润湿时间统计方法研究

根据日记相对湿度曲线，本文采用了五种方法统计江津地区1998年逐月的润湿时间；五种方法的区别主要在于：(1)相邻两点时间间隔不同，方法2、方法3相邻两点间隔1h，方法4、方法5相邻两点间隔6h；(2)若相邻两点的相对湿度值一个高于80％，另一个低于80％时，则采用了三种不同的方法计算从低点到高点相对湿度低于80％的时间，方法1直接从曲线读取，方法2、方法4则从相邻两点的相对湿度值计算获得，方法3、方法4则取相邻两点间隔时间的一半。方差分析表明五种方法之间没有显著差异，可直接利用国家气象局发布的全年每天2、8、14、20点的相对湿度来统计润湿时间。     

草坪春季管理技术研究

通过对早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、高羊茅等几种不同年限和栽培方法的草坪草的春季管理试验，分析了影响草坪生长的原因。着重介绍了从修剪、施肥、灌水、除杂等方法，研究了草坪草的春季管理技术，为新疆城乡草坪的养护提出了一套方便可行的方法。     

农用地节约集约利用评价指标体系研究

农用地在国民经济建设中占据了重要的地位，针对现阶段我国农用地节约集约评价的空白，阐述了选取评价指标原则及方法，采用层次分析法建立了由3个子系统、6个二级指标和系列评价指标构成的农用地节约集约利用评价指标体系；在指标体系基础上进行了评价方法的研究，提出了指标权重、标准值的确定方法和节约集约度计算方法。     

系统动力学在我国可持续发展战略中的研究进展

系统动力学是一种以反馈控制理论为基础、计算机仿真技术为手段，研究复杂社会经济大系统的方法。随着可持续发展战略的提出，该方法得到了广泛应用。综述了近年来系统动力学方法在我国可持续发展战略中的研究进展，着重介绍了该方法在区域资源生态承载力方面的研究，提出了系统动力学研究的方向。     

地质环境评价方法应用比较研究——以小秦岭金矿区为例

针对不同的环境评价方法在特定领域获得广泛的应用，但是在其他领域却又存在一定局限性的状况。本文选取了目前常用的四种环境评价方法：主分量分析法、物元评价法、模糊数学评价法、灰色聚类评价法，对各自评价机理进行了介绍，然后以小秦岭金矿区为例，将其应用于地质评价领域，根据得到的结果从四个方面对评价方法作了比较分析，得出了这四种方法在地质评价领域的优点和不足。     

环境中多氯联苯（PCBs）的分析方法研究

探讨了环境中多氯联苯（PCBs）来源特性和分析检测方法。讨论了目前较为常用的样品前处理方法，如溶剂萃取法、固相萃取法、固相微萃取法等，常见的检测方法包括化学分析法和生物分析法，并对PCBs分析检测的发展前景进行了展望。     

餐饮废水处理方法的现状与展望

本文综述了餐饮废水处理方法的现状，主要介绍了粗粒化法、混凝法、生物法及电化学法的应用，并对餐饮废水的处理方法作出了展望。     

紫外光催化氧化-原子吸收分光光度法测定垃圾渗滤液中重金属的研究

本文采用二氧化钛为催化剂，通过使用光催化氧化的消解方法对垃圾渗滤液样品进行前处理，再用原子吸收分光光度法测定垃圾渗滤液中的重金属，并与常用消解方法进行对比，探讨了紫外光照射时间、紫外灯功率、H2O2的用量等因素对消解效果所产生的影响，选取了消解垃圾渗滤液的最佳条件，讨论了方法的准确度与精密度。     

单标多点校正组合英蓝超滤测定地表水中多种阴离子

建立了利用组合单标多点校正和英蓝超滤单元的离子色谱法测定地表水中F-、C1-、NO3-、S0424—4-种离子的方法，方法操作简便，灵敏度高，线性范围广，抗干扰能力强，可同时快速测定不同数量级浓度的离子，降低了配置标准品和样品前处理的复杂性，减少了因前处理带来的干扰。     

COD测定方法的发展与研究动态

本文较为全面地论述了COD测定方法的发展与研究现状。在论述了国标中COD标准方法不足之处的基础上，本文就标准方法的众多改进措施分类进行了比较与探讨，包括消解方法的改进、替代催化剂的研究以及氯离子干扰的消除，然后介绍了相关系数法、电化学法、分光光度法和流动注射法等COD测定替代技术。本文认为，研究试剂用量少、无污染的绿色COD测定方法具有重要而积极的意义，而研究适应性强、运行可靠、性价比高的COD在线监测仪则是COD监测的发展趋势。     

固液分离法处理废钻井液的实验研究

废钻井液对环境的污染是一个难以解决的问题。针对塔里木油田的地质情况,使用固液分离法对部分废钻井液样品进行了实验研究工作。固液分离法采用两次处理工艺流程。即先经一级初步絮凝处理和强化离心分离,使大部分固相去除,然后对脱出的废液进行第二级絮凝处理后即可达到排放要求。实验结果表明：固液分离法能够将废钻井液分离成固-液两相,其液相能够达到排放要求,固相残渣对环境污染程度大幅度降低甚至无污染;若将此处理法同其它方法相结合,如坑内密封法、固化法等相结合会得到更满意的环保效果。     

采油废水气浮-生物处理方法研究

针对采油废水外排水质超标现象,胜利油田孤岛采油厂在室内试验和现场小试的基础上,分别采用直接投加菌液方法和生物接触氧化方法对孤岛采油废水进行了现场中试对比研究。试验结果表明:两种方法都能有效地去除了采油废水中的超标污染物,处理后的水质指标全部达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二类水质标准。相比较生物接触氧化法工序运行稳定,易于实施。     

Environmental and economic analysis of management systems for biodegradable waste

The management system for solid and liquid organic waste affects the environment and surrounding technical systems in several ways. In order to decrease the environmental impact and resource use, biological waste treatment and alternative solutions for sewage treatment are often advocated. These alternatives include increased agricultural use of waste residuals. To analyse whether such proposed systems indicate improvements for the environment and its sustainability, systems analysis is a useful method. The changes in environmental impact and resource use is not only a result of changes in waste treatment methods, but also largely a result of changes in surrounding systems (energy and agriculture) caused by changes in waste management practices. In order to perform a systems analysis, a substance-flow simulation model, the organic waste research model (ORWARE), has been used. The results are evaluated by using methodology from life cycle assessment (LCA). An economic analysis was also performed on three of the studied scenarios. The management system for solid organic waste and sewage in the municipality of Uppsala, Sweden, was studied. Three scenarios for different treatments of solid waste were analysed: incineration with heat recovery, composting, and anaerobic digestion. These three scenarios included conventional sewage treatment. A fourth scenario reviewed was anaerobic digestion of solid waste, using urine-separating toilets and separate handling of the urine fraction. The results are only valid for the case study and under the assumptions made. In this case study anaerobic digestion result in the lowest environmental impact of all the solid waste management systems, but is costly. Economically, incineration with heat recovery is the cheapest way to treat solid waste. Composting gives environmental advantages compared to incineration methods, without significantly increased costs. Urine separation, which may be implemented together with any solid waste treatment, has great advantages, particularly in its low impact on the environment. However, there is a large increase in acidification.     

Solid Waste Management Practices in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Solid waste management practices in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia are reviewed. The officials of various municipalities and agencies responsible for collecting and disposing of municipal waste were interviewed. The refuse generation rate found is in the range of 1.61–2.72 kg per capita per day. The refuse composition data indicate a high percentage of glass, metals, and wood. For storage purposes, 0.2-m³ barrels are used in residential areas and 0.75 to 1.50 m³-capacity containers are used in commerical areas. The present solid-waste collection system is labor-intensive, and a significant part of the budget is spent on collection and haul operations. The unit collection and haul cost is much higher than the unit disposal cost of refuse. The direct haul of refuse is the common practice, and the use of transfer stations has not yet been considered. It is also observed that the disposal methods used at these sites are not in line with modern techniques for refuse disposal. Landfilling and combined burning and landfilling are the common disposal methods at all the sites.     

Dynamic respiration index as a descriptor of the biological stability of organic wastes

Analytical methods applicable to different organic wastes are needed to establish the extent to which readily biodegradable organic matter has decomposed (i.e., biological stability). The objective of this study was to test a new respirometric method for biological stability determination of organic wastes. Dynamic respiration index (DRI) measurements were performed on 16 organic wastes of different origin, composition, and biological stability degree to validate the test method and result expression, and to propose biological stability limits. In addition, theoretical DRI trends were obtained by using a mathematical model. Each test lasted 96 h in a 148-L-capacity respirometer apparatus, and DRI was monitored every hour. The biological stability was expressed as both single and cumulative DRI values. Results obtained indicated that DRI described biological stability in relation to waste typology and age well, revealing lower-stability waste characterized by a well-pronounced DRI profile (a marked peak was evident) that became practically flat for samples with higher biological stability. Fitting indices showed good model prediction compared with the experimental data, indicating that the method was able to reproduce the aerobic process, providing a reliable indication of the biological stability. The DRI can therefore be proposed as a useful method to measure the biological stability of organic wastes, and DRI values, calculated as a mean of 24 h of the highest microbial activity, of 1000 and 500 mg O(2) kg(-1) volatile solids (VS) h(-1) are proposed to indicate medium (e.g., fresh compost) and high (e.g., mature compost) biological stabilities, respectively.     

辽宁省危险废物排放现状与污染控制战略

结合辽宁省危险废物排放现状，提出辽宁省危险废物污染控制战略。建立全省危险废物管理与登记交换中心，建设省级危险废物安全填埋处置中心、危险废物焚烧中心、省级危险废物污染事故预警系统。提出全省医疗废物处置设施建设布局和技术路线选择方案、硼泥和铬渣处置技术路线。在大城市或经济较发达城市，可采取回转炉方法集中焚烧医疗废物，而运输半径之外偏远山区或经济欠发达城市可采用高温灭菌方法处置本辖区内的医疗废物。硼泥、铬渣则优先采用资源化技术进行处置。     

Solid waste characterization,quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district – Palestine

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues faced by developing countries that suffer from serious pollution problems caused by the generation of large waste quantities. This paper presents the case study of SWM in the Nablus district – Palestine. Surveys for household residents' and SWM program operators, field investigations, on-site waste measurements and characterizations were conducted. Per capita waste generation rates varied between different localities although trends were similar. Overall, the majority of waste was organic (65.1% by weight), suggesting a strong resource recovery potential in terms of animal feed or compost. Recyclable waste (plastic, paper and card) made up 16.7% by weight the waste composition suggesting an incentive to introduce source separation. Household attitudes complemented the waste characterization study, revealing the main problems faced. SWM operators quoted on the current status, highlighting problems with disposing in unsanitary landfills, ineffective solid waste fees system, increasing solid waste quantities and lacking equipment and experienced personnel. To enhance sustainable SWM, public awareness, funding, expertise, equipment and facilities and other provisions currently lacking or inappropriate must be provided.     

Hospital waste management in El-Beheira Governorate,Egypt

This study investigated the hospital waste management practices used by eight randomly selected hospitals located in Damanhour City of El-Beheira Governorate and determined the total daily generation rate of their wastes. Physico-chemical characteristics of hospital wastes were determined according to standard methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to collect information about the practices related to waste segregation, collection procedures, the type of temporary storage containers, on-site transport and central storage area, treatment of wastes, off-site transport, and final disposal options. This study indicated that the quantity of medical waste generated by these hospitals was 1.249 tons/day. Almost two-thirds was waste similar to domestic waste. The remainder (38.9%) was considered to be hazardous waste. The survey results showed that segregation of all wastes was not conducted according to consistent rules and standards where some quantity of medical waste was disposed of with domestic wastes. The most frequently used treatment method for solid medical waste was incineration which is not accepted at the current time due to the risks associated with it. Only one of the hospitals was equipped with an incinerator which is devoid of any air pollution control system. Autoclaving was also used in only one of the selected hospitals. As for the liquid medical waste, the survey results indicated that nearly all of the surveyed hospitals were discharging it in the municipal sewerage system without any treatment. It was concluded that the inadequacies in the current hospital waste management practices in Damanhour City were mainly related to ineffective segregation at the source, inappropriate collection methods, unsafe storage of waste, insufficient financial and human resources for proper management, and poor control of waste disposal. The other issues that need to be considered are a lack of appropriate protective equipment and lack of training and clear lines of responsibilities between the departments involved in hospital waste management. Effective medical waste management programs are multisectoral and require cooperation between all levels of implementation, from national and local governments to hospital staff and private businesses.     

造纸工业废水资源化途径的新探讨

本文从造纸工业废水治理技术现状分析入手,讨论了目前用于处理造纸黑液和白水的主要处理工艺及其特点。在此基础上,提出了造纸工业废水尤其是造纸黑液综合利用的新途径。着重对造纸工业废水污灌作了重点的分析,对用造纸黑液作为型煤粘合剂和水煤浆生产工艺用水作了探讨性分析,为造纸工业废水尤其是造纸黑液资源化途径的探讨提出了新思路。     

环境监测实验室的废液处理

环境监测实验室的废液一直没有进行规范化管理，随着环境监测标准化站的建设和实验室认可工作的开展，环境监测实验室的废液污染应引起重视。文章简要阐述了环境监测实验室废液的来源及废液的收集原则，详细介绍了环境监测实验室常用有机溶剂的回收技术，提出了含不同污染物的实验室废液的处理方法。