氨氮废水处理技术的发展

氨氮去除方法有多种,物理化学法有空气吹脱法、折点氯化法、化学沉淀法、液膜法、电渗析除氨氮法、催化湿式氧化法、土壤灌溉法、循环冷却水系统脱氨法;生物脱氮法可去除多种含氮化合物,总氮去除率可达70%-95%,主要有传统硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化.有时要采取多种技术的联合处理,才能取长补短达到较好的处理效果.     

SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液及其同时硝化反硝化生物脱氮研究

采用SBR系统处理城市垃圾渗滤液，研究了不同C／N、130和MLSS对同时硝化反硝化脱氮效率的影响。结果表明：总氮去除率随着C／N、MLSS升高而上升；DO越低，总氮去除率越高；当进水CODCr与NH3-N浓度分别为420mg／L和112mg／L,DO和MLSS分别为1．5mg／L和5016mg／L时，CODCr、NH3-N及TN去除率分别为81．54％、96．57％和46．66％。根据试验结果，对同时硝化反硝化一个代表周期作了分析。     

反硝化滤池的快速启动与脱氮效果影响因素研究

随着污水处理厂排放标准的日趋严格,反硝化滤池以其多功能性被越来越广泛的应用于污水厂的提标改造中。通过对某城市污水厂反硝化滤池的运行研究,实践了在冬季低水温条件下的快速启动,并对滤池进水温度、DO、碳源投加量对脱氮效果的影响做了分析。结果表明,反硝化滤池在冬季水温较低的情况下也可以较为快速的启动,启动周期约为2d;在进水温度低于17℃后,总氮去除率会受到较大影响;滤池的进出水DO会直接影响缺氧环境,从而影响总氮去除效果;碳源投加量与总氮去除率呈现正相关性,且未对出水COD产生明显影响。     

间歇生物反应器中氮的赋存状态与转化规律研究

目前废水生物脱氮技术着重于对氨氮的去除,很难达到去除总氮的目的。为了更好的去除氨氮及总氮,实验研究了不同进水pH、溶解氧浓度、进水C／N比及不同温度条件下间歇生物反应器中氮的存在状态及其转化规律。结果表明：在生物反应器运行初期氨氮、总氮浓度均有明显的下降;进水氨氮浓度在30-70mg／L的污水,优化处理操作参数为pH值8．0±0．5,溶解氧（4．2±0．5）mg／L,温度20～26℃,C／N为6,曝气时间6h,沉淀2h,氨氮去除率可达到90％,总氮去除率接近60％。     

城镇污水处理厂NPR工艺低温运行的效能分析

介绍了天津市某城镇污水处理厂NPR工艺的特点及运行状况。通过对污水厂的运行监测数据分析,研究了该工艺在低温条件下处理城镇生活污水时的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:NPR工艺具有一定的优异性,它能在降低能耗的前提下使系统COD和SS的去除率进一步降低,出水能达到中水回用标准,有利于污水的再生利用;低温影响NPR系统的硝化及反硝化率,低温下有机物的去除更易受到有机负荷的影响;温度对生物去除SS,COD和TP的效果影响不大,对NH3-N及TN的去除效果影响比较明显。低温下污水处理厂COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为72.1%、94.9%、67.5%、55.1%、66.5%。     

荒漠土壤渗滤系统中再生水典型污染物变化规律研究

土壤渗滤系统具有处理效果好、投资少等优点,适合再生水或经过预处理农村生活污水的处理,逐步成为国内外的研究热点。采用新疆准噶尔盆地边缘的荒漠-绿洲交错地带的土壤,利用室内土柱装置,研究城市再生水在荒漠土壤中渗滤后进出水水质与土壤污染物含量的变化特征,探讨土壤性质对再生水氨氮去除率和土壤污染物浓度变化的影响。结果表明,荒漠土壤对再生水氨氮等有显著的去除作用,且再生水经过土柱渗滤后,在60 cm处的出水氨氮浓度逐渐趋于稳定,但氨氮去除率随时间并不十分稳定,且不同土壤质地、组分与性质不同,对氨氮的去除效果有明显差异。同一土柱,对不同污染物去除作用也有很大差异。通过相关性分析可知,土壤中的CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、总磷、碱解氮与硝酸盐氮等指标含量对再生水氨氮的去除率及土壤中污染物浓度变化有明显的影响。研究结果为进一步研究荒漠土壤渗滤系统去除污染物机理、新疆再生水安全利用以及荒漠土壤渗滤系统的实践应用提供基础。     

低负荷状态下CAST工艺脱氮特性的研究

在征润洲污水处理厂CAST工艺处理城市污水运行实践的基础上,开展了两个阶段的对比生产性试验;对城市污水处理过程中,低负荷运行状态下CAST工艺脱氮特性进行研究。研究结果表明:通过对F/M、DO、MLSS、SRT等工艺参数的优化控制,可实现同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和传统硝化反硝化有机结合的耦合脱氮模式。该耦合脱氮模式下各出水水质指标稳定达标的情况下,出水NH3-N的去除率达到90%以上,出水TN去除率在55%以上,取得了良好的脱氮效果。     

竹笋壳为生物膜载体的废水处理技术研究

采用室内实验装置,研究了以农业废弃物竹笋壳为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的生物反应器对于污水中硝酸盐的去除效果,并另设以聚丙烯惰性填料球为生物膜载体的生物反应器作为对照实验。实验结果表明,以天然竹笋壳作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的反应器启动时间短,对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果较好;装置对进水DO和pH值变化有一定抗性,DO在2.0~4.0mg/L,pH值在6.8~7.2之间变化时,反应器硝酸盐的去除率变化很小,缓冲能力较强;反应器稳定性强,出水硝酸盐的去除率在80%以上。     

两段SBR工艺脱氮规律实验研究

基于对生物硝化反硝化原理的分析,本实验选用两段SBR工艺生物脱氮技术,解决了高浓度工业废水有机物去除效率高而氨氮去除率不高的难题。同时对其脱氮规律作了研究,找到SBR2是脱氮的关键环节,并分别对SBR2硝化反硝化阶段p H和DO的变化规律进行了研究,得出用这两个参数作为系统自动控制的依据是完全可行的。     

高效反硝化菌的筛选及其在生活污水深度脱氮中的应用

高效的反硝化菌可实现对水体NO3^--N、NO2^--N的有效去除,将其应用在深度脱氮中可达到快速脱氮的目的。通过将环境筛选得到的DM13菌株固定在巴比伦、火山石、沸石、生物球4种生物填料上,形成反硝化菌固定化生物填料,考察它们对模拟生活污水的深度脱氮能力。结果表明,填料填充量为10%的条件下,空白组、巴比伦组、火山石组、沸石组、生物球组COD去除率最高分别达到64.8%、68.4%、55.3%、70.0%、82.3%,TN去除率最高分别为0.0%、62.8%、59.5%、72.3%、56.8%。生物球组COD去除率较高,巴比伦组、火山石组能迅速还原NO3^--N,沸石组有利于降低TN。DM13菌株进行16SrDNA测序,并构建系统发育树,确定其为芽孢杆菌。该研究为菌株深度脱氮提供了应用基础。     

催化铁内电解＋CAST工艺耦合处理城市污水脱氮除磷效果研究

开展了催化铁内电解＋CAST工艺耦合系统处理城市污水脱氮除磷的中试试验研究。研究表明：催化铁内电解具有改善活性污泥性状的作用,能够强化生物脱氮,提高脱氮效果;同时通过生物除磷与化学除磷协同作用提高除磷效果。试验期间各项指标去除效果良好,NH3-N平均去除率为96.40%,TN去除率为36.55%,TP去除率为90.00%,各项指标基本上稳定达到一级A标准。     

脉冲式SBR法处理生活污水的脱氮特性试验研究

脉冲式SBR工艺是针对传统SBR工艺反硝化效果较差提出的一种新型的SBR运行方式。本试验在北京工业大学污水处理实验室采用真实的生活污水进行研究,考察脉冲式SBR在硝化-投加原水-反硝化这一循环反复过程中（等量进水）的脱氮性能。试验结果表明,出水TN〈2mg/L,去除率达到了96%以上。     

Nitrification and denitrification rates of Everglades wetland soils along a phosphorus-impacted gradient

Little information is available on the effect of phosphorus (P) enrichment on nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycling in wetland soil. Of particular importance are the coupled nitrification-denitrification reactions that regulate the microbially mediated loss of N from wetland systems. Soils from the northern Florida Everglades have been affected by P loading from surface waters over the past 40 years. Elevated P levels have been show to have an effect on the size and activity of the microbial pool and a decrease in the N to P ratio of the microbial biomass. The objective of the study was to determine if P enrichment in soils affected microbial activities related to nitrification and denitrification in these flooded, peat soils. Potential nitrification rates of soil and detritus were determined using constantly stirred reactors under aerobic conditions while denitrification rates were determined from anaerobic incubations of slurry. Nitrification rates showed two distinct linear phases, a slower initial rate, signifying activity of nitrifiers present, followed by a sharp increase in the NH4+ conversion rate indicative of maximum potential rates. Initial rates of nitrification were highest in the surficial detrital layer decreasing with soil depth and did not correlate to soil total P. The potential rates of nitrification were 13 times greater than the initial rates. Potential denitrification rates were highest in the detritus and 0- to 10-cm soil interval with significantly lower values in the 10- to 30-cm soil interval, significantly correlated to total P of the soil. A significant (P < 0.01) relationship was seen between potential denitrification rates and soil total P suggesting an increased rate of N removal from P-enriched regions of the northern Everglades.     

废水生物脱氮低温反硝化研究进展

反硝化过程是废水生物脱氮的关键,低温下废水生物处理的反硝化效率显著降低.本文从低温对微生物反硝化处理效果的影响、低温对反硝化微生物的影响机制以及低温下反硝化效果的强化策略等方面的研究展开综述,并提出了可能的研究方向,以期为微生物低温反硝化进一步的机理研究与技术强化提供参考.     

Maximum rates of nitrate removal in a denitrification wall

Denitrification walls are constructed by mixing a carbon source such as sawdust into soils through which ground water passes. These systems can reduce nitrate inputs to receiving waters by enhancing denitrification. Maximum rates of nitrate removal by denitrification need to be determined for design purposes. To determine maximum rates of nitrate removal we added excess nitrate (50 mg N L(-1)) to a trench up-gradient of a denitrification wall during a 9-d trial. Bromide (100 g L(-1)) was also added as a conservative tracer. Movement of nitrate and bromide was measured from shallow wells and soil samples were removed for measurements of denitrification, carbon availability, nitrate, and other microbial parameters. Rates of nitrate removal, determined from the ratio of NO3-N to Br and ground water flow, averaged 1.4 g N m(-3) of wall d(-1) and were markedly greater than denitrification rates determined using the acetylene block technique (average: 0.11 g N m(-3) of wall d(-1)). These nitrate removal rates were generally lower than reported in other denitrification walls. Denitrification rates increased when nitrate was added to the laboratory incubations, indicating that despite large nitrate inputs in the field, denitrification remained limited by nitrate. This limitation was partially attributed to nitrate predominantly moving through zones of greater hydraulic conductivity or in the mobile fraction of the ground water and slow diffusion to the immobile fraction where denitrifiers were active.     

Denitrification at a long-term forested land treatment system in the Piedmont of Georgia

Spray irrigation of forested land can provide an effective system for nutrient removal and treatment of municipal wastewater. Evolution of N2 + N2O from denitrifying activity is an important renovation pathway for N applied to forested land treatment systems. Federal and state guidance documents for design of forested land treatment systems indicate the expected range for denitrification to be up to 25% of applied N, and most forest land treatment systems are designed using values from 15 to 20% of applied N. However, few measurements of denitrification following long-term wastewater applications at forested land treatment sites exist. In this study, soil N2 + N2O-N evolution was directly measured at four different landscape positions (hilltop, midslope, toe-slope, and riparian zone) in a forested land treatment facility in the Georgia Piedmont that has been operating for more than 13 yr. Denitrification rates within effluent-irrigated areas were significantly greater than rates in adjacent nonirrigated buffer zones. Rates of N2 + N2O-N evolved from soil in irrigated forests ranged from 5 to 10 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N on the three upland landscape positions and averaged 38 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N within the riparian zone. The relationship between measured riparian zone denitrification rates and soil physical and chemical properties was poor. The best relationship was with soil temperature, with an r2 of 0.18. Overall, on a landscape position weighted basis, only 2.4% of the wastewater-applied N was lost through denitrification.     

Denitrification in a coastal plain riparian zone contiguous to a heavily loaded swine wastewater spray field

Riparian zones are recognized as landscape features that buffer streams from pollutants, particularly nitrogen. The objectives of this experiment were to (i) assess denitrification activity within a riparian zone and (ii) determine the influence of physical, chemical, and landscape features on denitrification. This experiment was conducted from 1994 to 1997 in North Carolina on a riparian zone contiguous to a spray field that was heavily loaded with swine lagoon wastewater. Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured on soils collected from (i) the soil surface, (ii) midway between the soil surface and water table, and (iii) above the water table. The DEA ranged from 3 to 1660 microg N(2)O-N kg(-1) soil h(-1). The DEA was highest next to the stream and lowest next to the spray field. Nitrate was found to be the limiting factor for denitrification. The DEA generally decreased with soil depth; means for the surface, middle, and bottom depths were 147, 83, and 67 microg N(2)O-N kg(-1) soil h(-1), respectively. These DEA values are higher than those reported for riparian zones adjoining cropland of the southeastern United States, but are lower than those reported for a constructed wetland used for treatment of swine wastewater. Regression analysis indicated that soil total nitrogen was the highest single factor correlated to DEA (r(2) = 0.65). The inclusion of water table depth, soil depth, and distance from the spray field improved the R(2) to 0.86. This riparian zone possessed sufficient soil area with high denitrifying conditions to be a significant factor in the removal of excess nitrogen in the ground water.