仙人掌多糖的提取分离与性质测定

仙人掌多糖具有降血糖、抗炎、免疫、抗溃疡等作用．经热水提取、乙醇沉淀、DEAE Sepharose fastflow离子交换色谱和SephadexG系列凝胶滤过色谱纯化得到5种仙人掌多糖纽分．采用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳检测多糖纯度,凝胶色谱测定相对分子质量,高效液相色谱测定糖的组成．经测定,它们的相对分子质量依次为2．0×10^3、1．0×10^6、4．0×10^3、9．2×10^5、5．0×10^3．ODP1由鼠李糖组成,ODP2可能由鼠李缚和葡萄糖组成,ODP4可能由鼠李糖和D-半乳糖组成．ODP3和ODP5分别由鼠李糖和一未知糖组分组成．表3,参12．     

Trends over 1999–2014 in the concentrations of Ba,Cs, Co,Mo, Pb,Sb, Tl,and W in urine of US children aged 6–11 years

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for children aged 6–11 years for 1999–2014 were used to study time trends and factors affecting the urinary levels of barium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten. Adjusted levels in urine declined every two years by 5.9% for barium, by 1.2% for cesium, by 18.2% for lead, and by 14% for antimony. For every additional smoker smoking inside a home, the levels of barium increased by 10.6% and for lead by 10%, but for tungsten levels decreased by 7.7%.     

A predator’s body coloration enhances its foraging profitability by day and night

Few predators forage by both day and night. It remains unknown, however, how the costs and benefits of foraging or signaling are partitioned in animals that forage at all times. The orb-web spider Cyrtophora moluccensis is brightly colored and forages by day and night. We determined the benefits reaped when it forages by both day and night by estimating the biomass of prey caught in their webs. Additionally, we quantified whether the spider’s presence influences the number of prey caught by day and night and whether its colorful body is visible to diurnal and/or nocturnal insects using diurnal and nocturnal insect vision models. We found that approximately five times the biomass of prey was caught in C. moluccensis’ webs by night than by day. Hemipterans, hymenopterans, and dipterans were predominantly caught by day, while lepidopterans (moths) were predominately caught by night. Accordingly, we concluded that foraging by night is more profitable than foraging by day. We predicted that other benefits, for example, energetic advantages or enhanced fecundity, may promote its daytime activity. Foraging success was greater by day and night when the spider was present in the web than when the spider was absent. We also found that parts of the spider’s body were conspicuous to diurnal and nocturnal insects, possibly through different visual channels. The colorful body of C. moluccensis, accordingly, appears to influence its foraging success by attracting prey during both the day and night.     

絮凝体的DLA分形模拟及其分形维数的计算方法

运用有限扩散凝聚(DLA)模型对絮凝体的成长过程进行了二维模拟.模拟絮凝体分别采用密度函数法、回转半径法、图像分析法进行分形维数计算,分形维数均随模拟絮凝体尺寸的增大而减小.三种计算方法的结果显示,密度函数法和回转半径法得到的分形维数基本相当,但图像分析法所得到的分形维数较小,约为密度函数法和回转半径法所得到的分形维数的0.8左右,其原因可能是图像分析过程中计算机对图像的识别误差所致.以DLA模型模拟得到的絮凝体内部的孔隙率随絮凝体尺寸的增大而增加.絮凝体中孔隙率的增加是絮凝体密度减小、结构松散的主要原因,也是絮凝体分形维数降低的主要因素.     

Cooperative breeding by the Galápagos mockingbird,Nesomimus parvulus

Summary The costs and benefits of helping behavior were analyzed for 36 pairs of the Galápagos mockingbird, Nesomimus parvulus, and their associates. Helping at the nest is usually done by sons or males suspected to be offspring of the breeders. Costs and benefits to breeders were assessed by comparison of pairs with and without helpers, and costs and benefits to helpers were assessed by comparison of birds which help and those which establish themselves as novice breeders.Helping behavior benefits breeders by increasing fledging success and by reducing the adult energy load in territory defense and feeding of nestlings. Breeders assisted by helpers may also benefit by decreased nest predation. Helpers enhance their inclusive fitness by helping, and gain directly by increasing their chances of securing a territory. Helpers do not appear to gain any fitness advantage from the experience of assisting, nor do they increase their survivorship by remaining on natal territory.Ecological and demographic features such as saturated territories and low territory turn-over rates due to high adult survival may be primarily responsible for the evolution of the helping behavior, with kinselection reinforcing it. Associated features of this system are a male-biased population sex ratio, a greater energetic benefit to breeding males than to breeding females in having helpers, earlier dispersal and breeding by females than by males, and much more frequent helping by males than by females. These are interpreted as consequences of brothersister aggression that indirectly minimizes the chances of inbreeding.     

Effect of deforestation on fertility attributes of Mollisols in the NW of Iran

The impacts of deforestation on soil fertility indices – are still not well understood in the forest lands of Iran characterised by Mediterranean type climate. Consistent with this, 8 soil pedons and 32 soil cores were described and sampled from four different soil types of forest and adjacent cultivated soil along a Mollisols transect. The results revealed a considerable depletion in the values of soil organic carbon (by 60–88%), total N (by 67–88%), available K (by 20–45%), cation exchange capacity (by 9–21%), and the diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) fraction of Fe (by 40–72%), Mn (by 10–60%), and Zn (by 49–80%) after deforestation. In contrast, soil pH (by 0.36–0.9 units), C:N ratio (by 3–84%), available P (22–139%), and DTPA Cu (by 4–55%) tended to increase due to deforestation. Cultivated soils showed a drop of 70–82% in the values of the soil productivity index than to those of the forest soil, indicating a degrading and declining effect of deforestation on soil productivity capacity. It was found that the majority of soil fertility indices were affected negatively by deforestation and more than half of the organic matter was lost to deforestation, which, in turn, could lead to deterioration in soil quality or land productivity capacity.     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明：自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥（T0）条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕（T2）处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹（T1）与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮（TN）平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%。     

Interaction of leaves and roots of Ruppia maritima in the uptake of phosphate,ammonia and nitrate

Leafy shoots of Ruppia maritima were incubated in two-compartment chambers, with the roots in one compartment and the leaves in the other. Rates of phosphate and ammonia uptake were compared when roots and leaves were supplied with these nutrients separately and simultaneously. Uptake of phosphate and ammonia by leaves was reduced when these nutrients were supplied to the roots, but uptake by roots was not affected by the availability of these nutrients to leaves. This response suggested root-to-shoot translocation predominated. V_max for leaf uptake of phosphate was decreased by 31% when roots were supplied with phosphate simultaneously. Leaf uptake of ammonia was not affected by the availability of ammonia to roots unless the plants were starved for nitrogen. V_max for plants starved for nitrogen was two times greater than for unstarved plants. When roots and leaves of starved plants were exposed simultaneously to ammonia, V_max for ammonia uptake by leaves did not change but K_s increased by 97% to a value similar to that for unstarved plants. Ammonia supplied to leaves or roots inhibited nitrate uptake by leaves by an average of 52%. Ammonia supplied to leaves, however, had no influence on the rate of nitrate uptake by roots.Contribution No. 579 of the Environmental Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency. Use of product names does not imply endorsement by USEPA     

大气臭氧扩散采样方法的初步研究

用扩散采样法,吸收空气中的Ｏ３,该方法测得的Ｏ３浓度对臭氧发生系统产生的Ｏ３浓度的相关系数为０．９８９５。该方法测得的空气中Ｏ３浓度与自动连续监测结果符合很好。     

UV induces reactive oxygen species,damages sperm,and impairs fertilisation in the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthocidaris crassispina</Emphasis>

We demonstrated that environmentally relevant levels of UVA and UVB can reduce sperm motility (UVA: by 38–58%; UVB: by 42–85%; P < 0.05) and subsequently fertilisation success (UVA: by 38–72%; UVB: by 91–98%; P < 0.05) of urchins (Anthocidaris crassispina) in a dose-dependent manner, implicating that recruitment of urchin populations might be reduced by UVR (ultraviolet radiation) prevailing in their natural habitats. Concomitantly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was enhanced by UVA and UVB in a dose-dependent manner (UVA: by 1.3-fold; UVB: by 6.6–7.3-fold; P < 0.05), and the increase in ROS resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in urchin sperm (UVA: by 4.2–7.2-fold; UVB: by 2.3–2.7-fold; P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that ROS production and oxidative damages enhanced by UVR may account for the observed declines in sperm motility and fertilisation, and suggests that levels of UVR prevailing in the environment may pose a significant threat to the reproductive success of natural populations of urchins spawning in shallow waters.     

Factors affecting the feeding rate of the winkle Littorina littorea

The winkle Littorina littorea (L.) feeds mainly when moistened by the tide and is quiescent when exposed to the drying effects of the wind and sun. Upper shore winkles thus experience a reduced feeding time compared with individuals living lower in the intertidal zone, but are able to completely compensate by an increased rate of radular activity when immersed. The rate of radular activity is influenced by the body size of winkles, by experimental temperature and by acclimation temperature, but is mainly modified by the duration of exposure to air which directly controls the rate of radular activity on immersion.     

蓝光对萝卜向光性反应能力的调节

黑暗中培养的萝卜黄化苗在单侧蓝光辐时下的向光性反应比较迟钝。光照预辐射可以改变黄化苗的向光性反应能力，蓝光对向光性反应能力的影响达到显著水平，而红光和远红光的作用不显著；蓝光预辐射０－２ｈ，向光性反应能力按比例增加；１辐射２－１２ｈ，向光性反应能力的增加趋于饱和。蓝光２ｈ诱导增强的向光性反应能力在０－８ｈ的黑暗中可以保持１ｈ，随后便自行逐渐减弱。本文的研究涉及到蓝光对向光性反应能力的调节，在时间上位于向光性诱导及其反应过程之前，反应能力的增强及其在黑暗中的衰减过程均能在实验条件下得到有效的控制，这些结果对进一步筛选与向光性反应能力形成有关的特异蛋白质及ｍＲＮＡ提供了一个可操作的实验体系。     

黄泥土微团聚体颗粒组对Cu2+的吸附与解吸研究

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区黄泥土不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组样品,用平衡液吸附法和CaCl2与HCl溶液的连续解吸法研究原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组对重金属Cu2 的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明,对于Cu2 的吸附,原土用Langmuir方程拟合最佳,而不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组用Freundlich方程拟合最佳。原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组吸附量大小顺序为粘粒级>砂粒级>原土>粉砂级>粗粉砂级,这与其游离氧化铁和有机质含量呈显著正相关。原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组对Cu2 的专性吸附质量分数随吸附量增加而减少,而非专性吸附质量分数则相反。不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组吸附总量小于原土,所以传统风干磨细的研究方法可能高估了土壤对铜固持能力。     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅱ.^27Al—NMR法研究PASC溶 …

采用＾２７Ａｌ－ＮＭＲ法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布。实验结果表明，在ＰＡＳＣ中，由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合物产物间的相互作用，使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。在相同Ｂ值条件下，ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量低于ＰＡＣ中相应Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量，而ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量大于ＰＡＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量，其差值随着碱化度（Ｂ）和Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的减小而增大。     

The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology A global community of conservation professionals

Cover: A variety of systems, issues, and approaches are involved in the conservation of marine resources (special section, pages 1699–1778). Top row: (left) invertebrate assemblage of a kelp forest, Monterey, California (photo by Lance Morgan); (right) ceremonial harvest of reef fish, Papua New Guinea (photo by Joshua Cinner). Middle row: (left) reef fish in traditional fishery, Indonesia (photo by Joshua Cinner); (center) red rock lobster ( Jasus edwardsii ) in Te Angiangi Marine Reserve, New Zealand (photo by Ian Nilsson); (right) traditional spearfisher, Papua New Guinea (photo by Joshua Cinner). Bottom row: (left) ecoguard educates the local community at Hohéli Marine Park, Comoros Islands,Africa (photo by Mark Brown); (right) the rocky intertidal zone of Las Cruces Marine Protected Area, Chile (photo by Carolyn Lundquist).     

Policing in queenless ponerine ants

Potential reproductive conflicts are common in insect societies. One process that can reduce or suppress conflict is policing. We review worker and "queen" policing in queenless ponerine ants. Queenless ants are an important model system for the study of intracolony reproductive conflict. Policing is widespread in queenless ants because workers are totipotent, so that additional potential conflicts occur in comparison to species where workers cannot mate, and these additional conflicts are frequently reduced by policing. Policing is more diverse than suggested by the examples known in other social insects. In almost all species of social Hymenoptera it can include preventing workers from reproducing by killing worker-laid eggs, but in queenless ants it can additionally include immobilisation or mutilation of workers attempting to reproduce by replacing the gamergate (i.e. mated worker with a queen-like role) or by becoming an extra gamergate. Policing by both workers and by the gamergate are important. Policing can be facultative. Depending on the age of the gamergate, workers can prevent her replacement by immobilising challenging workers or they can favour replacement by immobilising the gamergate. The initial definition of policing was inspired by species in which workers retain ovaries but cannot mate. We broaden the definition to include species, such as queenless ants, where females are totipotent, thereby including not only conflict over male production but also over gamergate replacement and gamergate number. Finally, we compare policing with punishment and dominance hierarchy. Policing is not always punishment and it does not necessarily entail dominance relationships.     

Solving unsteady problems in water pollution using Lie symmetries

This work proposes an analytic method to simulate the environmental damage caused by accidents with chemical substances in rivers and lakes. The two-dimensional transport equation is solved by rules based on the Lie algebra in situations in which the velocity field is considered locally constant. The exponential of the differential operator, which arises in the formal solution is locally approximated by the Taylor series. The initial condition is obtained by Lie symmetries. This method was by tested simulating scenarios that describe the blob's behavior through time and the results are compared with available data. Numerical results are shown.     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种(Triticum aestivum L.)在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8(耐铝型)、ES8(铝敏感型)为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2·ˉ产生速率增幅分别为10.5%和20.4%,H2O2含量增幅分别为3.3%和7.6%。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增幅分别为11.9%和41.6%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增幅为51.8%和77.8%,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增幅为54.4%和29.1%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增幅为32.9%和38.4%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性增幅为83.1%和85.5%。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛(MDA)含量分别增加18.2%和50.0%,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1.25倍和1.36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。     

铈锆固溶物载Pd催化剂的构造特征及其活性

以共沉淀法和滤纸作为模板剂的模板法制备铈锆固溶物(Ce／Zr=1)负载Pd催化剂，用XRD对其进行晶相分析，两种方法均形成立方萤石结构．TPR实验揭示了滤纸模板法制备的铈锆固溶物高温老化催化剂更易被还原．催化剂表面Pd的分散度和活性评价实验表明，催化剂表面贵金属的分散度在一定程度上决定催化剂的活性，载体物性影响Pd的分散度，滤纸模板法制备的铈锆固溶物负载Pd催化剂有较高的Pd分散度，表现出比共沉淀法制备的铈锆固溶物负载Pd催化剂好的三效活性．     

内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制Ⅲ：信号转导途径

为了从信号转导途径的角度探讨内源性气态SO2引起血管舒张的机制,采用将气态SO2或SO2生理盐水溶液加入孵育液的方法,使SO2分子直接作用于离体大鼠胸主动脉血管环,同时使用不同信号转导途径抑制剂,研究了内源性气态SO2诱发血管舒张的信号转导机制,并采用类比法研究了SO2对Krebs液pH的影响及其与血管舒张的关系.结果显示:1)内源性气态SO2对大鼠血管的舒张作用是SO2分子直接作用引起的,与SO2引起的pH值轻度降低无关;2)气态SO2在生理浓度和低浓度(<450μmol·L-1)引起的舒血管作用主要是通过NO/cGMP途径介导;3)很低浓度的气态SO(23μmol·L-1)和NO(3或5nmol·L-1)在引起血管舒张作用时有协同作用,二者在体内联合发挥对血管张力的调节作用.结论:1)SO2是血管组织的一种内源性气体舒张因子;2)SO2与NO可以协同调节血管张力,二者可能存在某种形式的交叉对话作用.