大通地区大气氟化物对小麦和油菜的污染危害

对西宁市大通县种植小麦、油菜受大气氟化物污染危害的情况作了简述 ,分析了污染危害产生的原因以及污染危害程度与废气排放高度与气象要素的关系 ,通过对小麦、油菜受氟化物危害的症状与受病虫害危害的症状比较得出 ,小麦、油菜的叶片与果实的氟含量与大气氟化物浓度呈高度正相关 ,认为可把 2 .0 μg/dm2 ·d的大气氟化物浓度作为保护小麦、油菜等农作物的基准值 ,提出了防治大气氟污染的对策。     

电解铝厂氟污染对周边玉米产量和子粒品质的影响

通过对电解铝厂周边一定范围内，受氟污染危害的玉米田的调查和研究，揭示了氟污染对玉米产量和子粒品质的影响。试验的结果表明，电解铝厂的氟污染已导致调查区域范围内（0．5～4km）玉米的产量降低至正常产量的28．21％～85．19％，玉米子粒的营养品质变劣，氟含量严重超标，不宜人畜食用。     

四川石棉工业园区周边土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价研究

为了解工业园区周边土壤重金属污染状况,选取园区周边12个采样点,测定土壤样品中重金属含量,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险对土壤重金属污染现状进行了评价。结果显示,园区周边土壤重金属平均含量高于背景值(除Cu和Ni),Hg、Pb、Zn最多超出背景值4.040、3.005、3.900倍。部分点位Pb和Zn含量超超过国家土壤环境质量标准限值。地累积指数法表明,园区Hg、Pb、Zn的多数点位介于中度污染和重度污染水平之间,部分点位处于重度以上污染水平,其余重金属多为中度及以下污染水平。潜在生态风险评价表明,单个金属生态风险程度为:HgCdPbAsZnNiCuCr。由于Hg和Cd元素的毒性系数较大,潜在的生态危害的可能也较大,其余6种重金属均处于轻微低风险级别。整体的潜在生态风险来看,工业园区周边土壤多数处于中等风险级别状态。可见,工业园区周边土壤整体状况较差,存在中等的潜在生态危害。     

成都地区典型土壤与农作物中砷含量研究

成都地区土壤和农作物中砷污染研究资料不多，本文以成都地区7类典型土壤和该土壤上生长的10余种常见农作物中的砷含量为研究对象，通过对监测数据的整理、分析，应用正态分布、方差分析、线性相关检验等方法对土壤和农作物中砷的分布规律以及两者的关系进行了比较详尽的分析和研究，并对比了国内相关研究结果，说明了成都地区土壤和农作物中砷污染的规律和相关性。     

四川雅安工业园区周边土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价研究

通过采集工业园区周边12个土壤,研究土壤中重金属的空间分布和污染情况,并采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、背景值及标准偏差法进行评价。结果表明,部分采样点Pb和Zn超过了国家土壤环境质量标准限值。背景值及标准偏差评价法评价表明,土壤重金属元素基本上都高于中国土壤元素背景值(四川省)。单项污染指数评价表明,采样点主要受到Pb和Zn为轻微污染。内梅罗综合污染指数来看,多数点位为警戒级别和安全清洁级别,个别点位为轻度和中度污染。工业园区周边土壤受到人类活动干扰明显,对周围土壤环境造成了不同程度的Pb和Zn污染。     

新疆准东煤田大气降尘中Hg含量分析与污染风险评价

选择新疆准东煤田五彩湾露天煤矿为研究区,通过测定研究区内8个采样点(点1为背景点)大气降尘中Hg元素的含量,利用地质累积指数法及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对研究区内的大气降尘进行重金属汞污染等级和潜在生态风险等级评价,结果表明:1与背景点相比,位于煤矿区上风向的采样点基本不受煤矿区开采过程中Hg的影响,下风向的采样点均受到煤矿区开采过程中Hg的影响,总体来看,研究区内大气降尘已受到Hg的污染;2研究区所有大气采样点均存在不同程度的Hg的潜在生态风险,其中,大气降尘中Hg含量相对较高的点8和点9的潜在生态风险等级为强,风险所占比率为25%。说明受矿区煤矿开采影响,Hg的潜在生态风险在下风向显著增强。     

关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤重金属污染纵向分布规律及生态风险评价

为了了解铅锌活动对深层土壤的污染情况,以关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤作为研究对象,通过室外采样调查和和室内样品分析,检测样品中主要重金属元素的含量以及纵向分布规律,并对该地区的重金属污染情况进行评价。结果表明:该铅锌冶炼区周边土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni的平均含量分别为28.92、86.72、26.02、0.31、70.01和32.40mg/kg,均高于陕西省土壤元素背景值。在纵向的60~80cm土层中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr重金属元素含量都已经超过陕西土壤背景值。评价结果表明该冶炼区周边土壤中Cd元素已达到中度污染,土壤污染程度达到中等,生态风险强烈,因此该铅锌冶炼区周边土壤存在一定的生态风险。     

吉林省镍矿区玉米体内重金属累积分布规律及其与土壤重金属全量的关系

矿山开采和冶炼可对矿区土壤造成不同程度的重金属污染。为了明确吉林省镍矿区耕地土壤/植物体系中重金属的迁移累积规律,在吉林省镍矿区采集了27个区域的土壤和玉米植株样品。结果表明,吉林省镍矿区土壤p H为5.00~6.82,有机质的含量为2.79%~7.93%,部分采样点的Cd和Pb超出吉林省土壤背景值,大部分采样点的Cu和Ni超出吉林省土壤背景值,所有采样点的Zn超出吉林省土壤背景值。玉米籽粒中Cd和Pb未检出,玉米茎中Cd未检出,27个采样点中有23个采样点的玉米籽粒Ni含量超过我国粮食及制品中重金属限量标准(NY 861-2004),而仅有4个采样点的籽粒Zn含量超过我国限量标准,所有采样点的籽粒Cu含量明显低于我国限量标准。随土壤重金属全量增加,玉米根Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb和Zn含量均呈增加趋势,其中根Cd,Cu,Ni含量与土壤重金属Cd,Cu,Ni全量呈显著正相关,而根Pb和Zn含量与土壤重金属Pb和Zn全量相关性不显著。     

机场周边大气中非甲烷总烃时空分布特征

为了研究机场周边大气中非甲烷烃的污染情况,于2011年4月21日起连续5天对某机场起降点附近2个采样点以及对照点农田区的大气中NMHCs进行测定.结果表明,NMHCs的含量为飞机开始滑行点（3.22mg/m3）＞降落点（2.92mg/m3）＞农田区（2.91 mg/m3）,均超出以色列的标准（2.0mg/m3）.非甲烷总烃在一天中下午16点达到最小值.飞机的起降对周边大气NMHCs排放有一定的影响.而对照点农田排放可能是当地NMHCs排放的重要来源. 3个采样点中,排放的碳氢化合物以非甲烷烃为主,占总烃的63.4％.NMHCs和总烃的线性关系良好,用统计回归的方法得到了研究区总烃和非甲烷烃的换算公式.     

氟化物污染对降水中氟离子浓度的影响分析

采用石灰滤纸法监测分析包头市区大气环境中的氟化物污染与降水中氟离子浓度的影响,结果显示,降水中氟离子与空气中氟化物浓度的变化存在着明显的正相关,该结论对于包头市空气的氟污染规律和优化监测分析研究有重要意义。     

土壤镉污染调查研究

本文阐述了重金属镉对植物和人体危害的机理，描述了土壤镉的主要来源，并开展了城郊及矿山周围土壤镉污染现状调查。调查结果提醒人们提高土壤质量意识，重视土壤镉污染并进行土壤修复，保护生态环境、实现农业的可持续发展。     

Evaluation of an acid ammonium oxalate extraction to determine fluoride resident concentrations in soils

Fluoride depositions near aluminum smelters and other fluoride-emitting plants can lead to fluoride accumulation in soils, which constitutes a risk for ground water contamination. This study was conducted to investigate the capacity of a 0.2 M acid ammonium oxalate solution to selectively and quantitatively extract fluoride accumulated in soils. The recovery of fluoride added to three soils was evaluated following 7- to 28-d incubations. Oxalate extraction was also compared with a total fluoride extraction method, using oxalate-extractable fluoride (Fox) and total fluoride (Ftot) accumulation profiles derived from column percolation experiments. To determine low-level fluoride concentrations without interference from high Al and Fe concentrations, an adapted ion chromatography method was used. Following soil incubations, oxalate extracted 42 to 86% of added fluoride. Recovery varied between soils and, in one soil, increased with added fluoride concentration. Recovery was unaffected by incubation time. Maximum recovery was obtained in a soil high in amorphous Fe and Al, low in clay, and free of carbonate. Lower recoveries were obtained in soils with higher clay or carbonate contents. Only 4 to 8% of Ftot was extracted in untreated samples using Fox, which suggests a high selectivity of this method for added fluoride. In percolation experiments, the use of Fox reduced considerably the background noise associated with Ftot for the evaluation of fluoride accumulation profiles. Because of its high selectivity and despite incomplete fluoride recovery, the use of Fox to determine fluoride resident concentrations in soils may improve environmental monitoring of fluoride accumulation and movement in contaminated soils.     

浅析规模化畜禽集中养殖环境污染现状及防治对策——以安居区玉丰镇为例

通过实地调查取样分析,结果表明:玉丰镇鸡头寺村和金龟村规模化畜禽集中养殖实际出栏量是土地环境容量1.3倍,土壤中含锌、铜、锰、砷量分别为163.05mg/kg、156.00mg/kg、101.13mg/kg和9.19mg/kg,已造成土壤污染,农田灌溉用水化学需氧量超标准限值503%,地下水和大气受到一定程度的污染。     

仪征市耕地土壤环境质量调查与分析

本文以仪征市现有耕地土壤为调查对象，通过布点、采样、检测、统计，结果表明，仪征市沿江圩区长江冲积母质发育的土壤比丘陵地区下蜀黄土重金属含量相对较高，土壤重金属含量多年来有升高现象，少数田块存在高残农药的残留，点源污染和农药污染对耕地环境质量的影响不容忽视，需要采取工程、生物和化学等技术对土壤进行修复。     

Effect of Cadmium on Microbial Activity and a Ryegrass Crop in Two Semiarid Soils

Soil pollution with Cd is an environmental problem common in the world, and it is necessary to establish what Cd concentrations in soil could be dangerous to its fertility from toxicity effects and the risk of transference of this element to plants and other organisms of the food chain. In this study, we assessed Cd toxicity on soil microorganisms and plants in two semiarid soils (uncultivated and cultivated). Soil ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and plant growth were measured in the two soils spiked with concentrations ranging from 3 to 8000 mg Cd/kg soil and incubated for 3 h, 20 days, and 60 days. The Cd concentrations that produced 5%; 10%;, and 50%; inhibition of each of the two soil microbiological parameter studied (ecological dose, ED, values) were calculated using two different mathematical models. Also, the effect of Cd concentration on plant growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) was studied in the two soils. The Cd ED values calculated for soil dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were higher in the agricultural soils than in the bare soil. For ATP inhibition, higher ED values were calculated than for dehydrogenase activity inhibition. The average yields of ryegrass were reduced from 5.03 to 3.56 g in abandoned soil and from 4.21 to 1.15 g in agricultural soil with increasing concentrations of Cd in the soil. Plant growth was totally inhibited in abandoned and agricultural soils at Cd concentrations above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg soil, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of Cd in the plants and the total or DTPA-extractable concentrations of Cd in the soil.     

镇江东部地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

分析了镇江东部扬中地区土壤中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明，该地区土壤的多环芳烃总量为2．4～49．9μg／Kg，其中荧蒽的含量最高，同我国其他地区相比，其污染水平比较低。5个采样点PAHs含量表明有两个点受工业企业影响，其他3个点具有类似的面源污染即地质成因来源。     

Soil fate of agricultural fumigants in raised-bed, plasticulture systems in the southeastern United States

Soil concentrations and degradation rates of methyl isothio-cyanate (MITC), chloropicrin (CP), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were determined under fumigant application scenarios representative of commercial raised bed, plastic mulched vegetable production systems. Five days after application, 1,3-D, MITC, and CP were detected at concentrations up to 3.52, 0.72, and 2.45 μg cm, respectively, in the soil atmosphere when applications were made in uniformly compacted soils with a water content >200% of field capacity and covered by a virtually impermeable or metalized film. By contrast, DMDS, MITC, and CP concentrations in the soil atmosphere were 0.81, 0.02, and 0.05 μg cm, respectively, 5 d after application in soil containing undecomposed plant residue, numerous large (>3 mm) clods, and water content below field capacity and covered by low-density polyethylene. Ranked in order of impact on the persistence of fumigants in soil were soil water content (moisture), soil tilth (the physical condition of soil as related to its fitness as a planting bed), the type of plastic film used to cover fumigated beds, and soil texture. Fumigants were readily detected 13 d after application when applied in uniformly compacted soils with water contents >200% of capacity and covered by a virtually impermeable or metalized film. By contrast, 1,3-D and MITC had dissipated 5 d after application in soils with numerous large (>3 mm) clods and water contents below field capacity that were covered by low-density polyethylene. Soil degradation of CP, DMDS, and MITC were primarily attributed to biological mechanisms, whereas degradation of 1,3-D was attributed principally to abiotic factors. This study demonstrates improved soil retention of agricultural fumigants in application scenarios representative of good agricultural practices.     

广州土壤中短链氯化石蜡的含量水平和分布特征

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类新的持久性有机污染物(POPs),目前我国相关研究较少。为了解SCCPs在土壤中的污染现状和分布特征,测定了24个广州土样(含3个剖面采样点)中SCCPs的含量,分析了其同族体分布模式。结果表明:广州表层土壤中SCCPs的含量变化范围为6.8～541.2ng/g,均值为79.6ng/g;剖面土壤中SCCPs的含量范围为7.5～115.8ng/g,均值为33.1ng/g。不同类型土壤中SCCPs各同系物组分的分布模式相似,以碳原子数为10和11的Cl6-SCCPs/Cl7-SCCPs为主。     

Peat fire effects on some properties of an artificially drained peatland

The management of artificially drained organic soils is a very important issue, since the accelerated mineralization and sometimes peat fires alter physical and chemical properties of soils and the availability of plant nutrients. This study was performed to determine relatively short- and long-term effects of peat fires on some physical and chemical properties of soils in the artificially drained Gavur Lake Peatland of Turkey. To achieve this objective, measured properties of soils burned in 2001, burned in 1965, and unburned were compared. The results indicated that soil bulk density, pH, amounts of soluble salts, CaCO3, and concentrations of ammonium acetate-extractable (AAE) Ca, Mg, K, and Na were significantly higher for both sampling depths in the burned areas. The areas burned in 2001 had higher pH, soluble salts, and the concentrations of AAE Ca, Mg, and K compared with sites burned in 1965, and this was reasoned with leaching losses and plant uptake of these basic cations for four decades in the latter. Percent saturation and organic carbon contents of soils, however, were significantly lower in the burned areas for both sampling depths. Olsen P levels were not significantly different between the sites. This work clearly shows that alterations in soils properties with peat fires do not recover in the long term.     

Phosphorus forms in biosolids-amended soils and losses in runoff: effects of wastewater treatment process

Continuous addition of municipal biosolids to soils based on plant nitrogen (N) requirements can cause buildup of soil phosphorus (P) in excess of crop requirements; runoff from these soils can potentially contribute to nonpoint P pollution of surface waters. However, because biosolids are often produced using lime and/or metal salts, the potential for biosolids P to cause runoff P losses can vary with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) process. This study was conducted to determine the effect of wastewater treatment process on the forms and amounts of P in biosolids, biosolids-amended soils, and in runoff from biosolids-amended soils. We amended two soil types with eight biosolids and a poultry litter (PL) at equal rates of total P (200 kg ha(-1); unamended soils were used as controls. All biosolids and amended soils were analyzed for various types of extractable P, inorganic P fractions, and the degree of P saturation (acid ammonium oxalate method). Amended soils were placed under a simulated rainfall and all runoff was collected and analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), iron-oxide-coated filter paper strip-extractable phosphorus (FeO-P), and total phosphorus (EPA3050 P). Results showed that biosolids produced with a biological nutrient removal (BNR) process caused the highest increases in extractable soil P and runoff DRP. Alternatively, biosolids produced with iron only consistently had the lowest extractable P and caused the lowest increases in extractable soil P and runoff DRP when added to soils. Differences in soil and biosolids extractable P levels as well as P runoff losses were related to the inorganic P forms of the biosolids.