黄河口湿地典型盐碱植被群落土壤氮素的季节动态及根际效应

于5、8和10月对黄河口湿地典型断面盐碱植被群落进行3个航次的野外生态调查,研究了不同植被覆盖的湿地土壤氮素的时空分布特征及典型盐碱植物碱蓬和芦苇群落土壤氮素的根际效应,并基于线性模型的冗余分析(RDA)探讨土壤理化参数对氮素分布特征的影响.结果表明,黄河口湿地5月和10月土壤氮素含量高于8月,土壤氮素以有机氮为主,无机氮以铵态氮为主;总体上,表层土壤氮素含量芦苇碱蓬光滩,光滩土壤氮素含量低于碱蓬和芦苇群落土壤的30%—50%;光滩、碱蓬和芦苇群落剖面土壤总氮、有机氮和铵态氮在0—10 cm表层含量最高,随土壤深度其含量下降,硝态氮在土壤中呈现显著淋溶作用,其峰值出现在地下土壤层30 cm左右;碱蓬和芦苇群落根际土壤氮素含量均高于非根际土壤,且碱蓬根际土壤氮素含量显著高于芦苇根际土壤(P0.05).RDA分析结果表明,影响土壤氮素分布特征的主要理化参数是土壤有机碳含量和pH.植被种类影响黄河口湿地土壤氮素的累积,一般情况下土壤氮素的累积量呈现芦苇碱蓬光滩的特征,并具有明显的季节差异,相对芦苇群落,碱蓬在生长季节8月份根际土壤中积累更多的氮素.     

造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响

测定分析了造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响.研究结果表明,在造纸废水灌溉条件下,新疆杨体内不同生长部位的钠离子含量均随着灌溉年限的增加逐渐增大,新疆杨体内钠离子含量与土壤中钠离子含量呈显著正相关;新疆杨叶片中钠离子含量明显低于根系中钠离子含量,说明盐碱胁迫下新疆杨叶片耐钠性大于根系耐钠性,新疆杨根系是钠离子累积和外排的主要部位.     

崇明东滩湿地围垦区芦苇生物量影响因素初探

在对崇明东滩湿地围垦区土壤和芦苇生长状况进行调查的基础上,探讨了受潜水位波动影响的土壤环境因子对芦苇群落生长的影响.结果表明:(1)由于潜水位波动的幅度和时间不同,样地间土壤含水量存在显著差异(P1,2=0.004,P1,3=0.001,P2,3=0.040),进而导致受土壤含水量影响较大的芦苇株高和单株叶面积不同,土壤含水量高的样地,其芦苇株高和单株叶面积也达到最高值;(2)土壤全氮含量对芦苇密度、地上生物量和地下生物量有明显影响.     

盐碱土壤基质人工湿地对低浓度氮磷废水的净化效果

采用实验室模拟研究了以盐碱土壤为基质的不同湿地植物人工湿地系统以及对水中低质量浓度氮和磷的去除效率。实验表明，芦苇系统、香蒲系统、车钱草系统和无植物系统均对水中低质量浓度的N具有净化效果。3种植物系统相比，香蒲系统的净化效果较其他二者较佳，芦苇系统与车钱草的净化效果相当；同时实验也表明4种湿地系统对低质量浓度的P不具有净化效果，随着水力停留时间的增加，系统中的P质量浓度反而会有所增加。     

崇明西沙湿地土壤石油类污染物季节变化特征及其对植被类型的影响

随着人类开采石油量的增加、海上交通运输的发展、海底溢油事故的发生以及工业民用废水排放的日益增长,海洋环境承受着来自外界的巨大危害。并且,海洋中的石油类污染物由水体迁移至土壤,给周边土壤也带来极大影响。石油类物质已成为崇明西沙湿地土壤主要的污染物之一。基于此,于2014年3月至12月在崇明西沙湿地设置5个采样点,利用紫外分光光度计、GC-MS等仪器对石油类污染物的浓度和组分进行测定,研究了土壤石油类污染物含量随季节变化的情况及其对植被类型的影响,并对污染物组分和来源进行解析。结果表明,湿地土壤石油类污染物主要以碳原子数小于8的饱和直链烷烃和饱和支链烷烃为主,同时还含有少量的烯烃、含氧杂环、含氮杂环等物质。该地区石油类污染物平均含量为47.3 mg·kg~(-1),其中春季最高,秋季最低;单因子污染指数为0.079~0.155,土壤尚处于清洁水平。湿地土壤石油类含量呈现季节性变化,与外源输入、海上作业及微生物的分解作用有关。3种植被群落土壤和光滩石油类污染物含量各异,且随季节变化明显,其中光滩群落土壤石油类污染物含量最低,芦苇群落土壤石油类污染物含量最高,且4个季节均明显高于其它群落,分析其原因可能是芦苇特殊的根系结构对石油有较好的截留和吸附作用。     

不同退耕年限条件下菜子湖湿地土壤理化性质变化

退耕还湖是我国长江中下游地区湿地生态恢复的重要举措.土壤理化性质指标是评价湿地生态恢复状况的重要组成部分.选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10和20 a)湿地为研究对象,通过与相邻仍耕作油菜地和原始湿地土壤理化性质的比较,揭示了退耕还湖后湿地土壤生态特征变化规律.结果表明,随着退耕年限的增加,不同土壤理化性质指标变化趋势存在差异;土壤有机质含量逐年增加;土壤全氮和碱解氮含量在退耕5 a时显著升高,而后期变化平缓;土壤全磷和有效磷含量均呈先降低后升高趋势;土壤黏粒含量逐渐增加;土壤容重呈先升高后降低趋势;土壤含水量不断增加;土壤pH值缓慢降低.退耕2 a湿地土壤生态特征仍与油菜地相似,退耕2 a后土壤生态特征开始向原始湿地方向演化.退耕20 a期间湿地表层土壤理化性质变化强烈,而亚表层变化相对平缓.回归分析表明,除土壤pH和氮素含量的回归曲线拟合不显著外,退耕湿地表层土壤黏粒含量、容重、含水量、有机质含量、全磷含量和有效磷含量恢复到原始湿地水平所需时间分别为19、23、31、26、27和22 a,快于亚表层土壤的20、31、51、40、30和23 a.     

崇明东滩围垦湿地芦苇生态特征与水盐因子的关系

芦苇是崇明东滩围垦湿地生态系统的重要优势物种和建群种,了解芦苇与滨海围垦区湿地土壤水盐因子的关系对于围垦区湿地水盐调控管理和湿地植被恢复具有重要意义.以崇明东滩围垦湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,通过野外调查与统计分析,探讨滨海湿地芦苇生态特征与地下水埋深(Ground water depth,WD)和土壤电导率(Siol electrical conductivity,EC)的关系.结果表明:研究区地下水埋深与表层土壤电导率呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.883;沿着高程从高到低,地下水埋深逐渐升高,土壤电导率逐渐降低,在不同水盐梯度下芦苇种群表现出相应的生态特征,芦苇密度、株高、单株叶面积、单株生物量、叶面积指数和单位面积地上生物量均沿着高程的降低而增加.Pearson相关性分析表明,地下水埋深与芦苇生态特征呈显著正相关,而土壤电导率与芦苇生态特征呈显著负相关,并且土壤电导率与芦苇生态特征的相关性大于地下水埋深.回归分析发现芦苇在土壤水埋深较低区域(-5 cm以下)生长受到限制,表现为低密度、低生物量;在地表有少量积水的土壤环境中(0 cm以上)芦苇生长状况较好,表现为高密度、高生物量.随着土壤电导率的增加,芦苇以低密度、低生物量的生态特征来适应胁迫伤害.当土壤电导率5 m S/cm,随着土壤电导率增加,芦苇生长指标快速下降,而当土壤电导率5 m S/cm,芦苇生长指标下降幅度较小.本研究表明,适当提高芦苇湿地年平均土壤水埋深有利于降低土壤表层土壤电导率,并且提高土壤水埋深均有利于芦苇单株生长和种群生长.     

西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析

以首个国家湿地公园--西溪国家湿地公园为研究区域,对该地区土壤中有机氯农药HCH和DDT的残留特征和影响因素进行研究,探讨污染物的潜在来源,并对其生态风险进行分析.结果表明,西溪湿地土壤中HCH和DDT均有检出,∑HCHs平均含量为18.44ng·g-1,∑DDTs平均含量为20.80 ng·g-1,二者在土壤中的残留差异不是很明显.HCH在柿园、竹园、芦苇滩地、菜地和其他5种利用类型土壤中的残留差异不大,而DDT在菜地土壤的残留高于其他4种类型.采样点土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均低于GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量一级标准,与国内其他地区相比,西溪湿地土壤DDT残留较低,而HCH残留相对较高.生态风险分析显示,西溪湿地土壤中HCH残留对于土壤生物的风险较低,而DDT可能对鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的生态风险.     

污灌湿地系统土壤-植物中铬的赋存形态研究

采取逐级提取法对江苏盐城某污水灌溉湿地土壤中的铬的赋存形态以及其上生长的丰要植物芦苇的不同组织部位中的总铬进行了分析测定，并研究其生物有效性。结果表明：与对照点相比，污灌土壤中铬质最分数明显升高而受到不同程度的污染，其赋存形态质量分数由高到低顺序为残渣态（RES-）→铁锰态（（OFeMn-））→碳酸态（CARB-）→有机态（OM-）和交换态（EX-）之和。芦苇不同组织部位中铬分布研究表明根部质量分数远大于茎和叶，说明根系吸收为主要作用，而后迁移至其它易积累部位。对各种形态的铬与植物中的铬总量之间的相关性进行了分析，相关系数表明，植物中的生物富集量与各种赋存形态都有一定的线性关系，其中强有机质结合态与生物富集量具有最好的线性相关性。     

滨海滩涂湿地不同植被土壤磷的生物有效性及其影响因子分析

滨海湿地是全球磷主要的源汇转换器之一,土壤磷的生物有效性对滨海湿地的结构、功能有着决定性作用。研究滨海湿地土壤磷的生物有效性及影响因子对滨海湿地的保护和修复具有重要意义。以江苏大丰麋鹿自然保护区的湿地土壤为研究对象,对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)4种植物群落及裸地下土壤进行分层采样,采用模拟生物活化过程的磷素分级方法(biologically based P,BBP法),分析环境因子对不同植物土壤磷素组分的影响。结果表明,(1)大丰麋鹿自然保护区滨海湿地土壤磷素组分含量表现为:CaCl_2-PCitrate-PEnzyme-PHCl-P。(2)无植被覆盖裸地土壤的CaCl_2-P和Citrate-P含量显著高于植被覆盖下土壤的含量(P0.05),植物的生长会显著降低土壤中根系可截留磷素和有机酸可提取磷素的含量。(3)芦苇0—20 cm土层内的CaCl_2-P含量显著最低,与其他3种植物相比,芦苇根系对表层的磷素的截留能力更强;海三棱藨草的Enzyme-P在两个土层都显著最低(P0.05),与其他3种植物相比,海三棱藨草根系发生的酶活化磷素的过程较激烈。(4)土壤Citrate-P含量与含水率显著相关(P0.05),影响土壤Citrate-P含量的主要环境因子是土壤含水率;HCl-P含量与有机质显著相关(P0.01),影响土壤HCl-P含量的主要环境因子是有机质。(5)土壤速效磷与Citrate-P含量显著相关(P0.05),说明大丰麋鹿自然保护区土壤中速效磷主要来自于土壤中有机酸活化释放的无机磷。综上,研究区中生物有效态的磷主要来自于土壤中有机酸活化的无机磷,不同植物土壤磷的生物有效性有显著差异,而含水率和有机质是影响江苏大丰麋鹿自然保护区土壤磷生物有效性的主要环境因子。     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

Ecotoxicity assessment of soil irrigated with domestic wastewater using different extractions

The toxicity of soil irrigated with treated domestic wastewater (site A) and untreated gray wastewater (site B) were investigated. Soil extracts were prepared using distilled water, acid solvent (0.1 mol·L^-1 HCl), and organic solvent (acetone:petroleum ether:cyclohexane= 1:1:1) to understand the type of pollutants responsible for the ecotoxicity associated with wastewater irrigation. The soil toxicity was assessed using a luminescence inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri for acute toxicity, a micronucleus assay with Vicia faba root tips and a single cell gel electrophoresis assay of mice lymphocytes for genotoxicity. The physicochemical properties and the heavy metal (HM) contents of the irrigated soil were also analyzed. The results indicated that the wastewater irrigation at site A had no effects on the soil properties. With the exception of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn, the accumulation of HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) occurred. However, the irrigation at site A did not result in obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity in the soil. The soil properties changed greatly, and HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) accumulated in site B. There were significant increases in the acute toxic and genotoxic effects in the soils from site B. The ecotoxicity in site B came primarily from organic-extractable pollutants.     

污水灌溉区土壤肥力及酶活性特征研究

通过野外调查和采样分析,研究了石家庄栾城县不同污水灌溉时间（0-52a）和不同层位（0-100cm）耕地土壤肥力及酶活性的分布特征。研究结果表明：与清灌对照点相比,污水灌溉区表层（0-20cm）土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性、亚表层（20-40cm）蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性和下层（40-60cm）蔗糖酶活性均相对较高,而下层有机质含量、全氮含量和底层（60-100cm）全氮含量均相对较低。4层土壤阳离子交换量和过氧化氢酶活性较对照点均无明显的变化规律。表层土壤全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性、亚表层有机质含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性、下层蔗糖酶活性与污灌时间之间均存在显著相关性沪〈0．05）。上述特征反映了土壤肥力及酶活性对污灌的响应具有明显的层位效应和非同步性,而这些响应是由于污水中的营养物质输入土壤后引发微生物活性提高的“激发效应”所致。     

Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen

The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disinfection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.     

Selection of woody species for wastewater enhancement and restoration of riparian woodlands

Growth and nutrient uptake of seven tree species were evaluated with the goal of selecting the species that can be used for wastewater enhancement by dendro-purification, or green tree filtering, and for restoration of riparian woodlands. Trees were grown in pots with an inert mixture of perlite and vermiculite and irrigated with either nutrient solution or treated wastewater We measured the effects of species and irrigation water on biomass and nutrient content of leaves, stems and roots. For most of the species, treated wastewater had a positive effect on final biomass and above ground: below ground ratio compared to that of nutrient solution. However, growth of Cupressus sempervirens and Populus nigra were inhibited by water sodium concentration. Nerium oleander, Tamarix africana and Vitex agnus-castus were the species with the greatest final biomass. Pistacia terebinthus had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content in leaves, stems and roots, while N. oleander and V. agnus-castus showed the best potassium accumulation. In general, P. terebinthus, N. oleander, T. africana and V. agnus-castus were the best qualified species for purification of wastewater.     

Health risk assessment of potentially harmful elements and dietary minerals from vegetables irrigated with untreated wastewater,Pakistan

In the developing world, vegetables are commonly grown in suburban areas irrigated with untreated wastewater containing potentially harmful elements (PHEs). In Pakistan, there is no published work on the bioaccessibility aspect of PHEs and dietary minerals (DMs) in sewage-irrigated soil or the vegetables grown on such soils in Pakistan. Several industrial districts of Pakistan were selected for assessment of the risk associated with the ingestion of vegetables grown over sewage-irrigated soils. Both the total and bioaccessible fraction of PHEs (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and DMs (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, and I) in soils and vegetable samples were measured. The concentrations of these PHEs and DMs in sewage-irrigated and control soils were below published upper threshold limits. However, compared to control soils, sewage irrigation over the years decreased soil pH (7.7 vs 8.1) and enhanced dissolved organic carbon (1.8 vs 0.8 %), which could enhance the phyto-availability of PHEs and DMs to crops. Of the PHEs and DMs, the highest transfer factor (soil to plant) was noted for Cd and Ca, respectively. Concentrations of PHEs in most of the sewage-irrigated vegetables were below the published upper threshold limits, except for Cd in the fruiting portion of eggplant and bell pepper (0.06–0.08 mg/kg Cd, dry weight) at three locations in Gujarat and Kasur districts. The bioaccessible fraction of PHEs can reduce the context of dietary intake measurements compared to total concentrations, but differences between both measurements were not significant for Cd. Since the soils of the sampled districts are not overly contaminated compared to control sites, vegetables grown over sewage-irrigated soils would provide an opportunity to harvest mineral-rich vegetables potentially providing consumers 62, 60, 12, 104, and 63 % higher dietary intake of Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Based on Fe and vanadium correlations in vegetables, it is inferred that a significant proportion of total dietary Fe intake could be contributed by soil particles adhered to the consumable portion of vegetables. Faecal sterol ratios were used to identify and distinguish the source of faecal contamination in soils from Gujranwala, Gujarat, and Lahore districts, confirming the presence of human-derived sewage biomarkers at different stages of environmental alteration. A strong correlation of some metals with soil organic matter concentration was observed, but none with sewage biomarkers.     

Impact of photosynthesis and transpiration on nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands

To determine the impact of photosynthesis and transpiration on nitrogen removal in wetlands, an artificial wetland planted with reeds was constructed to treat highly concentrated domestic wastewater. Under different meteorological and hydraulic conditions, the daily changes of photosynthesis and transpiration of reeds, as well as nitrogen removal efficiency were measured. It was found that net photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area was maintained on a high level (average 19.0 μmol CO₂/(m²·s)) from 10:00 to 14:00 in July 2004 and reached a peak of 21.1 μmol CO₂/(m²·s) when Photon Flux Density was high during the day. Meanwhile, TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency rose to 79.6% and 89.6%, respectively—the maximum values observed in the test. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated a positive correlation among photon flux density, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between stomatal conductance and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency. Results suggest that the photosynthesis and transpiration of wetland plants have a great impact on nitrogen removal efficiency of wetlands, which can be enhanced by an increase in the photosynthesis and transpiration rate. In addition, the efficiency of water usage by reeds and nitrogen removal efficiency could be affected by the water level in wetlands; a higher level boosts nitrogen removal efficiency.     

土壤渗滤法治理湿地水环境污染

根据扎龙自然保护区独特的地理、地质条件，研究采用土壤渗滤法处理排入湿地的造纸废水，并从技术和实践分析的角度对该地浅表部亚粘土渗滤的稳定性及可行性进行了探讨。结果表明：保护区地表层的亚粘土对造纸废水中各项污染物均有较好的去除效果，其CODCr、BOD5、Cr^6 、NH4^ -N及TP的去除率分别达到了70％、84％、90％、78％及80％以上，在该处利用缓坡土地渗滤处理系统是稳定可行的。     

糖精钠生产废水的铁氧体法除铜研究

对糖精钠生产废水实施铁置换法除铜后，废水中仍含有较高浓度的Ｃｕ＾２＋。本研究进一步以铁氧体法除铜。试验条件下，Ｃｕ６２＋的去除率达９８％Ｔ以上，出水Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度低于２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。通过正交试验，找出最佳工艺及操作参数，从而为该类废水的预处理设计及运行管理提供屯依据。     

挂膜生长的白腐真菌处理草浆造纸黑液废水

比较了几株白腐真菌在造纸黑液废水中的挂膜生长状况及其对黑液废水的处理效果．结果表明，在pH6．0的废水中添加葡萄糖1．0g／L，酒石酸铵0．2g／L及适量无机盐时，黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)和侧耳菌(Pleurotus ostieatus)以及本实验室自选的白腐真菌S22的挂膜状况和对黑液废水的处理效果最好．废水中添加的葡萄糖和酒石酸铵的浓度分别为1．0g／L和0．2g／L时，侧耳菌的挂膜和对黑液废水的处理效果最佳．S22菌在pH10．0时其木质素降解率和COD去除率最高，分别可达84％和69％．黄孢原毛平革菌、侧耳菌和S22菌能够在碱性较强的废水中生长挂膜并显著降解木质素，表现出对废水很强的适应能力．生物膜对黑液废水的半连续化处理结果表明了生物膜法的优越性．图8表1参14