规模化水平对中国生猪养殖环境效率的影响研究

以碳排放作为非期望产出，基于2008—2020年中国29个省份数据，采用Super-SBM模型和GML指数测算各个省份生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率，利用Tobit模型分析了生猪养殖规模化水平对环境效率的影响。结果表明：(1)考察期内，中国生猪养殖环境效率未达到最优状态，区域差异明显；(2)考察期内，中国生猪养殖绿色全要素生产率发展趋势整向好，从区域增速差异看，东部地区增速最快，东北地区增速较慢；(3)考察期内，规模效率是提升生猪养殖环境效率的关键，生猪养殖规模化水平对环境效率的影响呈“U”型，目前已跨越拐点，继续提高养殖规模化水平有助于提升生猪养殖环境效率。     

养殖户实施健康养殖行为的影响因素及其作用路径研究——基于392户生猪养殖户的调查数据

从动物福利、质量安全和生态环境三个方面界定了健康养殖的内涵。在计划行为理论的基础上,加入合作约束这一关键变量,提出养殖户实施健康养殖行为的TPB理论模型,并基于392户生猪养殖户的调查数据,运用结构方程方法揭示了影响养殖户实施健康养殖行为的关键因素及其作用路径。结果表明:经营特征、政府政策、养殖环境对养殖户实施健康养殖的意愿和行为产生显著影响;养殖户与合作方的合同约束对养殖户实施健康养殖意愿影响较大,且对养殖户实施健康养殖行为具有激励和约束的双重作用,能显著提升养殖户实施健康养殖行为。     

畜禽粪污集中处理模式中的三方演化博弈研究——基于规模差异与政府干预视角

作为环境污染治理的新举措，畜禽粪污集中处理中心虽然在高效处理粪污、提高资源利用质量、改善农村环境等方面发挥了显著作用，但是，其在运营中依然存在各种各样的问题，如设备利用率低下、粪污未能得到有效收集、骗取补贴等。为了探讨上述运营困境的形成机理，本文从养殖规模差异化与政府干预视角出发，构建政府、养殖户与处理中心三方共同参与的演化博弈模型，并在不同情境下探讨三方策略选择的影响因素与演化路径。研究表明，当小规模养殖户占比较高时，处理中心会选择“投机”策略加以获利，反之，在粪污处理需求大的规模养殖地区，处理中心则倾向于“不投机”的稳定经营策略；虽然政府补贴对于养殖户选择“参与”策略具有促进作用，但是，对于小规模养殖户而言，仍有一定的概率选择“不参与”策略；政府需要综合考虑处理中心的预期收益、受奖惩力度等因素制定合理补贴范畴，若补贴过高且缺乏相应的监管机制，处理中心会为了谋求更多利益而采取“投机”策略；当处理中心投机行为较频繁时，政府需加大监管并提高惩罚力度，以维护畜禽粪污集中处理模式正常运作。     

畜禽粪污土地承载力下的生猪养殖区域规模调整研究

为探究生猪养殖区域规模调整问题,按照《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》,以氮、磷为衡量元素,分析各生猪优势产区畜禽粪污的土地承载现状,使用面板回归讨论生猪养殖区域规模的影响因素,针对不同土地承载状况,提出相关政策建议。结果显示:4个生猪养殖优势产区存在3种不同土地承载状况,政府在环境保护与生猪养殖协调发展工作上的努力初见成效,相关环境政策与产业发展逐渐融合,生猪市场价格是生猪养殖区域规模的重要引导因素,两者呈指数相关关系,经济因素、比较收益和技术条件对生猪养殖区域规模有同向线性影响,生产成本和交通因素对生猪养殖区域规模有反向线性影响,而资源禀赋对生猪养殖区域规模的变动影响不大。建议在畜禽养殖潜力区实施"鼓励型"政策,在畜禽养殖超载区实施"规制型"政策,在畜禽养殖超载—平衡混合区实施"引导型"政策,以达到环境保护和生猪养殖和谐发展的总目标。     

我国化肥投入的区域优化配置研究——基于农业增产与环境保护视角

合理配置化肥资源对增加我国农业产出、改善农业生态环境意义重大。在化肥总投入量不变的约束条件下,为了提高化肥的配置效率、实现农业经济持续增长、最大限度地减少环境污染,基于农业增产和环境保护视角,利用边际效益理论对我国的化肥投入状况进行了研究。结果表明:2000—2014年我国农业产出回报率和环境优化弹性存在显著的区域差异,经过优化后的农业产出增长率显著提高,农业生态环境得到明显改善。从政府和农户层面提出了相应的对策措施。     

河南省农业要素投入的规模效益研究——基于空间计量模型

随着国民经济的不断发展,河南省农业水平不断提升,农业生产要素投入对农业经济发展的作用引起了越来越多的关注。基于此,结合空间计量模型对河南省农业要素投入的规模效益进行实证研究。综述了农业要素投入和空间计量模型的相关理论,对河南省农业产出与农业要素投入的现实情况进行了具体分析,阐述了河南省农业要素投入的规模效益研究的重要性,结合2005—2014年河南省18个地市农业规模效益的现实状况,建立柯布—道格拉斯生产函数模型、空间权重矩阵、Moran I检验、空间计量模型等相关分析模型,利用空间计量软件对定性指标进行量化,对农业要素的投入进行理性分析。     

异质性环境规制治理效率分析——基于空间杜宾模型与中介效应

为实现碳达峰与碳中和的目标，亟需对生态环境进行治理和保护，测度以往政策工具对环境治理的效果有利于及时调整治理措施。本文利用2004—2015年中国30个省份的数据，采用非期望产出SBM模型分析各省环境治理效率存在显著差异，并通过空间杜宾模型研究异质性环境规制及产业发展对环境治理效率的影响。结果表明：(1)各省环境治理效率存在显著差异，环境治理效率呈现波动。(2)异质性环境规制呈现不同的治理效率。命令型环境规制与环境治理效率正相关，推行环保法规有利于环境污染治理；市场型环境规制与环境治理效率负相关但不显著；自主型环境规制与环境治理效率正相关，公众积极参与有利于环境污染治理。(3)环境规制模式通过政府能力影响环境治理效率。通过中介效应，政府环保投入能力起到了部分中介效应作用，命令型环境规制和自主型环境规制通过政府环保投入能力提高了环境治理效率。     

生猪规模化养殖中的生态模式构建

在对生猪规模化养殖环境问题及养殖场粪污资源特性分析探讨的基础上,提出发展生猪规模化健康养殖的有效生态模式,并根据养殖规模大小,通过典型说明详细阐述了适合农户、企业和园区发展的三大模式。     

数字经济发展与区域环境质量改善——来自省级面板数据的证据

本文基于2011—2019年我国31个省级行政区的面板数据，探究了数字经济发展对区域环境质量的影响。研究发现，总体来说，数字经济对环境质量具有显著的改善作用；数字经济对环境质量的改善作用在2014—2019年显著，在中部和西部省份显著，在环境污染程度较高的省份显著。传导机制检验表明，经济规模扩张、产业结构优化及绿色技术创新在数字经济对环境质量的作用机制中发挥中介作用。进一步分析表明，政府竞争在数字经济对环境质量的改善作用中起着负向调节作用，制度环境在数字经济对环境质量的作用机制中发挥正向调节作用。因此，应高质量地推动数字经济发展、充分发挥数字经济的环境质量改善作用、匡正地方政府的竞争行为及努力营造良好的制度环境，以改善环境质量。     

农户对污染防治法规认知的实证研究——以蛋鸡规模养殖户为例

为了改善畜禽规模养殖污染现状,我国颁布实施了《畜禽规模养殖污染防治条例》。以蛋鸡为例,利用Logit模型分析了影响蛋鸡规模养殖户对污染防治法规认知的关键因素。结果表明:蛋鸡规模养殖户对《条例》的认知程度低、信息来源渠道单一。知道《条例》的蛋鸡规模养殖户认为,《条例》会顺利实施,且《条例》的实施会促使养殖户增加蛋鸡废弃物处理的投入。户主年龄不利于养殖户对污染防治法规的认知,而家庭内有村干部、蛋鸡养殖年限、标准化示范场、养殖污染认知、环保监察等因素有利于养殖户对污染防治法规的认知。     

华北高产粮区桓台县农民地下水污染防治意愿的调查分析

桓台县是华北平原的具有代表性的高产粮区,长期集约化的农业耕作模式,导致地下水硝态氮含量的大幅上升,威胁当地居民的身体健康。为更好地保护地下水,降低农业生产对地下水的污染,在2007年春季对桓台县323位农民进行了地下水保护意愿调查,分别对农民农业生产环保意识、改善地下水污染的意愿和农民的环境保护责任意识进行了分析,结果显示多数农民担心地下水污染会对人体造成伤害,但是仅少数的农民了解不合理的农业耕作会导致地下水的污染;大多数农民乐意接受新型环保肥料,但是接近一半的农民表示当地缺乏农技人员的指导;多数农民表示愿意加入农业生产协会以改善农业生产方式,但是农民对于农业所造成的地下水污染责任意识不强;受教育程度和收入状况越高的农民地下水保护意识越强,越容易接受改善农业生产模式,责任心相对也较强。建议在桓台县加大对地下水污染防治的宣传和投入力度的同时,加强农业技术推广体系建设和健全地下水水质监控与监管体系等措施。     

Environmental Awareness, Economic Orientation, and Farming Practices: A Comparison of Organic and Conventional Farmers

/ This study examines similarities and differences between organic and conventional farmers. We explore the factors that underlie farmers' conservation attitudes and behaviors, including demographic and farm characteristics, awareness of and concern for environmental problems associated with agriculture, economic orientation toward farming, and self-reported conservation practices. A series of intensive personal interviews was conducted with 25 farmers in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, using both qualitative and quantitative survey methods. The findings indicate that both groups of farmers share a concern for the economic risks associated with farming, although the organic farmers reported a significantly greater concern for long-term sustainability and a greater willingness to incur present risk to gain future benefits. Organic farmers expressed a greater awareness of and concern for environmental problems associated with agriculture. Organic farmers also scored significantly higher on a multifaceted measure of conservation practices, although both groups had a fairly high adoption rate. Implications of these findings are discussed, relative to economic risks of farming, implications for new farmers, effectiveness of conservation education and government programs, and impact of farm size and crop diversity.KEY WORDS: Environmental attitudes; Conservation behaviors; Organic farming; Agricultural sustainability     

基于社会嵌入视角的农户减施化肥意愿影响因素分析

化肥是中国农业生产中最基础的物质投入要素,而化肥的过施滥施则是造成和加重农业面源污染的重要原因。农户作为化肥施用行为的主体,引导其科学施肥对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于洞庭湖区农业面源污染综合治理试点项目区353份农户问卷调查数据,依托社会嵌入理论,运用二元Logistic模型分析农业面源污染治理中农户减施化肥意愿及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区域农户减施化肥意愿不强;农户减施化肥意愿不仅受到经济利益因素的驱动,还受到社会背景特征、农户自身特征等因素的影响;政府支持、农户认知及社会关系等社会嵌入因素对农户减施化肥意愿存在显著正向影响。基于此,政府应加强对科学施肥行为的支持力度,因地制宜构建科学施肥的社会嵌入环境,提高农户关于减施化肥方面的认知水平,充分发挥社会关系在科学施肥中的引导和示范作用。     

Attitudes of Dutch Pig Farmers Towards Tail Biting and Tail Docking

The Dutch policy objective of a fully sustainable livestock sector without mutilations by 2023 is not compatible with the routine practice of tail docking to minimize the risk of tail biting. To examine farmer attitudes towards docking, a telephone survey was conducted among 487 conventional and 33 organic Dutch pig farmers. “Biting” (of tails, ears, or limbs) was identified by the farmers as a main welfare problem in pig farming. About half of the farmers reported to have no tail biting problems in their own herd. When farmers did report problems, they most often reported figures between 1 and 5 % of the animals. High incidences of tail biting were anticipated when trying to keep undocked pigs. Enrichment materials used in the conventional sector included mainly chains (52–63 % of the farms) and hanging rubber or plastic balls (22–30 %). Straw, sawdust, or wood shavings was hardly provided in conventional pig farming (2–3 %), in contrast to organic farming (88–100 % of farms). Conventional pig farmers feel a curly tail is not very important for sustainable pig farming. They consider enrichment to be less effective and tail docking to be less stressful for them and their piglets than their organic colleagues do. Pig farmers identified climate as a main risk factor for tail biting as opposed to enrichment. The objective of reducing routine tail docking requires solutions for dealing with tail biting problems at the farm level. In this process, transfer of scientific knowledge about enrichment materials and other measures to prevent and cure tail biting is critical, as is a change in farmer attitudes and awareness of the moral issues involved.     

生态环境对我国居民幸福感的影响机制与实证研究

深入揭示生态环境与居民幸福感的内在关系对创造人民美好生活具有重要的理论与现实意义。本研究基于幸福感产生机制对生态环境影响居民幸福感的机制进行了深入的理论探讨,利用2013-2014年我国居民大样本调查数据,定量分析了水、大气,绿化三个关键生态环境要素对我国居民幸福感的影响。研究认为,生态环境对居民幸福感的影响受制于经济发展与居民收入水平及居民对环境价值的认知与重视程度;尽管研究期居民对生态环境质量满意度不高,但生态环境对我国居民幸福感的并没造成显著影响;比较而言,水环境对居民幸福感的影响小于空气环境,而空气环境的影响又小于绿化环境。为提升我国居民生态幸福感并激励居民亲环境行为,应通过科普教育切实提高居民对环境及其价值的认知度,努力营建人地和谐的文化氛围;应在普遍提高居民收入和物质生活水平的基础上,引导和促进居民向环境审美消费需求的升级;当前应重视生态补偿等经济手段的运用,通过影响居民经济利益激发居民环保行为;应优先解决居民直观感知明显且反映强烈的环境问题。     

Explaining land management decisions to understand local landscape functions and change. Some insights from Tuscany

Structural changes in agriculture and urbanisation affect land management regimes and local landscape functions. Studying the new functions of land is as relevant as the owners' land management decisions, the replacement of farming with different activities and land uses may impact not only the local landscape's functions but also, in the long run, its structure and the environment. Drawing on a detailed case study in Tuscany based on qualitative interviews with landowners and on the understanding of the socio-economic context, this article analyses landowners' attitudes towards land property and farming in relation to individual motives as well as to local and supra-local contexts. Five relational typologies of landowners are identified: pure farmers, amenity farmers, land developers, land-with-house owners and house-with-land owners. Diverse trends – such as particular farmers’ attitudes towards land development, or the emerging role of non-professional farmers in land management – are found to raise challenges related to rural land planning and management.     

中国沿海城市化推进对海洋污染的影响及作用机制——基于面板空间计量方法

探究沿海城市化推进与海洋污染间的关系对沿海城市绿色发展具有重要意义。本文基于2006—2013年中国沿海46个地级市的海洋污染物浓度数据和遥感所得的夜间灯光亮度数据，运用面板空间计量技术从深度推进和广度推进两方面系统考察了沿海城市化对海洋污染的影响及作用机制，结果表明：以紧凑集约为特征的城市化深度推进与海洋污染之间存在着非线性的“U形”关系，而以规模扩张为特征的城市化广度推进只会单纯地加剧海洋污染。城市化深度推进会通过集聚效应和技术进步效应对海洋污染产生积极影响，而城市化广度推进过程中所带来的人口规模的扩大会加剧海洋污染，此外产业结构和绿色技术未能转型升级也是城市扩张加剧海洋污染的关键因素所在。本研究提出在海洋环境管理过程中，一是要加强区域合作，实现海洋污染的区域联防联控；二是应注重城市的紧凑集约化发展，发挥沿海城市化推进对海洋污染防治的正外部性影响；三是需推进海洋经济的绿色可持续发展，实现海洋经济发展与海洋环境污染的脱钩。     

Technical- and Environmental-Efficiency Analysis of Irrigated Cotton-Cropping Systems in Punjab,Pakistan Using Data Envelopment Analysis

Cotton cropping in Pakistan uses substantial quantities of resources and adversely affects the environment with pollutants from the inputs, particularly pesticides. A question remains regarding to what extent the reduction of such environmental impact is possible without compromising the farmers’ income. This paper investigates the environmental, technical, and economic performances of selected irrigated cotton-cropping systems in Punjab to quantify the sustainability of cotton farming and reveal options for improvement. Using mostly primary data, our study quantifies the technical, cost, and environmental efficiencies of different farm sizes. A set of indicators has been computed to reflect these three domains of efficiency using the data envelopment analysis technique. The results indicate that farmers are broadly environmentally inefficient; which primarily results from poor technical inefficiency. Based on an improved input mix, the average potential environmental impact reduction for small, medium, and large farms is 9, 13, and 11 %, respectively, without compromising the economic return. Moreover, the differences in technical, cost, and environmental efficiencies between small and medium and small and large farm sizes were statistically significant. The second-stage regression analysis identifies that the entire farm size significantly affects the efficiencies, whereas exposure to extension and training has positive effects, and the sowing methods significantly affect the technical and environmental efficiencies. Paradoxically, the formal education level is determined to affect the efficiencies negatively. This paper discusses policy interventions that can improve the technical efficiency to ultimately increase the environmental efficiency and reduce the farmers’ operating costs.     

赤水河流域仁怀市生态保护态度与行为研究

通过调查问卷的形式探索了仁怀市赤水河两岸的村民在生态保护中的态度与行为。结果表明:沿赤水河两岸居住的部分村民的环保意识相对较低,居民的环保意识与所受教育程度有关,且居民了解环保知识的渠道单一,需要加强多渠道宣传;居民的日常生活和农耕对赤水河的污染较小,周围酒厂及小工厂的污染"贡献"较大。当地环保部门应该加强宣传,提高两岸居民的环保知识水平,减少生活污染,严格控制企业污染排放,减少工业污染,从而维护赤水河流域生态安全。     

Where artisanal mines and forest meet: Socio‐economic and environmental impacts in the Congo Basin

While mineral exploitation can provide significant income and employment, it may negatively impact the environment, being ultimately detrimental to livelihoods in the long term. The consequences of mining are of concern in high value forest ecosystems such as the Sangha Tri‐National (TNS) landscape covering Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo. This paper captures the socio‐economic and environmental impacts of small‐scale mining in the TNS. Using structured questionnaires, consultations and observation, diamonds and gold were found to contribute directly to the livelihoods of at least 5% of the landscape's population. Although up to eight income‐generating strategies are used, mining contributes on average to 65% of total income and is used mainly to meet basic needs. A gold miner's average income is US$ 3.10 a day, and a diamond miner earns US$ 3.08, making them slightly wealthier than an average Cameroonian and three times wealthier than an average non‐miner in the TNS. Environmental impacts were temporary, low impact and of limited scale. However, with mining likely to increase in the near future, an increasing population and miners' low environmental awareness, measures are needed to ensure and reinforce the positive impact of artisanal mining on livelihoods and maintain its low environmental footprint in the TNS landscape.