校园生活垃圾分类回收和资源化利用途径

高校校园生活垃圾是节约型校园和"两型"社会建设必须正视的问题。不同高校间的校园生活垃圾产生量以及校园不同功能区之间在生活垃圾产量和组成上均存在有很大差异。校园生活垃圾以餐厨垃圾为主,且绝大部分为可燃物。开展校园生活垃圾分类回收和资源化利用能够产生积极的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,但此项工作也需要从完善法规制度、加大技术创新和加强宣传教育等方面予以推动。     

浅论城市生活垃圾的资源化系统

现在社会产生越来越多,组份越来越复杂的生活垃圾,已成为严重的环境和社会问题。本文通过对垃圾成份和数量的分析,结果国内外垃圾处理的发展现状,针对四川省省情,提出了加强垃圾分类收集、分选回收,以堆肥、焚烧、再生等手段实现垃圾的资源化系统。并且,对目前的垃圾处理所涉及到的政府职能和社会意识等软环境作了简单描述。     

节能减排进社区之垃圾分类回收篇（下）

垃圾分类回收，代表了一个美好的愿景：它可以将有回收价值的垃圾变为新的再生资源，还可以有针对性地收集、处理不可降解的垃圾，最大限度地减少有害物质对环境的污染。本文要告诉广大读者：如何进行垃圾分类回收？垃圾分类标志怎么看？社区工作人员如何在社区开展垃圾分类回收工作？相信了解这些相关知识后，大家能用自己的双手更有效的改变周边的生活，创造出属于自己的绿色生活。     

以垃圾分类为切入点构建大学全方位育人模式——以河北环境工程学院为例

垃圾分类是环境保护工作的有机组成部分,高校作为培养社会主义建设者和接班人的重要基地,应起到先锋作用。河北环境工程学院(以下简称河环院)以学生为主体,通过组建科研团队、开展科研活动、编制教材和标准、开展宣教活动、开设垃圾分类课程、打造示范基地等方式将垃圾分类融入全校师生的学习和生活之中,促进了垃圾分类工作的有序开展。在总结河环院开展垃圾分类工作一系列做法的基础上,创新性地提出以学生为主体建设垃圾分类与资源化利用的新思路。     

垃圾分类收费推进我国城市垃圾分类收集的探讨

我国城市生活垃圾产生量逐渐增大，严重威胁人体健康及城市环境。分类收集是实现废弃物减量化、资源化、无害化的有效手段。我国城市生活垃圾分类收集状况不佳，大部分城市均为混合收集，给垃圾处理和城市环境带来了巨大压力。本文从国外发达国家城市生活垃圾分类收费促进生活垃圾分类收集的成功经验出发，提出几点推动我国垃圾分类的对策。     

生活垃圾分选分类设备的选型及原理

阐述了生活垃圾分选分类设备在垃圾资源化处理中的目的与意义,介绍了国内外垃圾分选分类设备,分析了国内外垃圾分选分类的优势特点,对国内类似设备的发展现状进行了综合阐述。     

生活垃圾是选择自行分类,还是选择雇人分类

城市生活垃圾分类回收的重要性是众所周知的,但在我国目前像西方国家居民那样自觉、自愿地进行生活垃圾分类暂不可行,雇人分类是唯一选择。其关键是要建立一个新职业,即垃圾分类监督员,其主要职责是一方面监督城市居民进行生活垃圾分类投放,另一方面也承担垃圾分类回收职责。这个新职业不仅将彻底解决城市生活垃圾分类回收难题,还将为下岗人员及进城务工人员提供大量新的就业岗位。     

全国范围内普遍推行垃圾分类制度的思考

普遍推行垃圾分类制度关系人民群众生活环境改善和美丽中国建设。先分析了我国垃圾分类现状,指出我国现在全面推行垃圾分类制度所面临的问题,最后提出了相应的对策建议:强化生活垃圾分类顶层设计、加强垃圾分类体系和资源回收体系的协调管理、建立多层次激励约束机制,做强源头分类、完善垃圾分类管理系统、完善法律法规标准体系等5个方面,以加快构建适合我国国情的现代化生活垃圾分类和资源回收体系。     

我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率测算及其统计数据收集对策

我国将生活垃圾分类收集定位为重要民生工程和生态文明建设的工作内容,并对实施生活垃圾强制分类的示范城市明确提出了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的绩效考核目标。由于城市生活垃圾处理和再生资源回收利用由不同职能部门负责管理,不同来源的生活垃圾回收利用统计数据未有效整合,目前还缺乏我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率指标测算的相关研究。本文界定了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的科学内涵,并以城市建设、再生资源利用等统计资料和物质流分析文献为基础,初步测算了全国尺度的城市生活垃圾回收利用率。研究表明,我国2006—2015年的城市生活垃圾回收利用率从12.1%上升至17.0%,然后又缓慢下降至15.6%,由于数据缺乏,该数值可能在-28%~+32%波动。生活垃圾中回收利用量较大的可再生资源分别为废纸、废塑料、废钢铁、废玻璃等。本文还分析了目前测算生活垃圾回收利用率的数据不确定性和局限性,提出了面向生活垃圾分类管理实际评价的统计数据收集对策。     

城市生活垃圾的资源化处理及对策分析

简要介绍了城市生活垃圾处理的现状,阐述了该领域存在的问题,对目前城市生活垃圾处理技术的优缺点进行对比分析。针对我国城市生活垃圾混合收集、无机物含量高的特点,提出了一种以生活垃圾能源化利用为目标,兼顾资源循环回收利用的城市生活垃圾资源化综合处理利用的解决方案。     

Phosphorus recovery and recycling from waste: An appraisal based on a French case study

Phosphate rocks, used for phosphorus (P) fertilizer production, are a non-renewable resource at the human time scale. Their depletion at the global scale may threaten global food and feed security. To prevent this depletion, improved P resource recycling from food chain waste to agricultural soils and to the food and feed industry is often presented as a serious option. However, waste streams are often complex and their recycling efficiency is poorly characterized. The aim of this paper is to estimate the P recovery and recycling potential from waste, considering France as a case study. We assessed the P flows in food processing waste, household wastewater and municipal waste at the country scale using a substance flow analysis for the year 2006. We also quantified the P recycling efficiency as the fraction of P in waste that ultimately reached agricultural soils or was recycled in the food and feed industry. Efforts were made to limit data uncertainty by cross-checking multiple data sources concerning P content in waste materials. Results showed that, in general, P recovery in waste was high but that the overall P recycling efficiency was only 51% at the country scale. In particular, P recycling efficiency was 75% for industrial waste, 43% for household wastewater and 47% for municipal waste. The remaining P was discharged into water bodies or landfilled, causing P-induced environmental problems as well as losses of nutrient resources. Major P losses were through food waste (which amounted to 39% of P in available food) and treated wastewater, and the findings were confirmed through cross-checking with alternative data sources. Options for improving P resource recycling and, thereby, reducing P fertilizer use were quantified but appeared to be less promising than scenarios based on reduced food waste or redesigned agricultural systems.     

Challenges facing the sustainable consumption and waste management agendas: perspectives on UK households

The management of municipal waste is one of the most emotive local environmental issues in the UK at present and represents a key sustainability “battleground” as local authorities seek to reduce waste arisings and encourage the reuse and recycling of materials among households. Within the literature on household waste management, a broad range of disciplinary perspectives and practical recommendations exist and it is the aim of this paper to step back and take stock of the role of households and communities in resource consumption and waste generation patterns across the UK within recent decades. By exploring the household in this context, trends in consumption and waste generation are outlined in addition to key influencing factors such as lifestyles and well-being, demographics and environment. Finally, key lessons learnt, challenges faced going forward and approaches for developing more sustainable practices at the household, community and national levels are discussed.     

The potential contribution of sustainable waste management to energy use and greenhouse gas emission reduction in the Netherlands

Future limitations on the availability of selected resources stress the need for increased material efficiency. In addition, in a climate-constrained world the impact of resource use on greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized. Waste management is key to achieve sustainable resource management. Ways to use resources more efficiently include prevention of waste, reuse of products and materials, and recycling of materials, while incineration and anaerobic digestion may recover part of the embodied energy of materials. This study used iWaste, a simulation model, to investigate the extent to which savings in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions can be achieved in the Netherlands through recycling of waste streams versus waste incineration, and to assess the extent to which this potential is reflected in the LAP2 (currently initiated policy). Three waste streams (i.e. household waste, bulky household waste, and construction and demolition waste) and three scenarios compare current policy to scenarios that focus on high-quality recycling (Recycling+) or incineration with increased efficiency (Incineration+). The results show that aiming for more and high-quality recycling can result in emission reductions of 2.3 MtCO₂ annually in the Netherlands compared to the reference situation in 2008. The main contributors to this reduction potential are found in optimizing the recycling of plastics (PET, PE and PP), textiles, paper, and organic waste. A scenario assuming a higher energy conversion efficiency of the incinerator treating the residual waste stream, achieves an emission reduction equivalent to only one third (0.7 MtCO₂/year) of the reduction achieved in the Recycling+ scenario. Furthermore, the results of the study show that currently initiated policy only partially realizes the full potential identified. A focus on highest quality use of recovered materials is essential to realize the full potential energy and CO₂ emission reduction identified for the Netherlands. Detailed economic and technical analyses of high quality recycling are recommended to further evaluate viable integrated waste management policies.     

Overview of household solid waste recycling policy status and challenges in Malaysia

With the annual increase in waste generation and heavy reliance on landfilling as disposal, method in Malaysia, it is just a matter of time before significant problems of space limitations, health, and environmental issues hit the nation severely. This paper attempts to develop an overview on solid, waste recycling in Malaysia at the most basic level of a community or nation which is the household, unit. Households are the main primary source of municipal solid waste in Malaysia, consisting of, recyclable materials at most 70% to 80% of the total waste composition as found placed in the, landfills. Overview on the existing household solid waste recycling policy and program status in, Malaysia is relevant in enhancing solid waste management measure from recycling perspective. Despite the high potential and opportunities for solid waste recycling, wastes are still simply being, dumped in an open area of ground without any attempt for recovery and recycling. Comparing to, recycling rates of neighboring countries, Malaysia is falling back at merely 5% which proves how, uncommon recycling practice is. The government is committed to significantly improve the national's, solid waste management services especially in waste minimization. Fortunately the emphasis on, recycling as a sustainable waste management strategy has taken a shift in paradigm as wastes, separation and recycling are part of the major changes in the current policy implementation. With, issues and challenges in recycling practice that were highlighted in this context especially from the, aspects of information availability and other loopholes within solid waste management policies and, related recycling program within the community, the question on whether the goals in 2020 can be, met remains unsure of but there is a possibility for a successful implementation of sustainable solid, waste management particularly in recycling.     

生活垃圾强制分类形势下的多源废荧光灯管回收管理机制建议

废荧光灯管的来源广泛，包括工业来源和社会来源，社会来源又包括居民来源，企业事业单位、公共场所等机构来源，具有多来源的特性。废荧光灯管中含有汞，若不经过妥善处理，会造成环境污染，对人的身体健康造成危害。随着国内生活垃圾分类的开展，废荧光灯管作为生活垃圾中有害垃圾的典型类别被强制分类，但仍存在很多问题。本文梳理了我国废荧光灯管的产生情况、LED灯替代情况，并对美国、欧盟、日本和我国国内典型城市的废荧光管理情况进行了总结。针对我国废荧光灯管的回收现状，从责任主体、责任划分、收集渠道、资金机制等角度提出了相关的管理建议，为推动我国废荧光灯管的管理提供借鉴。     

Household participation in waste recycling: Some national survey evidence from Scotland

Increasing levels of household waste have raced up national, regional and municipal environmental policy agendas around the world, especially as heavy reliance on landfill and incineration is becoming prohibitively expensive and also a high profile source of local voter dissent or vociferous NIMBY behaviour. In an attempt to reduce reliance on these options, UK local authorities have increasingly been forced to turn to recycling. This paper reports on a broad empirical study of household recycling, utilizing national survey-based evidence (drawn from over 31 000 interviews in Scotland). Hitherto, very few published empirical studies have addressed the household recycling decision using national survey data to furnish baseline evidence. For this purpose logit analysis is undertaken, using data extracted from the Scottish Household Surveys of 2000 and 2001. This work also serves as the basis for further detailed modelling of a selection of illustrative household types. After consideration of particular waste streams and the availability of different recycling schemes, the effects on the probability of recycling participation of age, income level, household composition, car ownership and local authority were analysed. While there are clear income effects, the picture regarding the impact of household composition and some other factors is more complex.     

The influence of collection facility attributes on household collection rates of electronic waste: The case of televisions and computer monitors

In the US, household electronic waste collected for recycling is primarily by voluntary drop-off at designated collection facilities. This study examines the influence of specific collection facility attributes (recycling fees charged, number of days open, and driving distance) on the household collection rate of e-waste in the US state of Maine. Data were collected for household computer monitor and television collection for 92 municipal waste transfer facilities representing 30% of the state's population for one year. Results suggest that recycling fees are negatively correlated with the number of televisions and computer monitors collected; furthermore, the more frequently facilities were open, the more televisions and computer monitors were collected per capita. The distance from the facility had no correlation, which prompted an analysis of whether the existence of a curbside collection system in the municipality was influential. Results show a negative correlation between computer monitor and television collection and a municipality having recycling (but not e-waste) curbside collection. Based on the results of this study, policymakers may be able to increase the collection rate of household e-waste by eliminating or lowering recycling fees, expanding collection days and hours to increase convenience, and/or considering curbside collection of e-waste.     

Exploring the relationship between municipal promotion and education investments and recycling rate performance in Ontario,Canada

This study examines the effects of municipal promotion and education (P&E) investments on the recycling rates of recyclables found in Ontario's residential waste stream. Using panel data collected from 223 Ontario municipalities between 2003 and 2012, this study examines whether investments in recycling P&E lead to an increase in household recycling. Investments in recycling promotion and education have been characterized as a policy best practice and is promoted as one of the primary drivers of resource conservation and sustainability in Ontario. Focus is placed on analyzing: (a) the relationship between P&E expenditures and recycling rates in the province, (b) the relationship between municipal recycling rates and P&E investments at different funding levels and (c) the impact of locality on promotion and education efficacy. The results of the statistical regressions indicate that investments in recycling P&E do not increase municipal recycling rates, necessitating a re-evaluation of existing policy and management practices.     

The future place of recycling in household waste policy: the case of France

To be rightly implemented, an environmental policy ought to set an institutional framework (goals, rules and instruments) which incents decentralised actors to adopt the appropriate range of technologies. In the household waste management policy, the development of valorisation techniques (and particularly recycling) must be supported by convenient instruments and incentives. The paper analyses the problems encountered with the French household waste policy to ensure the takeoff of recycling techniques. At the moment, a rather under-proportioned institutional setting leads to favour the adoption of incineration with energy recovery at the expenses of recycling. This tends to create a structural bias in favour of incineration.     

Cost-efficiency in packaging waste management: The case of Belgium

In order to exploit economies of scale Belgian municipalities regularly cooperate in the provision of waste related services. In particular for the collection and separation of household packaging waste, municipalities appear to seek technical and cost efficiency gains by cooperating via municipal waste joint ventures. Although most Belgian municipal waste joint ventures can present excellent recycling and recovery rates for household packaging waste, their performance in terms of cost-efficiency has never been assessed. Using a unique dataset comprising of the costs for all 35 Belgian municipal waste joint ventures in 2010, this paper present the first assessment of the cost efficiency of household packaging waste collection in Belgium. As we are not sure on the relative importance of the separate cost efficiency scores for the three selectively collected household packaging waste fractions when determining the overall cost efficiency, this paper draws on the Benefit-of-the-Doubt approach. Our results indicate that, despite the substantial cooperation between municipalities, still considerable differences in cost efficiency for household packaging waste collection exist.