关注"3·11"强震后的日本(组图)

宫城海区渔业调整委员会6日表示,根据日本渔业法有关规定,受大地震的影响,宫城县沿岸渔民将停业至5月底.另外,由于北茨城市附近海域捕捞的玉筋鱼幼鱼体内检测出放射性铯超标,茨城县大部分渔业协会6日宣布暂停渔业.     

4种实用配方饲料对锦鲤诱食活性和生长的影响

试验用鱼选择锦鲤.根据动物摄食行为学原理,采用迷宫法和摄食率法为试验方法,配制4种添加甘氨酸的实用饵料,研究其对锦鲤诱食活性和生长的影响,实验结果用Excel和SPSS17.0软件进行分析.结果表明,4种实用饵料都对锦鲤具有诱食反应.其中,火棘(35m甘氨酸)P=0.003＜ 0.05,浒苔(35mg甘氨酸)P=0.001＜0.05,诱食效果有极显著意义.与对照组相比,喂食实用饵料的锦鲤增重率都有所提高,其中浒苔+50mg甘氨酸最为明显,达到8.44％,饵料系数降低到4.123.     

资源开发与保护1991年第7卷总目录

论文 生态农业综合效益评价指标体系及其应用胡代泽l,3 多层次棋栩综合评判在林业土壤评价中的应用张建辉l: 8 充分利用农业资源,发展我国粮食生产林干龚绍文 杨成志l,13 四川粮食生产面临的间题和对策甘书龙黄为窗凌波 l:17浅释城市生态地貌学丁锡扯l,21综合开发云南有色金属资源黄仲权1,24胭脂鱼仔幼鱼的摄食习性及其生长邓听蔡明艳马 狡邓中舞余志堂姜华文志豪2:翻多时域航空影象与GIS应用—武昌县土地资源变迁分析 万幼川2:’72水资源研究中几个问题的探讨袁小良由念正2:76城市环境水文问题分析侯宇光2,80远安县林业深度开发若干问题…     

盐度渐变过程对黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)幼鱼渗透调节的影响

为了解盐度渐变对黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)渗透调节的影响,设置自然海水(对照组盐度为29),5,10,15,20,35六个盐度梯度,并对不同盐度下幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力、离子浓度、渗透压进行了检测和分析。结果显示:在盐度5~35,黄条鰤尿、血清、血浆的渗透压均随盐度升高而升高,盐度为35时渗透压均为最高,其中尿的渗透压显著高于血清和血浆渗透压。在盐度从29下降的过程中,鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、离子浓度、渗透压呈现相似的变化规律,都随着盐度的降低而呈现总体下降的趋势;盐度从29升高到35时,各检测指标中仅有尿和血浆的K+ 含量无显著变化(P >0.05),其余均显著升高(P <0.05)。实验结果表明,黄条鰤生存和繁衍的自然海水盐度29是幼鱼存活的适宜盐度,在略低的盐度20~29均能较快适应,说明在盐度渐变过程中,黄条鰤幼鱼对外界盐度变化有较强的调节能力。     

白鲑鲺口器毒液的作用

过去曾有许多报道论述白鲑鲺能损伤若干鱼类的皮肤,这种危害在多数情况下主要是由于鲺的摄食活动所致。曾有人指出这样的损伤是鲺在摄食时由口前部的唇片组成的口针,刺(?)鱼的皮肤,同时分沁毒素所造成的。本研究是对白鲑鲺口器中是否存在毒素问题的探讨,并将结果在许多鱼体上检验其毒效. 实验用的白鲑鲺(Argulus coregoni)长6～10毫米。实验鱼为虹鳟鱼(salmo gairdneri和     

微生物传感器快速测定水中BOD

采用220B型BOD快速测定仪,对标准样品、地表水、生活污水、工业废水中的BOD进行测定,与五日生化培养法进行了比对分析.结果表明：该方法检出限为0.032mg/L;加标回收率在85%～117%之间;相对误差＜6%,相对标准差＜9%,有较高的精密度、准确度;测定地表水、生活污水与五日生化培养法有较好的可比性,测定工业废水存在一定的局限.同时还阐述了微生物传感器快速测定法测定BOD与五日生化培养法,并对其优缺点做了分析比较.     

鳖的越冬管理

鳖属变温动物,对环境温度有一定要求,对环境温度的变化比较敏感,适宜于鳖摄食和生长的温度范围是20～32℃,15℃以下鳖停止摄食、活动呆滞,10～12℃鳖进入冬眠。人工饲养瞥的安全越冬措施有:①越冬前尽可能多投喂一些蛋白质和脂肪含量高的饲料,如动物血、内脏、螺蚬肉、蚌肉、鱼、虾等,使其体内积累贮存一定量的营养物质。②越冬池应选择阳光瓦足、避风、温暖、环境安静的地方,底质以泥沙土为好。用20ppm 漂白粉清塘消毒,并暴晒池底2～4天,避免越冬过程中发生病害。     

中国人完成首漂美国科曼拉多大峡谷

历经15天风雨，中国漂流探险队10名成员在北京时间7月28日（美国西部时间27日）成功征服美国科罗拉多大峡谷全长300多公里的激流险滩，举世闻名的大峡谷从此留下10位中国探险者漂流的印记。     

重金属对金沙江的水体污染

对于金沙江的水质情况,我们进行了较为全面的分析,并着重进行了金属的测定。随着攀枝花钢铁联合企业的不断发展,人们生产与生活活动所造成的重金属污染环境,威胁着人们的生存与健康,特别是对水体,危害更大,在工业发达的渡口,重金属的废弃物、丢弃和散逸到水体,造成了水体的污染。金,少江在我市境内全长130.5公里,     

补充型过度捕捞的确认及其对渔业管理的启示

生物学参考点用来指导渔业管理决策,通常以捕捞死亡系数来表达。补充型过度捕捞常常被理解为一个种群被捕捞至补充量出现实质性减少或失败时才发生。该定义很含糊,不能建立生物学参考点,它与捕捞死亡系数挂钩。因此,提出从减少一个世代亲体量的捕捞压力水平出发,定义补充型过度捕捞即是捕捞死亡系数使产卵群体低于其亲代平均生物量的临界点。常规的模型和亲体补充量数据都可确定这一参考点,并与亲体量的更替联系起来,从而实现渔业资源的可持续发展。以印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业为例,计算了其补充型过度捕捞的生物学参考点,提出限制围网诱鱼装置作业,减少幼鱼资源的过度开发,防止补充型过度捕捞发生引起资源的衰退。     

Lidar quantification of bank erosion in Blue Earth County, Minnesota

Sediment and phosphorus (P) transport from the Minnesota River Basin to Lake Pepin on the upper Mississippi River has garnered much attention in recent years. However, there is lack of data on the extent of sediment and P contributions from riverbanks vis-à-vis uplands and ravines. Using two light detection and ranging (lidar) data sets taken in 2005 and 2009, a study was undertaken to quantify sediment and associated P losses from riverbanks in Blue Earth County, Minnesota. Volume change in river valleys as a result of bank erosion amounted to 1.71 million m over 4 yr. Volume change closely followed the trend: the Blue Earth River > the Minnesota River at the county's northern edge > the Le Sueur River > the Maple River > the Watonwan River > the Big Cobb River > Perch Creek > Little Cobb River. Using fine sediment content (silt + clay) and bulk density of 37 bank samples representing three parent materials, we estimate bank erosion contributions of 48 to 79% of the measured total suspended solids at the mouth of the Blue Earth and the Le Sueur rivers. Corresponding soluble P and total P contributions ranged from 0.13 to 0.20% and 40 to 49%, respectively. Although tall banks (>3 m high) accounted for 33% of the total length and 63% of the total area, they accounted for 75% of the volume change in river valleys. We conclude that multitemporal lidar data sets are useful in estimating bank erosion and associated P contributions over large scales, and for riverbanks that are not readily accessible for conventional surveying equipment.     

Decadal and Episodic Changes in Morphology and Migration of the Confluence Bar of Two Alluvial Rivers in Louisiana,USA

Past research on fluvial dynamics at the confluence of two alluvial rivers has mainly focused on downstream flow structure and bed scoring, often using laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Little is investigated about yearly and episodic dynamics of confluence mouth bars that can affect downstream morphology using field measurements. In this study, we analyzed the migration of a confluence mouth bar of two free meandering alluvial rivers, the Amite and Comite Rivers in coastal Louisiana, USA from 2002 to 2017. Remote sensing images were utilized to investigate the decade‐long morphologic changes. To assess episodic dynamics, we employed terrestrial laser scanning measurements to acquire high‐accuracy digital elevation models at the confluence before and after three floods in 2017. Our study found that the Amite‐Comite confluence mouth bar migrated downstream 55 m in the past 15 years, and its angle reduced by 55° from 100° to 45°. The fast migration was a result of sediment deposition and channel deformation around the confluence mainly during the years when the tributary‐to‐main channel discharge was lower (<0.25). The study further reveals that a single moderate flood could strongly affect the mouth bar, as shown by an increase of the projected surface area by 114% and an increase of volume of the confluence mouth bar by 68%.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地四种植物根系分形特征分析

采用全根挖掘法,运用分形理论对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地阿克苏牛皮消、河西菊(Hexinia polydichotoma(Ostenf.)H.L.Yang)、白麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、沙拐枣(Cynanchum amplexicaule Hemsl)四种多年生野生植物根系的分支状况、分形特征与拓扑特征之间的关系进行了研究。研究发现:⑴四种植物根系分形特征较明显,分形维数大小与拓扑参数连接总数、外部连接数之间具有显著的相关关系;⑵根丰度与根系长度、平均连接长度之间具有显著的指数关系,分别可用以下方程表示:y1=2.7694e1.5496x,y2=0.036 9e2.026 7x(其中y1、y2分别为总根长、平均连接长度,R2分别为0.935 3、0.983 2)。因此,通过分形和拓扑理论对比分析了沙漠腹地4种野生植物根系的空间分形特征、资源占有能力与吸收率,有利于为沙漠腹的植物根系研究提供相关参数和一定的理论依据。     

阴极电场对楔形缝隙内的屏蔽作用

埋地管道的杂散电流干扰是威胁管道安全的严重问题.为模拟在阴极电场中开裂涂层下管线表面的化学和电化学状况,本文设计了一种模拟涂覆层开裂起翘的楔形缝隙装置,研究了缝口控制电位分别为-776mVSCE和-950mVSCE时的阴极电场中,X-42钢在NS4溶液中楔形缝隙内电位、溶液Cl-离子浓度、Ph值的分布;并比较了相同缝口控制电位下阴极极化状态时,三种参数的分布.结果表明,当缝外有阴极电场时,缝内试片与阴极极化时一样受到电力线分布的影响,但各试片的电极电位远远高于外加阴极极化时的电极电位,Ph值也明显低于外加阴极极化时的情况:阴极电场对本体溶液中的氯离子产生了屏蔽作用,使得溶液中的氯离子很难迁移进缝内,所以越深入缝隙,氯离子浓度越小,变化也越不明显;缝外阴极电场的屏蔽作用在一定程度上抑制了缝隙内自催化反应的进行,达到了一定的保护效果.     

开发洋口港的自然优势和宏观功能

本文根据近几年对洋口港的调查实测资料，分析了建深水港的可行性，并提出为解决长江口通海航道水深不足，充分发挥南通港港群机能等问题，供有关部门参考。     

A Water Quality Index Applied to an International Shared River Basin: The Case of the Douro River

A Water Quality Index (WQI) is a numeric expression used to evaluate the quality of a given water body and to be easily understood by managers. In this study, a modified nine-parameter Scottish WQI was used to assess the monthly water quality of the Douro River during a 10-year period (1992–2001), scaled from zero (lowest) to 100% (highest). The 98,000 km² of the Douro River international watershed is the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, split between upstream Spain (80%) and downstream Portugal (20%). Three locations were surveyed: at the Portuguese–Spanish border, 350 km from the river mouth; 180 km from the mouth, where the river becomes exclusively Portuguese; and 21 km from the mouth. The water received by Portugal from Spain showed the poorest quality (WQI 47.3 ± 0.7%); quality increased steadily downstream, up to 61.7 ± 0.7%. In general, the water quality at all three sites was medium to poor. Seasonally, water quality decreased from winter to summer, but no statistical relationship between quality and discharge rate could be established. Depending on the location, different parameters were responsible for the episodic decline of quality: high conductivity and low oxygen content in the uppermost reservoir, and fecal coliform contamination downstream. This study shows the need to enforce the existing international bilateral agreements and to implement the European Water Quality Directive in order to improve the water quantity and quality received by the downstream country of a shared watershed, especially because two million inhabitants use the water from the last river location as their only source of drinking water.     

Nonpoint source pollution risk assessment in a watershed context

Nonpoint source pollution control requires assessment of the influence of dispersed runoff-contributing areas on downstream water quality. This evaluation must consider two separate phases: site-to-stream loading and downstream fluvial transport. Any model, combination of models, or procedure for making this assessment can be generalized to a simple spatial model or framework, which considers runoff or pollutant loading per unit area and down-stream attenuation, with drainage area as a scaling factor. This spatial model has a probabilistic interpretation and can be used in conjunction with a standard dilution model to give a probabilistic estimate of the impacts at the basin mouth of runoff from a specific upstream contributing area. It is illustrated by applying it to an assessment of the probability that various copper concentrations at the mouth of the urbanized South Platte River basin in Denver, Colorado, USA, will be exceeded as a result of runoff from a subbasin within the city. Determining the probability that a concentration of a pollutant at the basin mouth can be attributed to runoff from a discrete area within the basin is useful for targeting and risk assessment because it enables quantitative risk-based comparisons. The spatial framework is also useful for evaluating management and control options, since actions within the basin can be directly linked to water quality at a downstream point.     

OPTICAL IMPACTS AND SOURCES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN ONONDAGA CREEK,U.S.A.1

ABSTRACT: The degradation of the optical aesthetics in the mouth of Onondaga Creek, New York, that occurs during high flow periods as a result of the influx of large quantities of suspended solids, is documented. Features of the degradation include very low clarity (Secchi disc minimum of approximately 0.1 m) and a brown ‘muddy’ appearance. The reduced clarity is mostly a result of increased light scattering. Loading and concentration profiles obtained for an approximately 35 km interval above the creek mouth over a wide range of flow indicates most of the suspended solids received during runoff events is resuspended stream sediment and eroded bank material. Application of microscopy-based individual particle analysis techniques indicates that the origin of most of these deposits and much of the suspended solids during runoff events is point source inputs, termed ‘mud boils,’ located approximately 32 km upstream of the creek mouth.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.     

Controls on sediment delivery in coastal plain rivers

Rivers crossing coastal plains are often inefficient conveyors of sediment, so that changes in upstream sediment dynamics are not evident at the river mouth. Extensive accommodation space and low stream power often result in extensive alluvial storage upstream of estuaries and correspondingly low sediment loads at the river mouth. However, gaging stations with sediment records are typically well upstream of the coast, and thus tend to overestimate sediment yields by under-representing the lower coastal plain and because there is often a net loss of sediment in lower coastal plain reaches. Studies of alluvial sediment storage have generally focused on accommodation space, but, using examples from Texas, we show that low transport capacity controlled largely by slope is a crucial factor.