态磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关;沉积物在相应的上覆水中对磷酸盐的吸附过程存在一个吸附/解吸平衡点,对应的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度为0.009~0.031 mg·L-1,均大于相应上覆水体中磷浓度,说明沉积物有向上覆水释磷的趋势.  相似文献   

2.
鄱阳湖沉积物中磷吸附释放特性及影响因素研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
沉积物是氮磷营养盐的主要蓄积库,它不仅是外来污染物的归宿地,同时其自身营养盐的释放也可对水环境产生重大影响。针对鄱阳湖存在的沉积物磷释放问题,关键环境因子对基质磷吸附的影响规律进行了探讨。通过控制在不同环境因素条件下,上覆水中磷的变化规律探讨,阐明磷在上覆水-底泥界面迁移转化的规律和环境因素对迁移转化过程的影响。研究结果表明,吸附初始阶段,两者含量相差较大,起始吸附速率很高;随着反应时间的推进,两者含量差随之减小;当吸附时间达到30 min时,此时上覆水的平衡质量浓度为8.648 mg·L^-1,两者含量达成平衡。由磷的吸附等温试验同样可看出,随着平衡质量浓度逐渐增加,土壤吸磷量刚开始增加较快,随后增加趋势逐渐减缓直至磷饱和。pH越小,上覆水质量浓度越低,沉积物对磷的吸附作用越强;pH越大,上覆水中TP质量浓度越大,强碱条件下,TP吸收量剧减。在好氧条件下,沉积物对磷的吸附远远高于厌氧条件下沉积物的吸附。好氧条件下,反应在4 h内,沉积物对磷的吸附速率最高,随后吸附量很小直至逐渐饱和。厌氧条件下,吸附作用不明显;当反应时间达到24 h后,上覆水磷质量浓度保持不变,此时沉积物磷吸附达到饱和。高溶解氧水平对于控制底泥向上覆水体释放磷,维持水体较低总磷是必要的。温度为30℃,20℃和5℃3种条件下,当反应24 h后,三者均达到吸附平衡。因此,当上覆水的磷质量浓度较低时,高温条件下基质的磷释放速度会高于低温条件下的磷释放速度。研究结果旨在为正确认识、合理评估环境因素对湖泊水体磷的影响提供更为充分恰当的试验依据和理论解释。  相似文献   

3.
东湖、汤逊湖和梁子湖沉积物磷形态及pH对磷释放的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
文章采用淡水沉积物中磷形态标准测试程序(SMT)研究了东湖、汤逊湖和梁子湖沉积物中磷的形态分布,并比较了不同pH条件下沉积物磷释放特征的差异性。结果表明:东湖沉积物总磷质量分数最高,平均值1.232 mg.g-1,其次为汤逊湖(0.762mg.g-1),梁子湖沉积物总磷质量分数最低(0.572 mg.g-1);3个湖泊上覆水总磷质量浓度也表现出类似的变化规律,线性相关性分析显示上覆水中总磷质量浓度与沉积物总磷质量分数显著正相关。东湖和梁子湖沉积物总磷中无机磷和有机磷所占比例较接近,汤逊湖无机磷所占比例远低于有机磷。不同湖泊之间磷形态的分布并没有一定的规律性,湖泊的地理分布以及人为因素可能是造成磷形态差异的主要因素。当pH为2.0~7.0时,3个湖泊沉积物中溶解性活性磷(SRP)释放量均呈先增加后减小的趋势;当pH为7.0~12.0时,SRP释放量呈增加趋势。相关分析结果表明,SRP的释放与有机质的质量分数无显著相关性。方差分析结果显示3个湖泊沉积物在黏粒和粉粒组成上均没有显著差异(P>0.1),表明实验样品的粒径组成不是造成各个湖泊间磷释放差异的原因。不同pH条件下,SRP释放量与沉积物总磷质量分数显著正相关;酸性环境下,SRP释放量与酸式磷(HCl-P)的相关性优于碱式磷(NaOH-P),碱性环境下则刚好相反。  相似文献   

4.
化学物添加控制湖泊内源磷负荷的有效性研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用太湖五里湖湖水和未受破坏原柱状沉积物样组成的系统进行投加生石灰、铁盐和铝盐的湖水脱磷效果的实验室研究。分别一次性向各柱状样上覆水体中投加6种不同质量浓度的铝盐、钙盐和铁盐溶液,经过一段时间的观察和测定。结果表明,3种化学物的添加均能使实验上覆水体中总磷质量浓度大幅度降低,并且随着投加的生石灰、铁盐和铝盐的量的增加,上覆水体中总磷的质量浓度下降幅度越大,水体中总磷的去除率越高,同时这3种化学物的添加对湖泊沉积物内源磷的释放有一定的抑制作用。  相似文献   

5.
以恢复沉水植物为主要手段在浅水富营养化湖泊修复中得到广泛应用,但修复后水质差异很大,可能与沉积物特征有关.暨南大学南湖是浅水富营养化湖泊,在削减外源负荷后,实施了沉水植物恢复等修复工程.本研究选择具有不同水质的区域,采集水样与沉积物,分析沉积物NH4Cl-P(弱结合态磷)、Fe-P(铁结合态磷)、Al-P(铝结合态磷)、Bio-P(细菌可利用性磷)、Ca-P(钙结合态磷)和Ref-P(残渣磷)6种形态的磷,并检测水质差异,以探讨生态修复对沉积物磷形态及水体磷浓度的影响.结果显示,沉水植物较丰富的2号点沉积物密度显著高于沉水植物较少的1号点,2号点沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P和Ref-P含量较高,沉积物磷最大释放潜力(P-MSP)为4.87 mg/L,大幅高于1号点的2.58mg/L,然而2号点水体磷浓度却低于1号点,1号点水体的总磷、颗粒态磷、总溶解性磷和溶解活性磷浓度分别为2号点的1.29倍、1.11倍、1.17倍和1.14倍,水质较2号点差.本研究说明沉水植物能抑制沉积物中磷的释放,提高沉积物对磷的滞留能力,从而降低水体磷含量,改善水质.  相似文献   

6.
污染水体沉积物营养盐释放过程   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
梁文  张生  李畅游  张俊  韩璞璞 《环境化学》2011,30(10):1718-1724
通过实验室模拟试验,以富营养化湖泊-乌梁素海沉积物为试验材料,模拟了在零外源污染状态下沉积物中营养盐的释放特征,揭示了沉积物中TN、TP的释放规律和过程,量化了营养盐的释放速率.试验结果显示,在无扰动的静态水力条件下,沉积物中营养盐在向上覆水体的释放过程中,伴随着解吸-平衡的动态过程,其中TP的释放量是调控水体富营养化...  相似文献   

7.
考察了氢氧化镧改良沉积物对水中磷酸盐的吸附特征,并考察了被改良沉积物所吸附磷酸盐的形态分布特征.结果发现,氢氧化镧改良沉积物对水中低浓度磷酸盐的吸附可以采用线性模型进行描述,而对高浓度磷酸盐的吸附则适合采用Langmuir模型进行描述.准二级动力学比准一级动力学模型更适合用于拟合改良沉积物对水中磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程,膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制了缓慢吸附阶段的速率.强碱性条件不利于改良沉积物对水中磷酸盐的吸附.溶液共存的Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO~3~-、Na~+、K~+和Mg~(2+)对改良沉积物吸附水中磷酸盐的影响较小,而溶液共存的Ca~(2+)会促进改良沉积物对水中磷酸盐的吸附.改良沉积物对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显强于未改良沉积物.改良沉积物的最大磷酸盐单位吸附量明显高于未改良沉积物,并且改良沉积物的最大单位吸附量随着氢氧化镧添加量的增加而增加.改良沉积物的初始吸附速率随着氢氧化镧添加量的增加也随之增加.改良沉积物的磷吸附-解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)明显低于未改良沉积物.被改良沉积物所吸附的磷酸盐中大部分(84%)以较为稳定的NaOH-rP和HCl-P形态存在,仅仅只有16%左右会以容易释放的NH_4Cl-P和BD-P形态存在.以上结果显示,添加氢氧化镧不仅可以增强沉积物对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力,而且可以降低沉积物中磷的释放风险,氢氧化镧是一种有希望的可以用于沉积物内源磷释放的改良剂.  相似文献   

8.
浮叶植物重建对富营养化湖泊氮磷营养水平的影响   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16  
利用太湖五里湖污染底泥,在不破坏表层沉积物形态和结构的情况下,利用大口径的采样器采集沉积物柱状样,研究浮叶植物荇菜(Limnanthemun nymphoides)在此底泥上适应性生长情况及其对水体以及沉积物中氮磷的影响。结果表明,在培养实验过程中,荇菜生长使上覆水体中的氮、磷营养水平逐渐降低,藻类的生长明显受到克制,水体透明度增加,水质逐渐改善。通过植物根系对沉积物和问隙水中营养盐的直接吸收,使表层(0~5cm)沉积物与问隙水中氮磷营养盐的水平在实验结束后有明皿下降,对于控制沉积物内源营养盐释放有重要的作用。因此,恢复以水生植物为丰的水生生态系统足重建富营养湖泊生态系统和控制湖泊内源负荷的重要措施。  相似文献   

9.
中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为:沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为:北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?  相似文献   

10.
福建省山美水库入库河道沉积物磷释放风险   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过沉积物磷赋存形态,沉积物-水界面磷吸附平衡浓度(EPC0)值与上覆水体可溶性活性磷(SRP)的大小关系,沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、以及其衍生出的磷释放风险指数(ERI)探讨了福建省山美水库入库河道沉积物磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明,入库河道沉积物总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、非磷灰石磷(NAIP)及磷灰石磷(AP)的平均含量分别为837.12、665.94、167.19、497.63 mg·kg-1以及166.21 mg·kg-1,各形态磷占TP的比例分别为79.6%、20.0%、59.4%以及19.8%,其沉积物TP含量高于东昌湖,低于百花湖、海河及滇池.入库河道沉积物磷的主要赋存形态为NAIP,为沉积物较易释放且可被生物利用的磷;入库河道沉积物EPC0平均值为0.125 mg·L-1,显著高于上覆水体SRP(0.026 mg·L-1);入库河道沉积物PSI的平均含量为58.01(mg P/100g)·(μmol·L-1)-1,DPS的平均值为14.79%,其衍生指数(ERI)平均值为33,处于沉积物磷高释放风险的范畴.综上可见,山美水库入库河道沉积物磷存在潜在的高释放风险.  相似文献   

11.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

12.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

13.
14.
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.  相似文献   

15.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

16.
Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.  相似文献   

17.
Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.  相似文献   

18.
The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.  相似文献   

19.
Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras  相似文献   

20.
The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.  相似文献   

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