对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附特性

研究了沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚的作用机理及影响因素，结果表明，对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附由其中的有机质含量和结构决定，体系的pH值对对硝基苯酚的吸附有较大的影响，其主要原因是体系的pH值控制着沉积物中有机质的溶出量，在实验浓度范围内，分配作用在沉积物吸附对硝基酚中占主导地位。     

抗生素氟苯尼考在海洋沉积物中的吸附行为

应用振荡平衡法研究氟苯尼考在沉积物上的吸附特性,以及盐度、pH值和温度等因素对其吸附作用的影响.结果表明,根据经验式由Kow估算出的吸附系数比实测值小很多;氟苯尼考在去除沉积物有机质前后其吸附系数变化不大(3.3473,3.0867);随着盐度、pH值和温度的升高,氟苯尼考在沉积物上的吸附系数呈下降趋势;氟苯尼考在沉积物上的吸附可能与氢键作用和表面吸附作用有关.     

邻硝基苯酚在有机改性凹凸棒土上的吸附行为

应用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)、溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)、四乙基溴化铵(TEA)和四丁基溴化铵(TBA)分别对凹凸棒石原土进行改性,研究有机改性凹凸棒土对水中邻硝基苯酚的吸附作用.结果表明,四种改性土对水中邻硝基苯酚的吸附在较短的时间内即基本达到平衡,且对水中邻硝基苯酚的吸附去除率与改性土的有机碳含量呈明显的正相关,同样条件下其去除能力大小的顺序是CPB改性土＞HDTMA改性土＞TBA改性土＞TEA改性土;当体系pH值大于邻硝基苯酚的pKa时,CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附能力明显增强; CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附过程更适合用Henry吸附等温线进行描述,该吸附过程的主要机制是分配作用;CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附过程是吸热反应,该吸附过程中无化学键力和配位基交换力等强作用力;阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的存在抑制了CPB改性土对邻硝基苯酚的吸附.     

苯酚在滩涂沉积物上的吸附特性

研究了苯酚在泉州湾滩涂沉积物上的吸附行为，尤其是pH值和温度对吸附作用的影响，探讨了其吸附机理，同时绘制了吸附等温线。实验结果表明，常温下苯酚在泉州湾滩涂沉积物上的吸附平衡时间约需6h；吸附作用随pH值和温度的升高而减弱；苯酚在泉州湾滩涂沉积物上的吸附行为可以较好地用Henry、Langmuir和Freundlich型吸附等温式来描述，相比而言，Freundlich型拟合效果最好，这说明其吸附机理实际上非常复杂。     

PDMDAAC-膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附特性的研究

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为改性剂,对天然钙基膨润土进行有机改性,比较PDMDAAC-膨润土与膨润土对对硝基苯酚废水的处理性能,研究了改性剂用量以及对硝基苯酚浓度、pH值、反应时间等因素对膨润土吸附去除率的影响．结果表明：PDMDAAC改性膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附效果比膨润土有较大提高,吸附去除率达84％;吸附后的PDMDAAC-膨润土可用酸进行再生,再生后对对硝基苯酚的吸附去除率没有明显下降;PDMDAAC-膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附行为可用Freundlieh型吸附等温线较好地进行拟合．     

普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附特征

主要研究了pH、离子强度、腐殖酸和沉积物有机质对普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,沉积物对普萘洛尔具有一定的吸附能力.在强酸环境下,由于H⁺与带正电荷的普萘洛尔之间的竞争作用使得普萘洛尔的吸附量较小,随着pH的增大,吸附量逐渐增大至基本稳定,但当pH>9时,吸附量明显下降.K⁺、Na⁺和Ca²⁺的存在会减少普萘洛尔在沉积物上的吸附.在pH 5.8—6.0的情况下,随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,普萘洛尔在沉积物上的吸附量逐渐增加,而后逐渐到达平台期.有机质对普萘洛尔在沉积物上的吸附起到一定作用,普萘洛尔在天然水体中更倾向于吸附到沉积物的无机矿物成分上.普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich吸附模型,拟二级动力学方程能较好地描述普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附过程.     

酚类化合物在矿化垃圾中吸附性能的研究

研究了苯酚、2-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附性能.酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附是一个比较迅速的过程,经过6h的吸附即可达到平衡.pH值对酚吸附容量的影响较大,低pH值有利于矿化垃圾对酚的吸附.四种酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附容量大小顺序为:4-氯酚＞2,4-二氯酚＞2-氯酚＞苯酚.在实验浓度范围内,酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附符合Freundlish等温吸附方程.四种酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附是酚在矿化垃圾有机质的分配作用和化学吸附作用共同作用的结果.     

湿地沉积物对铊、镉的吸附性能

为了研究广州大学城湾咀头湿地公园(D)和南沙湿地公园(N)表层沉积物对典型重金属铊(Tl)和镉(Cd)吸附性能的研究,采用静态批处理实验,探讨了pH、沉积物中有机质含量、反应时间、Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的初始浓度、温度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,溶液初始浓度为10 mg·L~(-1),随溶液初始pH值的升高,沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量增大,在pH 3.0—9.0时,沉积物D和N对Tl(Ⅰ)均达到较大的吸附量,分别为159.5 mg·kg~(-1)和156.7 mg·kg~(-1);在pH值为2.0—6.0时,对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附急剧增大,沉积物D的吸附量达到了220.1 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物N的值则达到247.8 mg·kg~(-1),当pH6.0时,吸附量呈下降趋势;沉积物中的有机质对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附有显著影响,对Tl(Ⅰ)吸附影响程度小于Cd(Ⅱ).动力学实验显示,沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程迅速,分别在4 h和1 h达到平衡;沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附与准二级动力学拟合程度高(R20.99),由此可知该吸附过程为化学吸附.等温吸附实验表明,随Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度增加,沉积物的吸附量也随之上升,当温度升高时,沉积物对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量增大,对Tl(Ⅰ)的吸附效果则相反;沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合均较好.     

敌敌畏在颗粒物上吸附的支配因素

研究了敌敌畏在颗粒物(呼和浩特土壤和黄河水体沉积物)上的吸附行为,探讨了颗粒物性质如有机质含量、粘粒含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:敌敌畏在2种颗粒物上的吸附过程均符合一级动力学规律,可用Freundlich等温式描述,吸附常数Kd为5. 822 0和11. 738 8;颗粒物性质与吸附常数的相关分析发现:支配敌敌畏在颗粒物上吸附的主要因素是有机质含量、pH值和离子强度,随着pH值的增加和离子强度的降低,敌敌畏在2种颗粒物上的吸附量增大。     

重金属对药物和个人护理品在土壤/沉积物中吸附的影响机制:现状与展望

药物和个人护理品简称(PPCPs)是一类具有潜在累积效果的环境污染物,其广泛分布于水体与土壤环境中.在土壤/沉积物中,PPCPs将发生一系列的物理、化学和生物作用,其中吸附是PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中极为关键的环境行为,将影响PPCPs在环境中的迁移转化及其对生物体的危害程度.重金属作为一类常见的无机污染物,它们的存在会影响PPCPs在土壤/沉积物表面的吸附行为,对土壤/沉积物吸附PPCPs的吸附效果造成不同影响.本文归纳总结了重金属存在时,PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中的吸附机理,综合探讨了PPCPs官能团组成、重金属离子类型、pH、离子强度和有机质等因素对PPCPs吸附的影响,并针对以往研究存在的问题进行了展望.     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH,the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL^- and L^2-). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.     

沉积物对菲和五氯酚的吸附性能

研究了菲和五氯酚（PCP）在五种沉积物的吸附解吸行为，菲和PCP在各沉积物上的吸附和解吸都是较快的过程。均能在8h内达到平衡，吸附和解吸结果表明，高有机质含量的沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附和持留能力都较强，菲和PCP在各沉积物中的吸附系数跟沉积物的有机质含量呈线性正相关。等温吸附结果表明，低有机质含量的三种沉积物比有机质含量较高的两种沉积物呈更好的线性关系。不同沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附性能差异跟沉积物的有机质含量密切相关。     

Processes of distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface freshwaters: implications for risk assessment

The global consumption and production of pharmaceuticals is increasing concomitantly with concern regarding their environmental fate and effects. Active pharmaceutical ingredients are mainly released into the aquatic environment through wastewater effluent discharge. Once in the environment, pharmaceuticals can undergo processes of natural attenuation, i.e. dilution, sorption, transformation, depending on physico-chemical properties of the compound, such as water solubility, lipophilicity, vapour pressure, and environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature and ionic strength. A major natural attenuation process is the sorption on dissolved organic matter, colloids, suspended solids and sediments, which in turn control pharmaceuticals distribution, residence time and persistence in aquatic systems. Here we review studies of sorption capacity of natural sorbents to pharmaceuticals. These report on the importance of several environmental and sorbent-specific properties, such as the composition, quality, and amount of the sorbent, and the environmental pH, which determines the speciation of both the sorbent and compound. The importance of accounting for distribution processes on freshwater sorbents for any determination of environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals is apparent, while the reliability of surrogate standards for measuring dissolved organic matter (DOM) distribution is evaluated in the context of the need for robust environmental risk assessment protocols.     

土壤与沉积物对多环芳烃类有机物的吸附作用

吸附作用是疏水性有机物在土壤和沉积物环境中的重要迁移转化行为之一。多环芳烃是环境中一种重要的疏水性有机污染物。文章着重阐述了多环芳烃类有机物在土壤和沉积物中有机质和粘土矿物吸附机理，指出土壤、沉积物有机质的结构异质性是导致非线形吸附的重要原因；分析了影响多环芳烃吸附过程的诸多因素，并提出该研究领域存在的问题以及今后发展的方向。     

Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents

Sorption of heavy metals to organic matter and mineral soil constituents can hardly be separated experimentally. Here we studied the retention capacity of organic matter and minerals from soils in a long-term field experiment in which the organic carbon content had been altered, but the mineral phase had remained constant over time. The sorption of Cu, Cd and Zn showed a non-additive contribution of soil organic matter and minerals to the sorption capacity of soil. Sorption on organic matter exceeded mineral sorption from 6 to 13 times. This is the first time that sorption to soil organic matter is quantified in bulk soils.     

Coexisting sediments and suspended particles change the sorption of lindane and ciprofloxacin in waters

The real behavior of water organic contaminants such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals is not well known because research experiments usually simplify the conditions by studying the sorption of a pure compound on a single solid. However, in natural waters, biofilms, suspended particles, and sediments are solid substances that coexist, and thus may change the contaminant fate. Therefore, we studied here the sorption of lindane and ciprofloxacin by three single-solid and three double-solid sorbents using batch experiments. We also compared the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) between single- and double-solid sorption systems. Results show that the sorption quantity of lindane to the double-solid system of suspended particles and sediments is lower, of 0.99 L/g, than the sum of sorption quantity in the single-solid system, of 1.39 L/g. The sorption quantity of ciprofloxacin is higher, of 2.70 L/g, than the sum of sorption quantity in the single-solid system, of 1.90 L/g. These findings are explained by changes in DOM that suppress or promote sorption. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to present evidence that coexisting river solids modify lindane and ciprofloxacin sorption.     

不同生态类型富营养化湖泊沉积物中有机质赋存形态

以藻型湖泊(太湖)、草藻型湖泊(南四湖)、草型湖泊(白洋淀)湖泊沉积物为研究对象,采集了11个表层沉积物样品,测定沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量并利用物理分组方法,研究了3种不同生态型湖及同一湖泊不同区域沉积物中总有机质(OM)、轻组有机质(LFOM)和重组有机质(HFOM)的赋存特征.结果表明,南四湖沉积物中总氮、总磷和总有机质含量显著高于太湖和白洋淀;尽管太湖、南四湖和白洋淀沉积物中总有机质含量较高,但是轻组有机质(LFOM)含量较低,分别占总有机质的0.95%—1.08%、0.21%—1.37%和1.4%—1.78%;重组有机质(HFOM)含量较高,分别占总有机质的83.83%—87.4%、94%—98.98%和88.2%—98.3%,表明3种不同生态型湖泊沉积物中所含有机质绝大部分为难分解的重组有机质,轻组有机质基本矿化分解.相关性分析表明,轻组有机质(LFOM)、重组有机质(HFOM)与总有机质(OM)之间均呈现显著正相关关系.     

除草剂苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附

对除草剂苯噻草胺在6种不同土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附性。在试验浓度范围内,苯噻草胺的土壤吸附行为可用线性吸附模型表征。土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺吸附行为的重要因素,其吸附系数有随土壤有机质含量增高而增大的趋势。通过在线性吸附系数（Kd)和土壤有机质含量（OM％）之间构建的回归方程：Kd=2.6120 OM% 1.0746,可以预测苯噻草胺的Kd值,其预测的可靠性通过蒙特卡洛模拟得以检验。     

Inventories and Distribution of Radiocaesium in Arctic Marine Sediments: Influence of Biological and Physical Processes

Extensive surveys of sediment burdens of radiocaesium, specifically ¹³⁷Cs, and other radioactive contaminants in the Arctic during the 1990's, indicate that almost all anthropogenic radionuclides buried on continental shelves adjacent to Alaska are derived from global bomb fallout. the ¹³⁷Cs (half-life: 30.2y) activities observed in surface (0-4 cm) marine sediments however, vary widely, albeit much less than the expected current inventory resulting from bomb fallout at this latitude (∼100mBq cm^-2). This observed geographical variation provided the opportunity to evaluate physical and biological mechanisms that may affect caesium biogeochemistry on Arctic continental shelves. We investigated whether high biological productivity in portions of the Bering and Chukchi Seas is effective in removing dissolved radiocaesium from the water column, and whether biological production in overlying water affects total radiocaesium inventories in sediments. Based upon C/N ratios in the organic fraction of shallow sediments, we found no evidence that higher inventories or surface activities of radiocaesium are present in areas with higher deposition of particulate organic matter. Based upon stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter in sediments, we found no evidence that terrestrial runoff contributes proportionally to higher surface activities, although terrestrial runoff may affect total inventories of the radionuclide. Radiocaesium content of surface sediments was significantly correlated with total organic carbon content of sediments and the proportion of sediments in the finest sediment fractions. Because high current flow can also be expected to influence distributions of those sedimentary parameters, we conclude that re-distribution of     

土壤和沉积物中非水解有机碳对菲的吸附

采用改进的酸水解方法对土壤和沉积物中的有机质组分进行了分离和提取,用固体13C核磁共振（13CNMR）表征了非水解有机碳（NHC）,同时研究了不同有机质组分对菲的吸附行为,结果表明,菲的吸附等温线都呈现出明显的非线性,能很好地拟合Freundlich方程;而且NHC和碳黑（BC）比其原始和去矿样品的吸附容量都有明显提高.这些结果揭示了NHC和BC主要控制着菲在土壤和沉积物中的吸附行为.沉积物及其NHC对菲的吸附容量要高于土壤及其NHC,这与土壤和沉积物中有机质的不同来源有关.