增强环境影响评价中公众参与的有效性

论述了公众参与环境影响评价的重要意义，提出增强环境影响评价中公众参与有效性的建议。     

浅析建设项目环境影响评价中的公众参与

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容。通过对公众参与建项目环境影响评价现状的简要分析，提出强化公众参与的对策与建议。     

浅谈我国环境影响评价中的公众参与问题

对环境影响评价制度中公众参与的重要意义进行了阐述,分析了我国公众参与环境影响评价的现状及存在的问题,并对完善我国环境影响评价中公众参与制度提出了一些具体的措施。     

建设项目环境影响评价公众参与存在 的问题及其对策

公众参与是建设项目环境影响评价工作中的一项重要内容,直接涉及公众环境知情权和参与权,受到广泛关注。在分析当前建设项目环境影响评价公众参与中存在的影响有效性问题的基础上,提出了五个方面的针对性对策。     

论公众参与的环境伦理观

公众参与(Public Participation)是环境影响评价(EIA)和战略影响评价(SEA)的重要内容,也是环境保护事业发展的基础.影响公众参与的因素有环境法律、环境经济、环境文化和环境伦理四个方面,其中环境伦理在公众参与和环境行为方面发挥巨大的作用.本文从伦理学角度论述了人类环境伦理观的形成,环境伦理对公众参与环境保护的影响以及可持续发展的环境道德原则.     

论战略环境影响评价制度的若干主要内容

着重分析《环境影响评价法》有关战略环境影响评价制度的若干主要内容，包括战略环境影响评价的适用范围、公众参与和环境影响后评价制度，认为《环境影响评价法》有关战略环境影响评价制度的内容是先进的，但也指出了相关规定的些许不足。     

我国公众参与环境保护制度存在的问题及对策

阐述了公众参与环境影响评价的重要意义和相关依据,指出了我国现行公众参与制度中存在信息公示程度不足、征求意见方式单一和公众意见重视不够等问题,并从完善法律法规体系、丰富公众参与形式和提高公众参与透明程度等方面提出了改进措施和建议。     

环境影响评价中的公众参与机制研究

通过梳理分析环境影响评价相关法中公众参与的规定,对照UNEP有效的公众参与五要素,剖析环境影响评价中公众参与机制的不足,并提出完善环境影响评价中公众参与机制的对策。     

环境影响评价中的公众参与

介绍了环境影响评价中公众参与的发展和现状,论述了公众参与在环境影响评价中的地位作用,分析了我国环境影响评价中公众参与存在的问题,并从宏观法制保障、公众环境素质和技术操作程序三个层面提出了完善公众参与制度和提高公众参与有效性的对策.     

公众参与环评的途径

公众参与是世界上绝大多数国家环境影响评价程序中最关键、最重要的内容之一。规划环境影响评价是我国环境影响评价制度中的一项重要内容。《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》指出：“国家鼓励有关单位、专家和公众以适当的方式参与环境影响评价”，使公众参与首次有了法律依据。     

Strategic environmental assessment as a tool of environmental governance: Scotland's extension of the European Union SEA Directive

The coverage of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) has been extended to all public sector policies, plans and programmes subject to Scottish jurisdiction. Evaluation of the arguments advanced by the Scottish Executive for using environmental assessment as a tool for environmental governance requires an exploration of some of the contested interpretations of the function of environmental assessment at a strategic level. The paper examines the implications of this extension of the European Union SEA Directive in the context of current arrangements to fit environmental assessment into the UK tradition of integrated policy appraisal. It considers the methodological implications of using SEA explicitly for improving public sector decision making at all levels and across all activities. This enables environmental effects to be taken into account at an early stage in the formulation of government policy, through a transparent system of assessment which encourages public participation.     

An evaluation of public participation information for land use decisions: public comment,surveys, and participatory mapping

ABSTRACT

Public participation in the form of public meetings and written submissions has been criticised as a democratic ritual that fails to give citizens a real voice in government decisions. Participatory mapping and community surveys are alternative public participation (PP) methods that can augment legally required processes for land use planning. To date, there has been little evaluation research comparing the information content generated by required PP processes and alternative PP sources with respect to local land use decisions. Using multiple development projects from a case study community, we analysed and compared information generated from three different sources of public participation: (1) formal public comment (written submissions), (2) responses to community survey questions, and (3) land use preferences generated from participatory mapping. We found public comment strongly supported development while results from survey questions and participatory mapping methods revealed community ambivalence. The differences in public opinion are attributed to two key factors: the representativeness of participants in the PP process and the specific methods used for measuring public opinion. Community surveys and participatory mapping generated more accurate and representative community information compared to the formal PP process which was characterised by lower participation and vulnerability to special interest manipulation. For local government decision makers, the political risk of broadening PP information appears high relative to the risk of inaccurately assessing public opinion thus limiting adoption of alternative PP methods such as participatory mapping.     

Integrating Strategic Environmental Assessment with Industry Planning: A Case Study of the Pasquai-Porcupine Forest Management Plan,Saskatchewan, Canada

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is gaining widespread recognition as a tool for integrating environmental considerations in policy, plan, and program development and decision-making. Notwithstanding the potential of SEA to improve higher-order decision processes, there has been very little attention given to integrating SEA with industry planning practices. As a result, the benefits of SEA have yet to be fully realized among industrial proponents. That said, SEA practice is ongoing, albeit informally and often under a different label, and is proving to be a valuable tool for industry planning and decision-making. Based on a case study of the Pasquai-Porcupine forest management plan in Saskatchewan, Canada, this paper illustrates how an integrated approach to SEA can contribute to industry environmental decision-making and can enhance the quality and deliverability of industry plans.     

海洋油气开发工程环评中公众参与探讨

根据我国环境影响评价公众参与现状和海洋油气开发工程公众参与实践,对海洋油气开发工程环评中公众参与进行初步探讨。目前海洋油气开发工程公众参与存在的问题主要有:相关公众界定较难、公众主要是在环评机构主导下的被动参与、信息不对称使公众难以正确表达意见、相关公众中个人的环境素养和法制意识不高。根据存在的问题,建议通过以下方法提高海洋油气开发工程环评公众参与水平:研究制定海洋工程公众参与技术方法规范;掌握好公众参与时机,尽早启动,调动公众主动参与;科学确定公众范围,选择好公众参与对象;结合实际选择公众参与方式。     

公众参与对环境治理效果的影响——基于阶梯理论的实证研究

近年来,公众已经成为中国环境治理中不可或缺的力量,公众参与的方式和渠道也在不断拓展和丰富。为考察不同类型公众参与方式对环境治理效果的影响差异,本文基于公众参与阶梯理论,选取四类公众参与方式和四类污染物,结合我国2008—2017年30个省份数据,利用面板数据回归模型进行了实证检验。结果表明,横向比较不同类型的公众参与方式,公众环境来访对环境治理的促进效果优于环境信息公开和环保网络舆论,而政协提案、人大议案的积极效应尚不显著。纵向比较不同类型的污染物治理效果,公众参与能显著促进大气污染物的减排,对噪声和固体废物污染效果的影响次之,而在水污染治理中的作用较不理想。建议政府进一步优化健全环境信息公开机制,并重视公众层面的环境诉求,建立公众与地方生态环境部门的良好互动机制,同时鼓励公众通过新媒体渠道参与环境治理。     

德国空间规划战略环境评价的法律界定以及对我国的启示

空间规划是国际上战略环境评价应用较为活跃的领域之一,但在我国,无论是空间规划还是空间规划环评,均处于探索和研究阶段。本文从德国空间规划法入手,着重分析空间规划法对战略环境评价的具体要求,旨在为我国今后空间规划开展战略环评提供制度上的参考。文章重点研究了screening、scoping、 层级评价、环境报告、部门咨询、公众参与、决策考虑和跟踪评价等8项有利于提高战略环境评价有效性的主要议题。研究认为,德国的空间规划战略环境评价通过制度保障实施,采用规划部门主导、其他相关部门辅助的模式,使得规划制定与战略环评实施可以有效结合,提倡经济型、节约型和务实性的环境评价,重视战略环评结果,倡导透明决策。     

环评中的公众环境意识及社会心理分析

近年来由大型化工、环保项目引发的环境争议风波,已经成为中国的热门话题。本文结合近年发生的环保公众事件,从环评公众参与的角度对公众的心理因素进行了初步分析,并对如何面对公众质疑、完善公众参与和培育公众环境意识提出了建议。     

行政正当程序视角下环境公众参与制度的规范与完善

行政正当程序理论是环境公众参与制度的理论基础。2014年修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》中已经确立以环境公众参与权为核心的环境公众参与制度,但是对于公众参与的规范特别是参与权的规范过于笼统。面对实践中参与主体类型界分不明、多项权利内容规范缺失、法律责任规范效力存疑及环境行政管理规范不足等问题,本文建议应以行政正当程序理论为指导,实现参与主体的类型化界分,细化公众参与权利内容,增加公众参与法律责任条款,并完善环境行政管理公众参与规范。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Effects of European Union's Regional Development Plans in Doñana National Park (Spain)

The European Union's Structural Funds are implemented by means of Regional Development Plans (RDP), whose regionally scoped environmental assessment is required. We highlight the deficiencies faced by this approach when subregional areas with high conservation natural values are involved and illustrate it with the case of the RDP of Andalusia region on Doñana National Park area (Spain). Commissioned by the World Wildlife Fund, a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Andalusian RDP was carried out focusing on Doñana and its area of influence. This is a complex space where some of the most environmentally valuable features in the continent coexist with a surrounding intense and multi-sector economic activity, threatening its conservation. In the absence of an established sustainability framework in the Region, a “trickle-down” SEA approach evidenced the need to produce a set of environmental, economic and social guidelines for sustainable management of land, against which the RDP objectives were tested for coherence. An “incremental” SEA approach was also tested, which involved the identification of 79 measures and actions stemming from the RDP provisions and other concurrent planning documents reviewed and the qualitative assessment of their individual and cumulative potential impacts on Doñana environments. In the light of the results, a set of complementary mitigating measures was proposed for inclusion in tiered stages of the planning process. Measures to avoid, reduce, remedy and monitor the major types of impact were proposed, including provisions for public participation. SEA emerges as an instrument for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to carry out independent assessment of public development initiatives.