珠江三角洲养殖鱼塘水体中重金属污染特征和评估

为了解珠江三角洲主要养殖环境中重金属含量及潜在生态危害程度,用电感藕合等离子质谱法和原子荧光法测定了肇庆、广州、惠州和茂名4市14个样点沉积物中7种元素的水体及底泥总量,并对底泥中主要重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：养殖鱼塘水体中Cr质量浓度范围是nd-0.1011 mg·L-1,超标率为7.1%,Cu质量浓度范围为nd-0.1438 mg·L-1,超标率为64.3%,As质量浓度范围是0.0112-0.0812 mg·L-1,超标率为24.1%,Hg质量浓度范围是0.00004-0.00458 mg·L^-1,超标率为35.7%,Pb质量浓度范围为nd-0.0973 mg·L^-1,超标率为6.8%,其余Ni、Zn和Cd质量浓度范围分别为nd-0.0218、nd-0.0232和nd-0.00319 mg·L^-1,均未超渔业水质标准;底泥中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cd和Pb的平均值分别为83.86、46.19、242.16、32.38、0.64、1.00和60.06 mg·kg^-1,地积累指数评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cu＞Cr,其中,Cd污染程度为中-强,是底泥污染最严重的元素。潜在生态风险指数分析,单项潜在生态风险指数生态风险均值排列顺序为 Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr。对区域综合潜在生态风险指数RI的贡献率最大的元素为Hg、As和Cd。4个市底泥潜在生态风险综合指数（RI）比较,惠州（290.13）＞广州（240.54）＞茂名（193.23）＞肇庆（116.40）。Hg和Cd是该水域污染和潜在生态风险最大的元素。     

湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.     

青海湖流域主要河口区沉积物中重金属元素生态风险评价

为摸清青海湖流域重金属的污染现状,对流域内11处河口区0~5 cm层沉积物进行调查取样,分析测定了表层沉积物中Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、As、Cd和Cr 8种重金属元素含量,并对其来源、生态风险及污染状况进行评价。结果显示:(1)青海湖流域沉积物中8种重金属含量和介于151.61~277.31 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为209.65 mg·kg~(-1),略高于青海湖流域表层土壤环境背景值。重金属含量由高到低依次为As、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd和Hg,其中As、Cr和Zn占8种重金属总含量的73.63%。青海湖流域重金属元素间具有相似来源,人类对重金属元素的影响主要体现在交通运输和农业活动上。重金属地累积系数I_(geo)从大到小依次为As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb,其中As的污染程度为偏中度,平均地累积指数I_(geo)为1.67。重金属潜在生态风险值从大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr和Zn,其中Hg、Cd和As对综合潜在生态风险指数I_R的平均贡献率分别为40.76%、25.56%和25.53%。(2)近年来青海湖流域内的交通运输、农业废水、小城镇化及旅游开发等人类活动造成的重金属排放问题已经开始显现,流域生态系统的自净能力不能将所有重金属元素均净化至低风险水平。因此,必须加强对中小河流与季节性河流中重金属元素的监测和预警,制定出针对性的治理和修复措施,保证青海湖流域内不受重金属污染的威胁。     

西安城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其风险评价

利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对西安市城内、东郊、西郊、南郊及北郊不同区域公园灰尘中的重金属进行测试分析,并采用地积累指数法评价了公园灰尘中重金属的污染状况。测试分析结果显示,西安城市公园灰尘中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的平均含量分别为86.4、124.7、323.4、125.2和35.4 mg/kg,均高于陕西省土壤环境背景值。灰尘中重金属元素的含量主要与区域的工业分布的集中度有关,同时也受到其他污染源的影响。污染评价结果表明,西安城市公园灰尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Ni都存在着不同程度的污染,污染程度表现为Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Ni。     

北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析

环境大气中重金属元素通常存在于细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,对人体健康和生态环境具有潜在威胁.开展大气中重金属的监测对评估其环境健康影响以及针对性控制措施的制定具有重要科学意义和现实意义.本文对北京市怀柔区大气中20种重金属元素于2016年1月19日至3月4日进行了连续现场监测,并分析了大气重金属的污染现状、特征及来源.观测期间大气平均总重金属浓度为0.52μg·m~(-3),约占PM_(2.5)平均浓度(70.3μg·m~(-3)的0.75%,其中以Fe、Zn、Ba、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、As浓度较高;在2月8日(大年初一)烟花爆竹燃放高峰期间大气颗粒物中重金属元素浓度明显升高,总重金属浓度最高可达7.94μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的比例为9%,尤其以Ba、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr浓度增长最为突出.以Fe作为地壳参比元素,发现怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr的富集因子小于10,其它元素的富集因子大于10,表明怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr主要来源于土壤或岩石风化,其它元素则主要来自人为污染源排放.基于怀柔冬季大气中不同重金属变化特征分析,推测Pb、Zn、Hg、Mn、Ni、Se与As共同来源于冬季燃煤采暖以及周围工业园区煤炭燃料燃烧排放,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Mn和Ba主要来源于烟花爆竹燃放,Cd等元素来源于周围工业园区的工业生产过程.     

鄱阳湖湖口段沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解鄱阳湖与长江交汇区沉积物中重金属含量以及各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,通过采样分析As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属含量及污染特征分布的基础上,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖底泥中的重金属污染进行综合性的评价分析.结果表明,鄱阳湖湖口段沉积物已经受到了不同程度的重金属污染;沉积物中Cd、Cu和Hg受人为影响比较严重,Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn均存在一定程度的积累;区域重金属元素潜在生态风险主要受制于Hg和Cu,潜在生态风险贡献率大小排序为:Hg(38.4%)Cu(27.8%)Pb(10.9%)Cd(9.1%)As(8.0%)Cr(4.0%)Zn(1.8%).     

江西省市售草鱼重金属含量分析及食用安全性评价

为探究江西省市售草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)重金属元素蓄积水平及食用安全性,利用原子吸收光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了草鱼肌肉中的Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb共12种重金属元素的含量.采用营养质量指数法、单项污染指数法、均值型综合污染指数法、目标危害系数法及每周可耐受摄入量对其营养价值、污染程度、健康风险与食用安全性进行评估.结果表明,样品中Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量均低于我国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)中的标准.营养质量评价结果显示,草鱼是人体必需元素Mg和Cu的良好食物源.污染程度分析表明,有小部分样品中Zn(3.17%)和As (4.76%)处于微污染水平,As(1.59%)处于轻污染水平,其余重金属均处于无污染水平.健康风险评估结果显示,江西省市售草鱼中重金属对当地居民无明显的健康风险;但As、Zn和Cu对复合重金属目标危害系数的贡献率达到60.85%,是草鱼重金属污染中主要的风险因子; As、Cd和Cr致癌风险处于可接受水平,Pb无致癌风险;食用安全性结果显示,每周实际摄入重金属的量(EWI)占每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)比值小于10%,表明江西省草鱼食用安全性较高.     

开封市城乡交错区农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

用200 m×200 m网格布点法采集开封市城乡交错区表层土壤样品259个.采用ICP-MS测定了土壤重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn和Cr)含量,原子荧光法测定了土壤中Hg和As含量.分别采用污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平,应用IDW空间插值法分析土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险空间分布,并对重金属的来源进行讨论.结果表明:(1)开封市城乡交错区表层土壤8种重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Ni、Zn和Cr的平均含量分别为1.43、0.37、40.77、7.13、33.92、25.28、180.23、49.00 mg·kg~(-1).(2)各样点8种元素平均PLI为1.93,总体上属于轻度污染.其中Cd和Hg为重度污染,Zn、Pb和Cu为轻度污染,Ni、Cr和As处于无污染状态.各样点8种元素平均RI为765.50,属于很强生态风险.其中Cd和Hg处于极强和很强风险,其余元素为轻微风险.(3)PLI的分布与RI的分布有些相似,高值区位于炼锌厂、化肥厂和化肥河(HF河)临近区域,低值区位于研究区东北部包括开封火电厂周边,总体呈由东北向西南递增的趋势.(4)Cd和Hg既是主要的污染因子又是主要的生态风险因子,其来源主要与炼锌厂和化肥厂的废水排放与污水灌溉、烟尘沉降、交通污染以及农业等人类活动有关.     

温瑞塘河温州市区典型河段底泥重金属污染特征

通过对温瑞塘河温州市区典型河段44个表层沉积物样品重金属含量进行监测和分析,应用地积累指数法和生态因子富集法等对典型重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni进行污染评价和空间特征对比,结果表明：各重金属污染程度从高到低依次为：Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Ni〉Mn〉Fe〉Cr,其中Zn、Cu在多数样点呈现重污染状态,含量分别为126．19～4312．07mg／kg及18．64～635．54mg／kg,Pb呈中度污染状态,含量为51．30～252．76mg／kg,而Ni、Mn、Fe、Cr基本处于无污染或轻微污染状态。绝大多数采样点出现3种以上重金属元素的复合污染,两种评价方法得出的结论基本一致,山下河重金属污染明显比九山外河更为严重,城市功能结构调整成为城市河网水环境治理的基础。     

灰藓属植物对衡阳市大气重金属污染的监测作用

研究主要是利用灰藓属植物大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme)对衡阳市内有代表性的区域大气重金属污染进行监测,分别选取了工业区、文教区、居民区、休闲旅游区4个功能区,采用原子吸收光谱法对样品中Cu、Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn等6重金属元素含量进行测定.结果:Cu、Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr在4个监测点的含量范围依次为10.211 ug/g~20.824 ug/g,0.515 ug/g~0.931 ug/g,0.326 ug/g~1.669 ug/g,22.746 ug/g~51.625 ug/g,101.745 ug/g~123.221ug/g,3.617 ug/g~15.822 ug/g,单一重金属污染指数值范围依次是:1.564~3.198,1.702~3.089,0.895~4.675,2.247~5.102,1.574~1.987,1.997~8.726.结论:利用灰藓属植物监测衡阳市大气重金属污染,Cr污染最严重,各监测点的重金属污染程度最严重的是松木工业园.     

西安东郊某废弃钢铁厂油松年轮记录的重金属含量变化过程

以西安市东郊某废弃钢铁厂为例,采用石墨炉原子吸收法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、原子荧光法测定了废弃钢铁厂两棵油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)树盘及其根部土壤中重金属Cr、Mn、Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd和类金属As以及P等8种元素的含量.土壤测定结果表明,该地区Cr、Zn、As等元素含量超过了西安市郊区土壤背景值,Cr、Mn等元素易在深层土壤中积累,Hg、Zn等元素不易在深层土壤中积累.两个树盘年轮中这8种元素的含量随着年代的推移总体呈现上升的趋势,这表明该地区由这些元素引起的污染状况日益加重.Hg、Pb、Cd等元素于1996年左右吸收达到最高峰,与该钢铁厂生产历史相一致.这两个树盘中Mn、Hg、Zn、As、P等元素自1993年后均呈现比较一致的增长趋势.通过计算各元素的自相关系数,从统计学角度发现这8种元素在油松年轮中的迁移特征:Mn、Zn、As等元素均存在着3年的横向迁移趋势,Pb、P存在2年的迁移趋势,Hg、Cd有1年的迁移,而Cr几乎不迁移,其中Zn、Cd、P等元素在油松中的迁移趋势与西安市西部某地区椿树和桐树中的迁移趋势表现一致.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.     

Assessment of heavy metals in water,sediment, Anabas testudineus and Eichhornia crassipes in a former mining pond in Perak,Malaysia

The concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn were analysed in water, sediment, muscle of climbing perch fish (Anabas testudineus), and tissue of water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes) collected from a former tin-mining pond in Perak, Malaysia. The monitoring was performed during the minimum and maximum rainfall periods. The concentrations of As, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in water exceeded the permissible limits set by the Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INWQS). The risk index (RI) values determined for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in sediment presented a low degree of ecological risk. The order of the top three heavy metals measured in fish muscle was Zn?>?Fe?>?Al. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of As and Cr exceeded the allowable limits in both rainfall periods. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values of Zn in water hyacinth were 24.865 and 3.214, respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in the plant tissue were significantly correlated (p?<?.05) with the concentrations of heavy metals in water. Overall, climbing perch and water hyacinth are excellent bioindicators of environmental impacts on water bodies.     

Exposure to Selected Heavy Metals Through Water Ingestion in an Area Under the Influence of Tanneries

This study evaluated the potential toxicological risk posed to human health due to the exposure to heavy metals by water ingestion in an area affected by tanneries – the Cadeia-Feitoria hydrographic basin (Brazil). River water was collected at 10 sites, every 3 months, from July 1999 to April 2000. After acid digestion, total metal concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn), flame atomic absorption (Al, Fe, Pb, Mn), or cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Hg). Cr(VI) was complexed with diphenyl-carbazide and detected by UV–vis spectrometry. In order to quantify the risk of exposure, the risk assessment methodology employed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States was applied at a screening level. The assumed scenarios included extreme exposure patterns (ingestion of untreated water, conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), temporal peaks of pollution). Fe, Al, Cd, Hg, and Pb were not included in the risk analysis, since they showed a low toxicity potential or were undetected in the samples. The selected metals presented Hazard Quotients < 1, in the following order of increasing risk: Cu < Cr(III) < Zn < Ni < Mn < Cr(VI). Hazard indexes, representing the additive effect of contaminants, were also low in the basin (< 1), but comparatively increased in the lower reach of Feitoria and Cadeia Rivers. Although noncarcinogenic risk levels did not suggest possible adverse toxicological effects to the human population, a considerable deviation from background conditions was observed downstream the area where tanneries are mainly located.     

Microwave-assisted acid extraction of the major metal elements in herbal extracts followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determination

The content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn was determined in Rosa damascena, Vitis vinifera, Crocus sativus, and Olea europaea L. herbal extracts produced in different areas in Greece. Samples were mineralized in a closed microwave system using nitric acid, and the concentration of all metals was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The herbal extracts contained As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Pb at concentrations below their respective limits of detection, whereas Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn were determined in varying quantities. The proposed method is precise and accurate, thus it can be used for the determination of metals in Rosa damascena, Vitis vinifera, Crocus sativus, and Olea europaea L. herbal extracts.     

中国大气颗粒物中金属元素环境地球化学行为研究

大气颗粒物金属污染已成为目前大气污染的研究热点之一。文章梳理、分析归纳了中国近年来大气颗粒中金属元素的环境地球化学方面的研究。目前研究较多的是Fe、Ca、Mg、Si等地壳元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等污染元素;大气颗粒物中对人体有害的Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Zn等污染较严重,而Cr、Mn、Co、Ni等污染较轻。大气颗粒物中金属含量随时间分布变化显著,总体上呈现冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季的特点,空间分布上一般北方燃煤城市大于南方一般城市;城市内部一般工业区〉交通区〉居民区〉郊区;金属元素在细粒径颗粒（〈2μm）中高,粗颗粒（〉2μm）中低,尤其以污染元素明显。污染元素与地壳元素的垂直分布规律差异较大。大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集程度与元素种类、区域类型、季节变化、粒径大小等有关。最后,提出应加强大气颗粒物中金属元素空间分布差异、时间分布的尺度及差异性研究;同时加强超细颗粒物的研究,以便建立大气颗粒物金属元素与人类健康关系的风险模型。     

Trace metals in fish,sediment and water from the south west coast of the Arabian sea,Pakistan

Concentrations of ten metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) in the edible muscle of Arius maculatus captured from eight different near‐shore and off‐shore sites off the south west coast of the Arabian Sea, Pakistan, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Relevant water and sediment samples from the sites were also analysed for the metals. Zinc showed the highest metal concentration (6.763 μg/g, wet weight) in the muscle of the fish, while Mn and Hg showed lowest level (0.019 μg/g, wet weight). Of all the metals investigated, largest scatter (measured as σ) was observed for Zn (σ = 2.058 /μg/g) in fish muscle, for Fe and Mn in sediment (σ = 27481 and 44.50 μg/g) and for As in water (σ = 0.270 μg/L). The metal distribution data pertaining to water, fish and sediment were examined on the basis of simple metal correlations. The statistical study revealed that Ni, Cr, Pb and Cu had significant positive correlations (r > 0.830 at ρ = 0.01). The finding substantiated a trace metal concentration gradient in the area, thereby indicating that the local marine environment is contaminated by anthropogenic sources.     

Concentration of heavy metals in water and chub, Leuciscus cephalus (Linn.) from the river Yildiz, Turkey

The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Fe and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the river water and the edible muscle tissues of chub, Leuciscus cephalus, from river Yildiz, Turkey, and in the waste water The following results were found in the water of the river Yildiz: Cu 0.03-0.53, Fe 0.91-1.96 and Zn, 053-1.49 microgl(-1), in the waste water Cu 0.20-0.52, Fe 1.22-2.29 and Zn 0.92-1.46 microgl(-1) and in the edible muscle of chub: Cu 1.00-3.79, Fe 7.21-17.04 and Zn 4.12-18.33 microg g(-1) wet weight respectively. Among the heavy metals studied Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Mn were not detected in the river water, waste water and chub samples. Heavy metal contents in these samples were evaluated and the highest concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn were found in the muscle tissue. The levels of the heavy metals were detected in decreasing order as iron> zinc> copper. All the samples contained comparatively lower amounts of metals as suggested by international and national regulatory bodies. Thus, we recommend periodic monitoring of these metals in the fish consumed by local people.