船舶压载舱中环境因子对夜光藻生长的影响研究

采用正交实验法分别从气液接触面积与液体体积比、温度和初始浓度3个影响因子4个水平对夜光藻的生长变化率进行研究。研究结果表明,在实验范围内,气液接触面积与液体体积比为0、温度为17℃、初始浓度为10×106cell/L时,藻细胞浓度递减速率最大;影响夜光藻细胞浓度变化速率因素的强弱顺序是：初始浓度〉气液接触面与体积比〉温度。     

秦皇岛近海有害藻华发生特征及防治对策研究

秦皇岛近海有害藻华主要由微型及微微型藻类引起,产生的主要原因为水体营养盐,其发生时间主要集中在5~9月。结合秦皇岛地域特色,提出有害藻华的防控及应急治理需从政策、法律、机制、预案及方法等几个方面着手,建立科学的预防体系及有效的应急体系。     

秦皇岛近海有害藻华发生特征及防治对策研究简

秦皇岛近海有害藻华主要由微型及微微型藻类引起,产生的主要原因为水体营养盐,其发生时间主要集中在5～9月。结合秦皇岛地域特色,提出有害藻华的防控及应急治理需从政策、法律、机制、预案及方法等几个方面着手,建立科学的预防体系及有效的应急体系。     

滆湖藻密度的时空分布及驱动因子分析

在2年内分季度调查滆湖浮游植物种群和水环境因子,分析藻密度的空间分布状况以及按时间序列的藻密度变化和浮游植物优势种群变化,分别采用"多元线性逐步回归法"和"偏相关系数法"进行藻密度驱动因子识别。结果表明,滆湖藻密度空间分布趋势为由北向南逐渐升高,年际间季节差异极显著。浮游植物的演替规律为冬、春季节以绿藻和硅藻为主,夏、秋季节蓝藻占绝对优势。通过比较2种统计方法的计算结果,确定全湖及中、南部湖区藻密度的驱动因子是温度和高锰酸盐指数,北部湖区藻密度的驱动因子是温度和硝酸盐氮,所有驱动因子对滆湖藻密度的影响均为正效应。在富营养化严重的滆湖,N,P营养盐已经不再是浮游植物生长的主要驱动因子,从统计方法的角度解释了部分环境因子没有入选为驱动因子的原因,并推断了其他可能的驱动因子。     

秦皇岛雷暴天气的时空尺度分布与雷电灾害分析

利用2003-2012年3～10月秦皇岛地区5个气象站雷暴监测和雷电灾害资料,采用数理统计、天气综合分析方法,得出秦皇岛地区雷暴天气的时空尺度分布特征为：全区年雷暴发生频次总体上呈递减趋势,其中,2005年35次,2008年33次,2012年20次;6月份为全年雷暴发生的峰值时段,7月、8月次之,且与秦皇岛本地主汛期相吻合;在海岸带地区由于受海洋条件影响,个别年份雷暴最早出现在2月份,最晚出现在11月中旬;雷暴天气的日时段主要出现在下午至傍晚,占70%,夜间占20%,其他时段为10%;北部山区的雷电频次大于沿海地区,对应电力、化工等行业雷电灾害呈下降趋势,但是通讯、计算机、家电等弱电系统雷击事件呈递增趋势。     

秦皇岛西浴场浒苔暴发区浮游植物群落结构特征

2015年8月12日至28日于秦皇岛西浴场浒苔暴发区共鉴定浮游植物3门20属26种,主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,优势种为尖刺拟菱形藻、中肋骨条藻、旋链角毛藻和浮动弯角藻,与历史资料相比,浮游植物种类没有发生明显变化,调查海域浮游植物平均细胞丰度为40.38×10~4cells/L,多样性指数为1.78,均匀度指数为0.38。浒苔等大型藻类对单细胞浮游植物的化感作用导致浮游植物群落多样性与稳定性都出现了显著下降。     

瀛湖水质变化特征及富营养化控制研究

瀛湖作为南水北调中线工程丹江口水库的重要水源地，水环境质量状况日益受到各方关注。对近五年(2016～2020年)瀛湖水质状况及富营养化现状进行综合评价，同时采样SPSS软件对2020年瀛湖366组日均值水质监测数据统计分析，结果表明：近五年(2016～2020年)瀛湖均处于中营养化水平；在气温回升的3月份，瀛湖pH值和溶解氧出现全年最大值，在气温最高的8、9月份水温、浊度、总磷、叶绿素和藻密度浓度为全年最高，水体电导率、总氮浓度为全年最低；总氮和藻密度呈显著负相关，总磷和藻密度呈显著正相关。分析表明磷是瀛湖藻类生长的限制性营养盐，瀛湖富营养化控制应以集中控磷为主。为瀛湖水体富营养化控制和水环境治理提供了科学依据。     

秦皇岛海岸线资源利用与保护对策

伴随着人类对近海资源开发活动的加剧,海岸线遭受破坏的问题日益凸出。通过对秦皇岛海岸线资源利用现状进行分析,总结出秦皇岛海岸线资源利用存在缺少合理规划、海水入侵严重、排污入海缺乏严格监控、跟踪管理不到位等问题,提出规划先行、分区开发、生态保护、加强管理、公众参与等秦皇岛海岸线资源保护与可持续发展利用的对策。     

秦皇岛地区海陆风特征及其影响

利用本地风的观测资料,分析、总结了秦皇岛地区风的特点。结果表明,秦皇岛因受海陆地形的影响,风的变化具有海陆风的特征,在空间分布上,海陆风只影响到昌黎、抚宁和市区,达不到卢龙、青龙,在时间分布上,海风以昌黎(10点)出现最早,抚宁(12点)次之,市区(14点)最晚,陆风同样以昌黎(20点)出现最早,抚宁(23点)次之,市区(次日2点)最晚。同时,海陆风对秦皇岛地区气温的影响尤为明显,受海风影响,秦皇岛市的夏季不十分炎热,日最高气温比同纬度的内陆地区低很多,成为著名的避暑胜地。另外,由于夏季受海风影响较大,海风登陆带来充沛的水汽,导致7月是秦皇岛地区大雾天气全年最多的月份。     

秦皇岛探测环境变化对气象要素的影响

为分析秦皇岛地面气象探测环境变化对气象要素的影响，采用距平百分率和线性倾向估计及趋势系数等方法，对秦皇岛气象站（54449）新、旧站址搬迁前后1989—1998、1999—2008年各10年，与没有迁站的昌黎站做同期资料比较，结果表明：秦皇岛探测环境变化对气象要素有显著影响：年平均气温、年极端气温较迁站前显著下降，相对湿度增大，日照时数明显减少，雾日增多。指出气象要素变化除具有随时间变化的共同差异外，主要受探测环境变化的影响。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Status and trends in EFlows in southern Africa

Environmental Flows (EFlows) are defined as the quantity, timing and quality of the flow of water, sediment and biota necessary to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. As such they are a vital component of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). A recent survey found that, in general, Africa lags behind schedule with respect to the global SDG Target 6.5 to implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. This web-based review explores progress made in EFlows Assessments and implementing their outcomes in southern Africa. It outlines the apparent impetus to the uptake of EFlows provided by legislation, common funding mechanisms for EFlows assessment and evolving trends in EFlows assessment. It also highlights instances of implementation of EFlows in both in-country and transboundary settings.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.