我国页岩气压裂开采与环境保护现状

分析了我国页岩气的资源现状、页岩气开采压裂技术和环保问题及页岩气开采压裂技术面临的挑战,如水资源挑战、监管和环保治理的缺失等。建议建立健全页岩气开采环境影响评价机制,加强页岩气项目的环境监管,完善页岩气勘探开发项目的环境管理规定,尽快制定页岩气压裂开采技术标准和开发规范。当前应当做好矿权秩序维护,建立先导试验区,探索重要的成熟技术和管理模式及经验非常必要。     

页岩气压裂返排液处理技术探索及应用

针对页岩气压裂返排废液治理的难题,文章根据浙江油田公司现状,介绍了微电解法、生物法、固化法、混凝法、催化氧化法、过滤吸附法等国内常规压裂返排液处理的主要方法,根据实际情况,确定pH值调节、混凝沉淀、Fenton氧化、二次混凝、反渗透等处理工艺。同时进行了处理方法的改进探索,自建污水撬装装置,可以就地集中处理,并对下一步处理工艺的优化改进进行探讨,提出基于超微滤膜和反渗透工艺的改进方案。     

压裂废液处理技术研究进展

综述了当前油气井作业中压裂废液处理的一些主要技术:氧化法、混凝法、Fe/C微电解法、多种处理技术联合使用等,从六个方面探讨了当前处理方法中存在的主要问题,指出了压裂废液处理技术的一个重要研究方向是优化压裂废液处理工艺,开发稳定可靠,高效价廉且无二次污染的压裂废液处理剂。     

基于GMS的页岩气钻井地下水环境影响预测研究

随着经济社会的快速发展,常规能源不断枯竭,页岩气作为一种非常规天然气资源,因其分布广泛、资源量巨大而受到广泛重视。页岩气在开采中由于钻井过程产生井漏、洗井和压裂过程中压裂废水以及井场污染物下渗等,将对地下水环境造成污染。文章应用GMS软件模拟了某页岩气钻采过程污染物在地下水环境中的溶质运移情况,据此提出防控措施,以期为我国页岩气钻采过程中的地下水环境保护提供技术支持和借鉴。     

页岩气开采致水污染的途径及污染物特点

针对水平钻井和水力压裂技术开采页岩气所产生的水污染问题,基于水文地质学原理,对美国页岩气开采导致水污染的实例及压裂液成分等方面的文献予以分析,对页岩气开采导致水污染的途径及污染物的特点进行研究。结果表明:页岩气开采导致地下水及地表水污染的途径主要包括越流、井筒泄漏及地表人类活动等。页岩气开采长期持续产生水污染物,水污染物种类多、总量大、危害大,某些水污染物难以监测。该研究可以为我国页岩气开采水污染防治标准等规则的制订提供参考。     

压裂返排液处理技术现状及展望

针对页岩气压裂返排液的特点、危害,综述了氧化-絮凝-过滤/吸附联合处理工艺、氧化-絮凝-电解-过滤/吸附联合处理工艺、氧化-絮凝-电解-过滤/吸附-生化联合处理工艺的特点、适用性及处理效果,经过多种工艺处理后,压裂返排液中COD等污染物可以有效去除,出水可以达标。并对压裂返排液处理技术的发展前景进行展望,认为回收重复利用是未来压裂返排液处理的发展趋势。     

美国页岩气开采的水环境监管经验研究

页岩气开采所使用的核心技术——水力压裂技术不仅消耗大量水资源,而且向地下注入裂解液可能污染地下水。为应对页岩气开发所带来的环境问题,美国已开展并积累了相对丰富的环境监管经验和技术。文章就美国页岩气开采场地的水环境监管体系、法规、制度及技术等进行探讨和研究,并提出我国在页岩气大规模开采初期的水环境监管思路及技术方向。     

页岩气开采对环境的影响及规避方法探讨

目前我国页岩气的开发正处于初级阶段,很多生产关键技术尚不成熟,页岩气开发过程中的废压裂液、甲烷漏失、水资源污染等都将会带来一系列环境问题。针对页岩气带来的环境问题,在对开采区域地质情况充分认识的基础上,通过采用先进的钻完井技术,控制压裂液和甲烷的漏失,减少对地层的破坏和水资源的污染;加强对返排废液处理技术的研究力度,优化处理结果;落实针对页岩气开发与环境保护的法律法规等,规避页岩气开采对环境的影响。在借鉴国外开采经验的同时,建议研发适合我国页岩气储层特点的开采技术,改进已有工艺,创新技术和理论。     

页岩气开采用水量影响因素分析

不同页岩区块开采用水量差异显著。目前,关注页岩气开采用水量的研究多忽略了导致用水量差异的影响因素分析。文章选取中国、美国和加拿大15个典型页岩区块为样本,选取了影响用水量大小的相关指标,应用多元逐步回归分析和聚类分析方法定量分析影响因素之间的统计规律。逐步回归分析结果表明,厚度、孔隙度、黏土含量、水平段长度与页岩气开采用水量显著相关,其中表征压裂作业量大小的指标——厚度和水平段长度与用水量正相关;表征储层可改造性指标——孔隙度与用水量负相关,黏土含量与用水量正相关,根据回归方程可预测类似页岩气开采用水量。根据聚类分析谱系图,依据用水量大小、压裂作业量大小、储层可改造性难易程度的差异可以将15个页岩区块分为3类;聚类分析结果进一步验证了压裂作业量大小和储层可改造性是影响页岩气开采用水量的显著因素。     

简析页岩气开发对水资源的破坏

页岩气的开发主要采用水平井水力压裂的方法,压裂过程中压裂液的大量使用以及对返排压裂液的处理不当,会造成页岩气开发过程中对水资源的破坏,主要表现在导管破裂污染、返排液地面污染、大量消耗水资源等方面。通过总结对比返排压裂液的几种处理方法,认为废液处理后循环使用的方法在节约成本的同时,可最大程度地减小对水资源的破坏。     

页岩气开发中应关注的环境问题

我国页岩气开发处于探索阶段,具有资源赋存情况不清楚、水平井及分段压裂等关键技术有待突破、页岩气富集区地形条件复杂、地面建设条件较差、资源管理机制不完善等特点。对于页岩气开发这一新兴产业,在开发过程中需要关注生态影响、水资源消耗及环境风险等环境问题,并应尽快开展相关工作的研究,制定评价标准、导则、污染防治技术政策等相关文件,以规范页岩气开发的环保工作。     

页岩气开发面临的环保挑战及建议

我国的页岩气勘探开发处于起步阶段,还未建立完善的环保政策,大规模开发将面临诸多环保挑战。我国页岩气主要分布在四川、重庆等南方地区,结合该区域地少人多、地质灾害多发等特点,文章从页岩气压裂作业所需水资源、大量压裂返排液和地层水无害化处理、勘探开发过程中噪声污染以及开发用地与耕地之间的矛盾等方面探讨了页岩气开发面临的主要环境风险,并提出了页岩气开发的环保对策建议。     

页岩气勘探开发过程中的环境影响

当前,我国正积极推进页岩气资源的勘探和开发工作,但其对环境的影响尚缺乏科学评价和规范管理。在系统分析页岩气勘探开发主要流程:井场选址与建设、水平井钻井、水力压裂和投产等的基础上,辨识了其造成生态破坏和环境污染的主要因素以及可借鉴的技术和经验。结合我国页岩气资源的分布和勘探开发现状,从法规政策、企业责任以及技术创新三个层面,提出我国页岩气开发过程中环境保护和管理应努力的方向。     

The use of best management practices to respond to externalities from developing shale gas resources

The public is concerned that activities accompanying hydraulic fracturing in the development of shale gas resources are unnecessarily adversely affecting them and the environment and is petitioning elected representatives to take actions to reduce risks. The health risks associated with fracturing chemicals and air pollutants are relatively unknown and constitute the impetus for public concern. An evaluation of state legal and regulatory provisions regarding best management practices discloses that states are not adopting timely regulations to protect people and the environment from activities accompanying hydraulic fracturing. Simultaneously, regulatory policy concerning negative externalities suggests that governments underinvest in the protection of human health and environmental quality. Governments have choices in protecting people from dangers that accompany shale gas development. Due to the risks of injuries and unpaid damages from shale gas development, governmental policies need to evolve to accord people greater health protection.     

页岩气开发过程中存在的环境问题及对策

我国正处于页岩气开发的试验期,页岩气开发会带来水资源紧缺、水和土壤污染及甲烷泄漏等环境污染问题,因此,分析页岩气开发带来的环境问题并制定应对措施十分必要。文章详细分析了页岩气开发过程中可能引起的一系列问题,并结合我国页岩气开发实际情况提出了解决对策,希望能为我国页岩气的开发提供一定的参考。     

川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

Barriers to sharing water quality data: experiences from the Shale Network

The Shale Network is a group of stakeholders collating, publishing, and conducting research on water quality data collected in the northeastern United States experiencing natural gas extraction from shale using hydraulic fracturing. In developing the Shale Network, we have experienced reluctance to share data from all participating sectors. This paper explores this reluctance, identifying barriers to greater collaboration among multiple stakeholders in natural resource management projects. Findings are derived from participant observation of the Shale Network team, surveys conducted during Shale Network workshops, interviews with water quality stakeholders, and participant observation of water quality monitoring training sessions. The barriers identified include perceptions about data problems and quality, technical capacity, regulatory and legal limitations, competition for resources, and resource allocation decisions. This paper identifies strategies the Shale Network has used to overcome data-sharing barriers to expand a culture of data sharing that supports enhanced nature resource management and citizen engagement.     

The energy,water, and air pollution implications of tapping China's shale gas reserves

China has laid out an ambitious strategy for developing its vast shale gas reserves. This study developed an input–output based hybrid life-cycle inventory model to estimate the energy use, water consumption, and air emissions implications of shale gas infrastructure development in China over the period 2013–2020, including well drilling and operation, land rig and fracturing fleet manufacture, and pipeline construction. Multiple scenarios were analyzed based on different combinations of well development rates, well productivities, and success rates. Results suggest that 700–5100 petajoules (PJ) of primary energy will be required for shale gas infrastructure development, while the net primary energy yield of shale gas production over 2013–2020 was estimated at 1650–7150 PJ, suggesting a favorable energy balance. Associated emissions of CO₂e were estimated at 80–580 million metric tons, and were primarily attributable to coal-fired electricity generation, fugitive methane, and flaring of methane during shale gas processing and transmission. Direct water consumption was estimated at 20–720 million metric tons. The largest sources of energy use and emissions for infrastructure development were the metals, mining, non-metal mineral products, and power sectors, which should be the focus of energy efficiency initiatives to reduce the impacts of shale gas infrastructure development moving forward.     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

Fracking the Debate: Frame Shifts and Boundary Work in Dutch Decision Making on Shale Gas

The meaning of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is contested worldwide: is it an energy game changer, a transition fuel, or a technology that poses severe environmental problems? In the Netherlands, a policy controversy developed in which fracturing was reframed from ‘business as usual’ to a potential environmental risk. This article theoretically and empirically describes this shift by arguing that the technology of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is a boundary object that created a sphere of engagement for all sorts of actors. In this sphere, they negotiated a common but soft meaning of this technology. These negotiations consisted of frame contests. As part of those contests, the discursive strategies of framing and boundary work enabled opponents to create uncertainty about economic benefits and environmental impact. The shift in meaning transformed the issue from an economic one with standard governmental rules and regulations into a planning issue that needs more precaution.