综合利用江油电厂粉煤灰的研究(二)——从自粉化料中提取氧化铝

本文利用正交设计研究了浸取剂浓度、浸取温度、浸取时间、料液比对从自粉化料中提取氧化铝的影响;找出了影响提取氧化铝的主要因素;推荐了从自粉化料中提取氧化铝的最佳条件。     

有机螯合剂对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化试验研究

选取乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)和亚硫基二乙酸(TDGA)两种有机稳定剂药剂,研究其对焚烧飞灰重金属的稳定化效果。实验表明,焚烧飞灰浸取液中重金属浓度依次为:Zn (124. 2mg/L) Pb (27. 98mg/L) Cu(15. 29mg/L) Cd (7. 68mg/L) TCr (1. 16mg/L),重金属Pb、Cd、Cu超出标准;在用EDTA和TDGA处理的稳定化样品浸出液中Pb、Cd、Cu、TCr的浓度随着有机螯合剂投加量的增加而减小,并且TDGA的处理效果优于EDTA;在TDGA投加量相同,且浸取剂p H在3到9的范围内时,随着p H的升高,Pb、Zn、Cu、TCr的浸出浓度逐渐减小,其中p H升高对Cd的浸出浓度影响较小;若有机螯合剂溶液与飞灰搅拌均匀,液固比的增加对螯合反应没有产生影响。     

预挂式真空过滤机

由山东省安丘市机械厂开发、山东省环境保护局推荐的预挂式真空过滤机主要用于制浆造纸碱回收苛化工段白泥与绿泥的洗涤与浓缩,以及化工、医药、矿山、食品等行业进行物料洗涤和固液分离.     

医院含菌污水处理过程中应注意的问题

针对医院污水含菌的特点，介绍处理该污水过程中发生的问题及应对办法，使处理后的含菌污水全部达标排放，从而减少对环境的污染，保护了环境。     

页岩气压裂返排液处理技术探讨

介绍了页岩气压裂返排液的主要成分及常用处理方法,探讨了国外返排液处理新技术,提出了返排液处理发展方向。返排液处理常用技术主要有自然蒸发、冻融、过滤、臭氧氧化、化学絮凝、电絮凝、反渗透和蒸馏等,而新技术主要是各种处理工艺的组合应用,以氧化、絮凝为主。返排液处理技术的发展应朝着各种工艺复合应用,物理处理为主,化学处理为辅的方向进行,开发电絮凝和高级氧化等新技术,研制撬装处理设备,使处理工艺模块化,并对有用成分进行合理回收再利用,降低处理成本,为页岩气开发提供技术支撑。     

澳洲科学家实验发现细菌处理城市垃圾

澳洲科学家实验发现细菌处理城市垃圾澳大利亚科学家正在实验用细菌加快垃圾分解，以减少城市垃圾的方法。悉尼市为了到２０００年使城市废物减少６０％，正在建设４座大型垃圾处理实验站，用无害细菌分解垃圾。预计２年内就可取得商业成果。当地废物处理机构和昆士兰大学...     

纳氏比色法测定NH3—N的改进

减少显色剂中ＨｇＣＬ２、ＫＩ的含量，以聚乙烯醇作胶体稳定剂，显著提高了显色剂的稳定度和显色的稳定度。以ＫＯＨ和酒石酸作缓冲液，保持恒定的显色碱度，同时也隐蔽了金属离子的干扰，从而大大降低了空白吸光度和检出限。废水预处理，通过条件实验，确定稀释比．稀释水样用絮凝沉淀法或蒸馏法处理，蒸馏时用磷酸盐缓冲液，并降低硼酸吸收液的浓度，提高了回收率。     

重点实用技术推广项目

预挂式真空过滤机 Pre- hanging Mode of Vacuum Filter 由山东省安丘市机械厂开发、山东省环境保护局推荐的预挂式真空过滤机主要用于制浆造纸碱回收苛化工段白泥与绿泥的洗涤与浓缩，以及化工、医药、矿山、食品等行业进行物料洗涤和固液分离。 　　主要技术内容 　　一、基本原理 　　预挂式真空过滤机由转鼓、槽体、传动装置、搅拌装置、分配阀及机械自动进给刮刀组成。转鼓在盛有浆料的槽体内慢慢回转，由于真空吸附在鼓体的外表面，经刮刀剥落，转鼓每转一周，相继完成真空吸滤、洗涤、卸料三个工艺过程。具有真空度高 (0.06～ 0.08…     

麻黄碱提取工艺废水中COD的溶解性

依据溶解性对麻黄碱提取工艺废水中COD作了分类，该废水中的COD主要以溶解态存在并可大量酸析。     

镀铬废水处理后Cr（Ⅵ）反弹成因与防治对策

从理论出发，结合目前普遍采用的还原一固液分离法处理含铬废水工艺，对固-液分离后的上清液和沉降污泥之间的形态转化相关性进行研究和分析，提醒注意控制含铬污水中铬反弹及全过程处理的完整性。     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

A DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC WATERSHED MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model was developed to mathematically simulate overland and channel flow for a single-event storm. The modeled watersheds in the study were subdivided into rectangular grid elements. All hydrologically significant parameters, such as land slope, rainfall and precipitation excess, were assumed to be uniform within each element. The Green-Ampt method was adopted to generate precipitation excess for each element during the simulation period. A two-dimensional diffusion wave model was used for overland flow routing and an iterative Alternative Direction Implicit scheme was used to solve the simultaneous overland flow equations. Once the overland flow became inflow to the channel, a one-dimensional dynamic wave flood routing technique, based on a four-point, implicit, non-linear finite difference solution of the St. Venant equation of unsteady flow, was applied. A limited number of comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for areas of about one square mile. Given the appropriate parameters, the model was able to accurately simulate runoff for single-event storms. This paper describes a distributed watershed model developed to simulate overland and channel flow. Comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for three watersheds. The model was able to accurately simulate the runoff for single-event storms using 61-m by 61-m (200 ft by 200 ft) watershed grid elements.     

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WHO SHOULD LEAD,WHO SHOULD PAY?1

ABSTRACT: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.     

Green Symbolism in the Genetic Modification Debate

The character of the current controversy over geneticallymodified (GM) agriculture, typified by protesters' use of emotivesymbolism, has been largely inspired by the Green movement'snon-governmental organizations and political parties. This articleexplores the deeper philosophical and spiritual motivations of the Greenmovement, to inquire why it is implacably opposed to GM agriculture. TheGreen movement's anti-capitalism, exemplified by the hate-symbol statusof Monsanto as the company pioneering GM crops, is viewed within thewider context of alienation in the modern era. A complex of meanings isseen in Frankenstein as the focal symbol of GM protests, includingperceptions of risk, fears of the remixing of living identities seen ingenetic engineering, and resentment at the spiritual nihilism of thereduction of life to the digital code of DNA. By contrast, RobertGoodin's Green Theory of Value, which postulates the deep psychologicalimportance of nature in locating the self in a meaningful context largerthan ourselves, can explain the power of the Green symbol of thethreatened environment, Gaia. The advent of GM agriculture seems toimply that capitalism and technology can now enframe nature itself,leaving a world devoid of natural myth or meaning, with no escape fromthe alienation and nihilism of modernity. The central question posed forprotagonists of the GM debate is whether their agenda is based on thesepowerful but mythical conceptions of the environment, or whetherpreservation of the real environment is their primary ethic.     

STATE VARIABLE MODEL FOR URBAN RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESS1

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear hydrologic system model has been developed for analyzing the urban rainfall-runoff process. The model is formulated as a state variable model consisting of several parameters. A search technique is employed to find the set of parameters for which the model's response best fits observed data. The model could be used in either a simulation or forecasting mode. The model is applied to observed data for the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, to develop the model parameters for various levels of urbanization of the watershed. The trend of each parameter with respect to levels of urbanization is examined.     

Preliminary studies about effects of ELF and TAMMEF electromagnetic fields on human lymphomonocytes

In our paper we studied the effects of exposure to ELF (extremely low frequency) or musically generated TAMMEF (therapeutic application of musically modulated electromagnetic fields) electromagnetic fields on the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release induced by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from cultured human lymphomonocytes of peripheral blood. Lymphomonocytes, isolated from blood donors buffy-coat, were prepared using standard techniques in cell culture flasks, kept in CO₂ incubator, with controlled temperature and humidity for 5 days. Flasks were subjected to an ELF electromagnetic field (100 Hz sinusoidal) or to TAMMEF electromagnetic fields (with intensity, frequency, and wave shape randomly modified in time, so that all possible codes can occur during a single application). The TNF-α release was determined by ELISA test every 24 h for 92 h and the results were evaluated by a non-parametric test. LPS induces a stronger TNF-α release in cultures that were subjected to ELF when compared with cultures subjected to TAMMEF, at each time period of the experimental protocol. These results seem to indicate that TAMMEF is able to induce a complex modulation of LPS-induced TNF-α release, a cytokine with pro inflammatory property whose release during chronic or neoplastic inflammatory diseases has strong negative effects on several organ systems.     

Formulation of resource depletion index

A resource depletion index can serve as a quantitative tool to evaluate the level of depletion for natural resources. This study introduces two types of resource depletion indices, the global resource depletion index and the local resource depletion index. Global resource depletion index mainly concerns global reserves and the annual consumption rate of these resources. The local resource depletion index not only considers global reserves and their annual consumption rate, but also considers the local factors such as local reserves, local recycling rates, and local resource import characteristics. This study considers the local resource characteristics of Taiwan and develops calculations for local resource depletion indexes for the resources of cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc.     

Cadmium—Towards a rational use of a toxic element

Because of its toxicity, cadmium creates an environmental problem as well as a health hazard for exposed workers. Most cadmium emissions arise from the intentional use of the element. It is therefore mandatory to reduce cadmium consumption to the lowest possible level. Cadmium pigments, mainly used in plastic processing, can be replaced in all applications where the processing temperature does not exceed 300°C. Newly developed polyvinyl chloride stabilizers promise to be an excellent substitute for cadmium stabilizers in even the most demanding applications. Cadmium plating, still extensively used in the United States and the West Germany, has been virtually abandoned in Japan. Improved lead acid batteries are replacing vented nickel cadmium batteries because of their cost effectiveness. While in these applications cadmium use is declining, more and more cadmium is needed for the manufacturing of sealed nickel cadmium batteries. These relatively small electrochemical cells are used mainly by individual consumers. Here cadmium can only be replaced in some marginal applications. The high cadmium content of these batteries (up to 22%) makes them a good candidate for recycling of the heavy metal.     

LONG-TERM EQUILIBRIUM PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EVERGLADES AS PREDICTED BY A VOLLENWEIDER-TYPE MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic phosphorus loading, mainly from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), is believed to be the primary cause of eutrophication in the Everglades. The state of Florida has adopted a plan for addressing Everglades eutrophication problems by reducing anthropogenic phosphorus loads through the implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in agricultural watersheds and the construction of stormwater treatment areas (STAs). Optimizing the effectiveness of these STAs for reducing phosphorus concentrations from agricultural runoff is a critical component of the District's comprehensive Everglades protection effort. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a simple tool that can be used to estimate STAs’performance and evaluate management alternatives considered in the Everglades restoration efforts. The model was tested at two south Florida wetland sites and then was used to simulate several management alternatives and predict ecosystem responses to reduced external phosphorus (P) loadings. Good agreement between model predictions at the two wetland sites and actual observations indicated that the model can be used as a management tool to predict wetlands’response to reductions in external phosphorus load and long-term P levels in aquatic ecosystems. Model results showed that lowering P content of the Everglades Protection Area (EPA) depends on reducing P loads originating from EAA discharges, not from rainfall. Assuming no action is taken (e.g., no BMPs or STAs implemented), the steady state model predicted that the average concentration within the modeled area of the marsh would reach 20 μg L^?1 within five years. With an 85 percent reduction in P loading, the steady-state model predicted that Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) P concentration will equilibrate at approximately 10 μ L^?1, while elimination of all loadings is projected to further reduce marsh P to values less than 10 μg L^?1.